军队停止卡介苗接种策略的综合性评价

[目的]了解部队卡介苗接种现况及效果，评价停止卡介苗接种策略的可行性。[方法]采用卡痕检查、抗体测定、病例对照研究和发病率比较等综合分析。[结果]老兵卡痕率和结核菌素阳性率均高于新兵（P＜0．01），新兵入伍前卡介苗未初种未自然感染者约占20％；病例组卡痕率小于对照组，比数比（OR）为0．42，95％CI为0．23－0．76；卡介苗接种后抗－PPD阳性率高于接种前（P＜0．01），但接种后结核菌素试验阴性与阳性者抗体水平无明显差异；停止卡介苗接种3年，肺结核发病率下降约50％。[结论]卡介苗预防成人结核病仍具有一定效果，但以每年对新兵普查普种作为预防和控制结核病的主要措施已不适用。     

5963名新兵结核感染情况调查

目的调查入伍新兵结核感染状况,为部队结核病防治提供决策依据。方法对2006年5963名入伍新兵进行结核菌素（PPD）试验,采用国产PPD0．1mL,5IU皮内注射,72h查验反应,以双上臂无卡介苗接种疤痕而结核菌素试验阳性作为结核自然感染判断标准。结果调查的5963名新兵中,卡痕率为32．47％;结核菌素试验阳性率为51．23％,强阳性率为2．99％;其中有卡痕者PPD阳性率（74．22％）与无卡痕者PPD阳性率（40．18％）比较,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;有卡痕者结核菌素反应性的各标准均明显高于无卡痕者;城市新兵结核菌素试验阳性率与强阳性率均显著高于农村新兵。结论在新兵中进行结核菌素试验调查,可以监测新兵结核感染情况,筛选卡介苗接种对象;对结核菌素试验强阳性者可采取预防性治疗措施。     

2098名学龄前儿童结核菌素试验结果分析

目的:通过对1～6岁托幼机构和社区儿童进行卡介苗瘢痕检查与结核菌素(PPD)试验结果分析,了解彭阳县城区学龄前儿童结核病自然感染情况及卡介苗接种质量,提高结核患者发现率。方法:调查彭阳县城区5所托儿所、幼儿园和2个社区的2 098名儿童,查验卡介苗接种后瘢痕形成,同时对调查对象注射结核菌素,观察硬结反应,分析与卡痕的关系。结果彭阳县城区学龄前儿童结核菌素反应阳性率72.55%,有卡痕者结核菌素试验阳性率明显高于无卡痕者(χ2=864.86,P<0.005);有卡介苗接种史者结核菌素试验阳性率明显高于无接种史者(χ2=118.74,P<0.005);各年龄组结核菌素试验阳性率,小年龄组高于大年龄组(χ2=355.19,P<0.01)。结论:彭阳县城区学龄前儿童结核菌的自然感染率为7.84%,接种卡介苗者PPD阳性率为75.82%,采用PPD试验有助于早期发现学龄前儿童结核病。     

驻京部队2003～2006年新兵结核感染情况调查

目的掌握驻京部队近年来入伍新兵结核感染状况,了解其动态变化趋势,为部队结核病防治提供决策依据。方法选择驻京部队2003~2006年入伍新兵23 238人,进行结核菌素(PPD)试验,用国产PPD0.1 mL,5 IU皮内注射,72 h查验反应,以双上臂无卡介苗接种疤痕而结核菌素试验阳性者作为结核感染率。结果结核菌素试验结果阳性率为49.9%(11 593人),强阳性率为2.9%(678人),无卡痕人数13 665人(58.8%),无卡痕阳性人数4 104人,结核感染率为30.0%,年感染率为1.88%;城市籍新兵结核感染率(33.7%)明显高于农村籍新兵(27.9%,P<0.05)。结论在新兵中进行结核菌素试验调查,可以监测新兵结核感染率,筛选卡介苗接种对象,对结核菌素强阳性者可采取预防性治疗措施。     

某部结核普查结果分析

目的掌握官兵结核感染实况,为部队有效防治结核提供科学依据.方法受试者以建制连为单位,集中做结核菌素(PPD)试验,同时查验双上臂卡介苗接种疤痕情况.结果1 108人的PPD试验总阳性率为50.6%,卡痕阳性率为52.6%,结核自然感染率为29.7%,无免疫力率为28.8%.农村来源官兵PPD试验阳性率、卡痕阳性率、无免疫力率与城镇来源官兵比较差异均非常显著(P＜0.01);农村来源官兵的结核自然感染率为27.4%,城镇来源官兵为38.4%,两者间差异显著(P＜0.05).PPD试验阳性率、强阳性率以及卡痕阳性率随着官兵年龄的增长都逐步升高;结核自然感染率除17～21岁年龄组外,也随着年龄的增长而升高;各年龄组接种卡介苗后无免疫力率没有明显差异(P＞0.05).结论部队应严把新兵入伍关,认真贯彻执行<军队结核病防治方案>,特别是不能放松对来自农村新兵的卡介苗接种,并注重提高接种质量.     

