儿科重症监护病房患儿镇痛镇静疗效评估北大核心CSCD

对儿科重症监护病房患儿疼痛及意识状态的评估是镇痛、镇静治疗中的首要工作,其不仅决定患儿是否需要镇痛、镇静治疗,而且还是观察治疗效果及药物剂量调整的依据.现就目前临床常用的镇痛、镇静评估方法作一概述.     

镇痛镇静策略在PICU机械通气患儿中的应用

目的探讨不同镇静、镇痛策略对机械通气患儿的辅助治疗效果及不良反应。方法将80例进行机械通气且需镇静镇痛治疗的危重患儿随机分为咪达唑仑组(40例)和瑞芬太尼+咪达唑仑组(40例),采用Ramsay及FLACC量表评估镇静、镇痛效果,记录治疗期间生命体征、呼吸机参数动态变化、脏器功能指标、瑞芬太尼及咪达唑仑应用总量、机械通气时间、PICU住院时间及费用、不良反应发生情况等。结果 2组患儿均能达到满意镇痛镇静效果。与咪达唑仑组比较,瑞芬太尼+咪达唑仑组达到镇静镇痛效果所需时间更短,Ramsay评估3~4级所占百分比增高,咪达唑仑用量降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组患儿治疗后心率、平均动脉压及自主呼吸频率均降低,但瑞芬太尼+咪达唑仑组在用药后3~24 h的心率、3~12 h的平均动脉压和自主呼吸频率下降更明显(P0.05)。与咪达唑仑组比较,瑞芬太尼+咪达唑仑组患儿用药后的6 h和12 h呼吸机潮气量及经皮氧饱和度均明显增高,呼气末二氧化碳水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。瑞芬太尼+咪达唑仑组停药至苏醒的时间、拔管时间、机械通气以及PICU住院时间均明显低于咪达唑仑组(P0.05)。2组患儿PICU住院费用、不良反应发生率以及用药前后肝肾功能差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),但空腹血糖比镇静前明显降低(P0.05)。结论 PICU机械通气患儿采用瑞芬太尼+咪达唑仑治疗方案能迅速达到镇痛、镇静目标,改善通气效果,减少镇静剂用量,耐受性良好。     

山东省多中心儿童重症监护室镇静镇痛治疗及管理状况调查

目的了解山东省三级甲等医院儿童重症监护室(PICU)镇静镇痛治疗及管理状况,为镇静镇痛治疗方案的改进提供依据。方法本研究为一项多中心回顾性研究,山东省6家三级甲等医院的PICU参与了本研究。收集2016年1月至2018年12月入住这6家PICU的1340例患儿,调阅病历资料,统计患儿的年龄、性别、入院24 h小儿死亡风险评分Ⅲ、是否接受机械通气、是否接受镇静和(或)镇痛治疗、是否监测镇静和(或)镇痛情况、住院病死率等。依据是否接受镇静治疗和(或)镇痛治疗,将患儿分为单纯镇静组(798例)、镇静+镇痛组(120例)及非镇静镇痛组(422例),比较各组的病种、机械通气比例、低血压发生率、平均住PICU天数及院内病死率。结果1340例患儿的平均年龄为(13.3±6.4)个月,其中男786例(58.7%)。6家PICU均已开展镇静治疗,其中5家PICU进行常规镇静评估;已开展镇痛治疗的PICU有4家,其中仅有2家进行常规疼痛评估。共有918例(68.5%)患儿接受了镇静治疗和(或)镇痛治疗,咪达唑仑是最常用的镇静药物,其次是右美托咪定。526例(57.3%)患儿进行了镇静评估监测,最常用的评估方法是Richmond躁动镇静量表。120例(9.0%)患儿接受了镇静联合镇痛治疗,芬太尼是最常用的镇痛药物,38例(31.7%)患儿接受了常规疼痛评估。3组患儿年龄和性别差异无统计学意义。镇静+镇痛组外科疾病的比例最高,该组机械通气患儿的比例也最高(100.0%,120/120),非镇静镇痛组机械通气患儿的比例最低(11.4%,48/422),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。镇静+镇痛组的平均机械通气时间略短于单纯镇静组,但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。镇静+镇痛组低血压发生率最高,非镇静镇痛组低血压发生率最低[21.7%(26/120)比2.1%(9/422),P<0.01]。院内病死率和平均住PICU天数3组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论苯二氮类药物仍是目前山东省PICU中主要使用的镇静药物,右美托咪定的应用逐渐增加,但镇痛剂应用的比例很低。目前镇痛镇静治疗主要用于外科术后及接受机械通气治疗的患儿,镇痛镇静治疗虽未增加患儿的院内病死率及平均住PICU天数,但增加了低血压的发生率。山东省PICU的镇静镇痛治疗和监测仍欠规范,主要体现在镇痛治疗以及对镇静和疼痛水平的评估未受到重视。     

