Injectable therapies for localized fat loss: state of the art

This review presents mechanisms of action and a review of the clinical applications of injections currently in development for localized fat reduction. After being received with initial enthusiasm earlier in the decade, mesotherapy and other injectable methods for fat loss (Lipodissolve, PC/DC, DC, injection lipolysis, adipolysis) have been subjects of critical scrutiny by the media and the US Food and Drug Administration. Several medications with novel detergent and lipolytic activity are in development and have demonstrated potential as minimally invasive fat reducing treatments.     

Local metabolic changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue during intravenous and epidural analgesia

BACKGROUND: This clinical study aimed at investigating the impact of postoperative thoracic epidural analgesia on extracellular glycerol concentration and glucose metabolism in subcutaneous adipose tissue, using the microdialysis technique. The sympathetic nervous activity, which can be attenuated by epidural anesthesia, influences lipolysis and the release of glycerol. METHODS: Fourteen patients who underwent major abdominal or thoraco-abdominal surgery were studied postoperatively over 3 days. For postoperative analgesia the patients were prospectively randomized to receive either thoracic epidural analgesia with a bupivacaine/morphine infusion (EPI-group, n=6) or a continuous i.v. infusion of morphine (MO-group, n=8). The concentration of glycerol, glucose and lactate in the abdominal and deltoid subcutaneous adipose tissue were measured using a microdialysis technique. RESULTS: The abdominal glycerol levels were equal in both groups. In the deltoid region of the EPI-group, glycerol concentrations started to increase on Day 2, and reached significantly higher levels on Day 3 compared with the MO-group. The glucose and lactate levels showed no differences between groups in the two regions. CONCLUSION: The uniform glycerol levels in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in conjunction with the difference in glycerol levels in the deltoid area indicate that the local lipolysis is different in the two study groups. This might be explained by a regional metabolic influence of thoracic epidural analgesia, possibly via the sympathetic nervous system.     

骨髓脂肪组织与疾病相关性及机制的研究进展

骨强度不仅与骨密度(BMD)、骨微结构相关,还受骨髓微环境的影响。骨髓脂肪组织(MAT)与骨小梁、造血细胞、神经血管组织共同存在于骨髓腔中,对骨重建、骨髓造血、维持骨髓微环境的稳定起重要作用。近年研究表明,MAT可通过分泌脂联素等细胞因子参与介导代谢性疾病、血液系统肿瘤、癌症等疾病的发生发展,为疾病预防、治疗及监测提供了新的思路。本文拟对MAT生物学特性、影像学测量方法、MAT与疾病相关性及可能的作用机制予以综述。     

Age-dependent variations in white adipose tissue glycerol and lactate production after surgery measured by microdialysis in neonates and children

In previous studies, we observed that lactate concentrations in interstitial white adipose tissue are higher in small infants than in adults. Moreover, no lipolysis following catecholamine challenge has been reported in neonates and small infants. Our aim was to determine with microdialysis whether the above mentioned age-dependent changes could be detected in situ after surgery. A microdialysis catheter was introduced into the abdominal subcutaneous tissue in 13 neonates and 12 children undergoing surgery. Interstitial concentrations of glucose, lactate and glycerol were measured hourly during the first 20 postoperative hours. The concentrations of lactate in interstitial white adipose tissue were consistently higher in neonates compared to older children, with a significant difference during the 9-18 h postoperative period (P < 0.05). A significant difference in the lactate:glucose ratio was observed at 1-2, 8-10, 15 and 18 h postoperatively (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the two groups with respect to glycerol and glucose concentrations. Interstitial lactate concentrations in white adipose tissue were higher in neonates compared with children in the early postoperative period. No age-dependent difference in postoperative lipolysis, measured as interstitial glycerol concentrations, was observed. Thus, an age-dependent difference in interstitial lactate production, but not lipolysis, was detected in the early postoperative period.     

冠状动脉周围脂肪:冠心病临床诊疗“新靶点”

冠状动脉周围脂肪(PCAT)可通过旁分泌途径产生脂肪因子、血管生成因子及炎症因子等活性物质,调节血管重构和血管周围炎症,并参与调节斑块发生、发展及脱稳定化过程。PCAT表型和定量参数在不同性质冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块之间有所差别。本文主要对PCAT在冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块形成与演变中的作用和相关影像学研究现状与进展进行综述。     

Novel insight into perirenal adipose tissue: A neglected adipose depot linking cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease

Obesity is associated with adverse metabolic diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). These obesity-related diseases are highly associated with excess fat accumulation in adipose tissue. However, emerging evidence indicates that visceral adiposity associates more with metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors. Perirenal adipose tissue, surrounding the kidney, is originally thought to provides only mechanical support for kidney. However, more studies demonstrated perirenal adipose tissue have a closer association with renal disease than other visceral fat deposits in obesity. Additionally, perirenal adipose tissue is also an independent risk factor for CKD and even associated more with CVD. Thus, perirenal adipose tissue may be a connection of CVD with CKD. Here, we will provide an overview of the perirenal adipose tissue, a neglected visceral adipose tissue, and the roles of perirenal adipose tissue linking with CVD and CKD and highlight the perirenal adipose tissue as a potential strategy for future therapeutics against obesity-related disease.     