宣城市500名婴儿卡介苗接种效果评价

目的评价分析宣城市卡介苗接种效果,探讨提高卡介苗接种工作质量的相关方法。方法 2007～2009年、2011年期间随机抽取宣城市10个接种点的500名1岁以内健康婴儿,在接种卡介苗12w后,测量卡痕径值及进行BCG-PPD阳转试验。结果 500名婴儿的卡痕率为97.40%,结核菌素试验阳转率87.80%;不同性别、城乡接种点的婴儿结核菌素试验阳性率差异无统计学意义(P值均小于0.05);不同接种月龄婴儿间结核菌素试验阳性率无统计学差异(χ2=0.55,P=0.76)。卡痕径值≥4mm的婴儿结核菌素试验阳性率高于卡痕径值4mm的婴儿。结论宣城市卡介苗接种卡痕率、阳转率达到国家免疫规划要求,接种质量比较稳定。新生儿出生1个月后、3个月内接种卡介苗,对接种质量无明显影响。卡痕径值大小,对评价接种质量具有一定参考意义。     

影响新生儿卡介苗接种阳转率的因素分析

[目的]评价新生儿卡介苗接种后免疫效果(阳转率的水平),分析影响其阳转率的因素.[方法]对1996年1月～2005年12月在我院预防保健科做结核菌素试验的5344名满3个月～12个月婴幼儿的资料进行统计分析.[结果]1996年1月～2000年12月的2610名婴幼儿,查验结果显示卡介苗阳转率平均为75.55%,有效卡痕形成率92.3%;2001年1月～2005年12月的2734名婴幼儿,查验结果显示卡介苗阳转率为68.98%,有效卡痕形成率94.5%;两组结果均低于卡介苗平均阳转率85%的指标,说明卡介苗接种质量较差.[结论]要加强新生儿卡介苗接种技术的培训和普及,严格规范操作及注意事项,提高接种质量.结核菌素试验也应规范操作和正确判断结果,准确反映卡介苗的阳转率.     

驻京新学员结核感染情况调查

目的调查驻京新学员结核感染状况,为部队院校结核病防治提供参考。方法对2010年驻京新学员进行结核菌素试验,并进行相关分析。结果共调查新学员1 189名,有卡痕率62.83%,结核菌素试验阳性率、强阳性率、有卡痕阳性率、无卡痕阳性率分别为52.06%、2.10%、70.55%、20.81%。结核菌素试验有卡痕阳性率明显高于无卡痕阳性率。结核菌素试验阳性率、有卡痕强阳性率、无卡痕阳性率在城市与农村之间差异无统计学意义。结论新学员结核感染状况更接近于入伍新兵结核感染情况,新学员在结核控制方面应采取新兵结核控制措施。     

新生儿卡介苗接种质量监测与效果评价

目的 了解沈阳市沈河区新生儿卡介苗接种质量、卡痕大小与结核菌素纯蛋白衍化物(PPD)阳转的关系及接种不良反应的发生情况.方法 对2009-2011年在该区产院出生接种过卡介苗的1 711名新生儿采用PPD检测,测定阳转率;测定卡痕大小及所有新生儿卡介苗接种不良反应进行监测.结果 PPD阳转率达到99.36％,其中强阳性率占15.60％;卡痕的阳性(＞4 mm)有936例与PPD试验阳性结果的配对x2检验,分析看差异有统计学意义(x2=758.05,P＜0.01).发生2例卡介苗接种不良反应.结论 该地区新生儿卡介苗接种成功率达到了90％的标准;对强阳性的儿童建议追踪观察;不能用卡痕大小代替PPD试验判断卡介苗接种成功与否;提高接种人员接种技术和加强健康教育宣传,减少卡介苗接种不良反应.     

东营市部分6岁儿童结核感染情况调查

目的了解东营地区6岁儿童结核感染情况,评价卡介苗接种效果。方法对1 824名6岁儿童进行PPD测试,并检查卡痕,接种后72 h观测局部反应。对PPD试验强阳性的学生拍摄胸部平片。结果1 824名小学生结核菌素试验阴性、阳性、强阳性分别占受试人数的69.85%、30.15%、3.78%;有卡痕者占调查人数的66.34%,女生的阳性率、强阳性率均显著性高于男生,有卡痕者结素试验阳性率显著性高于无卡痕者,无卡痕者结素试验强阳性率显著高于有卡痕者。结论加强对学生群体的结核病防治工作,摸清疫情,早期发现传染源并给予合理治疗,有效控制结核病在学生中的传播,是降低结核病发病率的重要措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.