Inflammation and infarction of adipose tissue: implications in bariatric surgery

Fat necrosis occurs more frequently in patients who have obesity and diabetes mellitus and is linked to worsening of diabetes. Little evidence is available about surgical complications that are related to inflammation and necrosis of adipose tissue. We report two cases of young women with diabetes who underwent bariatric surgery and had complications resulting from extensive inflammation and necrosis of adipose tissue. The first patient was diagnosed with omental infarction, which is a type of fat necrosis that is rarely associated with obesity and bariatric surgery. The second patient had an intraoperative finding of mesenteric panniculitis, which resulted in an intra-operative change in the choice of bariatric surgery to do a sleeve gastrectomy instead of a gastric bypass. Surgeons who perform surgery on bariatric patients must be aware of complications related to excessive amount of adipose tissue.     

Nonablative laser and light treatments: histology and tissue effects--a review

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nonablative laser and light treatments have largely replaced ablative laser therapy in clinical use for the improvement of the visible signs of cutaneous photoaging, including rhytides, vascular lesions, and pigmentation. However, the mechanisms underlying the reported clinical efficacy of nonablative treatments are not well-understood. The purpose of this analysis is to critically evaluate what is known about histologic and tissue effects of nonablative laser therapy and suggest future directions for research. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a review of the English language literature pertaining to nonablative laser and light treatments available through MEDline (1995-2002), and unpublished reports presented at major national meetings. Only studies that included harvesting and analysis of tissue samples are included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: (a) Thermal injury to the dermis in association with epidermal cooling most likely affects the dermal vasculature, which initiates a cascade of inflammatory events that includes fibroblastic proliferation and apparent up-regulation of collagen expression; (b) There is no indication that nonablative treatments are harmful or able to induce skin cancer; (c) It is possible that the horizontally distributed collagen reported after nonablative treatments is a "microscar," an enlarged Grenz sone associated with repetitive photo-induced trauma; (d) Further research is needed to elucidate the biophysical mechanisms underlying nonablative treatment, as well as to distinguish the utility of different wavelengths on epidermal and dermal improvement.     

脂肪组织细胞外基质水凝胶的制备、检测和应用

细胞外基质水凝胶生物活性支架材料,以其优良的生物活性、生物相容性、生物诱导活性、生物可降解性和可微创注射等优势,被广泛应用于细胞三维培养、类器官构建、组织缺损修复、生物三维打印和组织工程等方面。脂肪组织具有来源充足、易于获取、细胞外基质成分含量丰富等优点,成为近年来组织修复和再生医学领域的研究热点,该文就其制备、检测及应用等方面进行综述,以期为相关研究人员提供参考。     

Injectable bioartificial myocardial tissue for large-scale intramural cell transfer and functional recovery of injured heart muscle

OBJECTIVES: Most tissue-engineering approaches to restore injured heart muscle result in distortion of left ventricular geometry. In the present study we suggest seeding embryonic stem cells in a liquid matrix for myocardial restoration. METHODS: Undifferentiated green fluorescent protein-labeled mouse embryonic stem cells (2 x 10 6 ) were seeded in Matrigel (B&D, Bedford, Mass). In a Lewis rat heterotopic heart transplant model an intramural left ventricular pouch was fashioned after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The liquid mixture (0.125 mL) was injected in the resulting infarcted area within the pouch and solidified within a few minutes after transplantation (37 degrees C). Five recipient groups were formed: transplanted healthy hearts (group I), infarcted control hearts (group II), matrix recipients alone (group III), the study group that received matrix plus cells (group IV), and a group that received embryonic stem cells alone (group V). After echocardiography 2 weeks later, the hearts were harvested and stained for green fluorescent protein and cardiac muscle markers (connexin 43 and alpha-sarcomeric actin). RESULTS: The graft formed a sustained structure within the injured area and prevented ventricular wall thinning. The inoculated cells remained viable and expressed connexin 43 and alpha-sarcomeric actin. Fractional shortening and regional contractility were better in animals that received bioartificial tissue grafts compared with control animals (infarcted, matrix only, and embryonic stem cells only: group I, 17.0% +/- 3.5%; group II, 6.6% +/- 2.1%; group III, 10.3% +/- 2.2%; group IV, 14.5% +/- 2.5%; and group V, 7.8% +/- 1.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Liquid bioartificial tissue containing embryonic stem cells constitutes a powerful new approach to restoring injured heart muscle without distorting its geometry and structure.     

Artery, periarterial adipose tissue, and blood microbiology during vascular reconstructive surgery: perioperative and early postoperative observations

The presence and clinical significance of bacteria in the arterial wall, periarterial adipose tissue, and blood samples acquired during elective vascular operations were assessed in this study. Specimens were obtained from a random series of 84 patients (56 men, 28 women) undergoing 75 primary and 9 secondary arterial reconstructions. Operations performed most frequently included abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy (42), aortofemoral bypass reconstruction (15), and lower extremity bypass surgery for occlusive disease (7). Perioperative antibiotics were administered to all but one patient. A sample of artery, adjacent adipose tissue, and blood were obtained for microbial analysis during the vascular anastomosis or arteriotomy. This yielded a total of 152 artery, 139 adipose tissue, and 129 blood samples for study. Each specimen was divided and placed in blood agar plates, thioglycolate broth, and brain-heart infusion broth. Tissues yielding growth of the same organism(s) in two or more different media were considered positive for the presence of bacteria. Bacteria were present in at least one of the three tissues studied in 32/84 patients (38%). The frequency of positive cultures in primary (29/75, 39%) and secondary procedures (3/9, 33%) were similar. One positive culture site occurred in 26/32 (81%) patients, two positive culture sites existed in 5/32 (16%) patients, and three positive sites were found in 1/22 (3%) patients. Eighteen individual artery (18/152, 12%) and 19 adipose tissue samples (19/139, 14%) harbored bacteria, whereas only two blood cultures were positive (2/129, 2%). Organisms identified included coagulase-negative staphylococci (71%), gamma-streptococci (7%), diphtheroids (7%), Micrococcus (5%), alpha-streptococci (5%), Staphylococcus aureus (2%), and Pseudomonas picketti (2%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of sleeve gastrectomy in high fat diet-induced obese mice: respective role of reduced caloric intake,white adipose tissue inflammation and changes in adipose tissue and ectopic fat depots

Background

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has become a popular bariatric procedure. The mechanisms responsible for weight loss and improvement of metabolic disturbances have still not been completely elucidated. We investigated the effect of SG on body weight, adipose tissue depots, glucose tolerance, and liver steatosis independent of reduced caloric intake in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice.

Methods

C57BI/6 J mice fed a high fat diet (45 %) for 33 weeks were divided into three groups: sleeve gastrectomy (SG, 13 mice), sham-operated ad libitum fed (SALF, 13 mice) and sham-operated pair fed (PFS, 13 mice). The animals were humanely killed 23 days after surgery.

Results

In SG mice, food intake was reduced transiently, but weight loss was significant and persistent compared to controls (SG vs. PFS, P < 0.05; PFS vs. SALF, P < 0.05). SG mice showed improved glucose tolerance and lower levels of liver steatosis compared with controls (area under the curve, SG vs. PFS, P < 0.01; PFS vs. SALF, P < 0.05) (liver steatosis, SG vs. PFS, P < 0.05; PFS vs. SALF, P < 0.01). This was associated with a decrease in the ratios of the weight of pancreas, epididymal and inguinal adipose tissues to body weight, and an increase in the ratio of brown adipose tissue weight to body weight. Epididymal adipose tissue was also infiltrated by fewer activated T cells and by more anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells. Serum levels of fasting acyl ghrelin were still significantly decreased 3 weeks after surgery in SG mice compared to PFS mice (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Reduced white adipose tissue inflammation, modification of adipose tissue development (brown vs. white adipose tissue), and ectopic fat are potential mechanisms that may account for the reduced caloric intake independent effects of SG.     

自体脂肪颗粒移植隆乳的回顾性研究及并发症处理

目的探讨自体脂肪颗粒注射移植隆乳的手术要点及并发症的处理。方法回顾性总结48例自体脂肪隆乳术，对适应证、术中注意事项及并发症处理进行探讨。结果48例患者术后均存在移植脂肪吸收现象，3例患者出现硬结及脂肪液化，余者对术后乳房形态均较满意。外院5例并发症经及时对症处理，未发生严重后果。结论自体脂肪移植是一种无异物排斥反应，手术操作简单，创伤小，取材广泛的隆乳方法，但必须严格掌握手术适应证，注意手术中操作，及时处理术后并发症。     

Osteomyelitis of the Temporal Bone: Terminology,Diagnosis, and Management

Objectives To review the terminology, clinical features, and management of temporal bone osteomyelitis. Design and Setting Prospective study in a tertiary care center from 2001 to 2008. Participants Twenty patients visiting the outpatient department diagnosed with osteomyelitis of the temporal bone. Main Outcome Measures The age, sex, clinical features, cultured organisms, surgical interventions, and classification were analyzed. Results Of the 20 cases, 2 (10%) were diagnosed as acute otitis media. Eighteen (90%) had chronic otitis media. Nineteen (95%) were classified as medial temporal bone osteomyelitis and one (5%) as lateral temporal osteomyelitis. The most common clinical features were ear discharge (100%), pain (83%), and granulations (100%). Facial nerve palsy was seen in seven cases (35%) and parotid involvement in one case. Ten patients (56%) had diabetes mellitus. The organisms isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (80%) and Staphylococcus aureus (13.33%). Histopathology revealed chronic inflammation in 20 patients (100%) and osteomyelitic bony changes in 14 (70%). Surgical debridement was the most preferred modality of treatment (87%). Conclusion A new classification of temporal bone osteomyelitis has been proposed. Bacterial cultures must be performed in all patients. Antibiotic therapy is the treatment of choice. Surgical intervention is necessary in the presence of severe pain, complications, refractory cases, or the presence of bony sequestra on radiology.     

Adiponectin expression from human adipose tissue: relation to obesity,insulin resistance,and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression

Adiponectin is a 29-kDa adipocyte protein that has been linked to the insulin resistance of obesity and lipodystrophy. To better understand the regulation of adiponectin expression, we measured plasma adiponectin and adipose tissue adiponectin mRNA levels in nondiabetic subjects with varying degrees of obesity and insulin resistance. Plasma adiponectin and adiponectin mRNA levels were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.80, P < 0.001), and obese subjects expressed significantly lower levels of adiponectin. However, a significant sex difference in adiponectin expression was observed, especially in relatively lean subjects. When men and women with a BMI <30 kg/m(2) were compared, women had a twofold higher percent body fat, yet their plasma adiponectin levels were 65% higher (8.6 +/- 1.1 and 14.2 +/- 1.6 micro g/ml in men and women, respectively; P < 0.02). Plasma adiponectin had a strong association with insulin sensitivity index (S(I)) (r = 0.67, P < 0.0001, n = 51) that was not affected by sex, but no relation with insulin secretion. To separate the effects of obesity (BMI) from S(I), subjects who were discordant for S(I) were matched for BMI, age, and sex. Using this approach, insulin-sensitive subjects demonstrated a twofold higher plasma level of adiponectin (5.6 +/- 0.6 and 11.2 +/- 1.1 micro g/ml in insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive subjects, respectively; P < 0.0005). Adiponectin expression was not related to plasma levels of leptin or interleukin-6. However, there was a significant inverse correlation between plasma adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA expression (r = -0.47, P < 0.005), and subjects with the highest levels of adiponectin mRNA expression secreted the lowest levels of TNF-alpha from their adipose tissue in vitro. Thus, adiponectin expression from adipose tissue is higher in lean subjects and women, and is associated with higher degrees of insulin sensitivity and lower TNF-alpha expression.     

聚乳酸乙醇酸共聚物、血管基质成分及脂肪组织用于兔阴茎增粗术的研究

目的 观察聚乳酸乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA)、血管基质成分(SVF)及脂肪组织以不同组合方式构建移植复合物用于兔阴茎增粗术的效果.方法 将雄性新西兰兔40只随机分为五组:A组为去除SVF的脂肪组织,B组为未处理过的脂肪组织,C组为SVF与PLGA混合物,D组为SVF-脂肪组织混合物,E组为SVF、PLGA与脂肪组织混合物,每组8只.每组移植复合物均用DiI标记,然后回植于原兔阴茎深筋膜下,培养3个月后对每组实验兔阴茎进行大体观察、组织学观察以评定兔阴茎增粗的效果差异.结果 兔阴茎疲软状态下A、B、D、E组周径平均变化差之间的差异比较均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且增粗效果呈逐渐上升趋势,而B组和C组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.0 5),组织学观察见D组、E组较A组、B组的囊腔形成少、纤维化程度弱、新生血管多、脂肪细胞更规则,C组可见未降解完全的支架,其间有新生的纤维组织及脂肪细胞,所有切片DiI标记率均为100％,未见外周脂肪细胞长入.结论 SVF、PLGA与脂肪组织构建移植复合物用于兔阴茎增粗术具有效果显著、手感佳、可塑性强等优点,具有临床应用前景.