国内外镇痛镇静指南理念的进展

2018年美国重症医学会和中华医学会重症医学分会先后发布了《ICU成年患者镇痛和镇静治疗指南》,2019年中华医学会儿科学分会急救学组发布《中国儿童重症加强治疗病房患儿镇痛镇静治疗专家共识》,新指南在旧指南的基础上进行了修订和更新,特别是一些新的理念逐渐行成,本文围绕这些新的指南做一总结,以供同道参考。     

危重患儿的镇静及镇痛

儿科重症监护病房(PICU)中的患儿由于疾病本身及特殊的环境往往发生应激反应,直接影响患儿的预后。研究表明,在PICU进行镇静、镇痛治疗是安全的。在进行镇静、镇痛治疗前应首先进行疼痛、镇静评估。疼痛的评估分为自述、行为观察、生理测量三种方法,应根据患儿的年龄及认知水平选择相应的方法。目前阿片类药物仍然是镇痛的主要药物,异丙酚及苯二氮(艹卓)类药物是镇静的主要药物。心理行为疗法是有效的辅助疗法,对肿瘤晚期患儿可以进行局床及神经阻断疗法。     

东北及内蒙古地区儿科重症监护病房护士镇痛镇静护理行为现状调查及影响因素分析

目的通过横断面调查,了解东北及内蒙古地区儿科重症监护病房(pediatric intesive care unit,PICU)护士镇痛镇静护理行为现状并对其影响因素进行分析,为进一步构建规范化培训方案及研发标准化镇痛镇静护理流程提供参考依据。方法采用自行设计的PICU护士镇痛镇静护理知信行现状调查问卷对东北及内蒙古地区18家医院的435名PICU护士进行问卷调查。结果东北及内蒙古地区PICU护士镇痛镇静护理行为问卷平均得分为(70.54±13.63)分。不同年龄、护龄、PICU护龄、学历、职称,以及是否是重症专科护士、是否接受过镇痛镇静培训、有无护理镇痛镇静患儿经历,各组间护士的行为得分比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。护士是否接受过镇痛镇静相关培训、有无护理镇痛镇静患儿经历及对镇痛镇静的态度是影响PICU护士镇痛镇静行为的主要因素。结论东北及内蒙古地区PICU护士镇痛镇静护理行为尚有很大提升空间,PICU护士参加镇痛镇静相关培训次数越多、护理镇痛镇静患儿经历越丰富、镇痛镇静态度越积极,其临床护理实践能力越强。     

危重患儿的镇静及镇痛

儿科重症监护病房(PICU)中的患儿由于疾病本身及特殊的环境往往发生应激反应，直接影响患儿的预后。研究表明，在PICU进行镇静、镇痛治疗是安全的。在进行镇静、镇痛治疗前应首先进行疼痛、镇静评估。疼痛的评估分为自述、行为观察、生理测量三种方法，应根据患儿的年龄及认知水平选择相应的方法。目前阿片类药物仍然是镇痛的主要药物，异丙酚及苯二氮萆类药物是镇静的主要药物。心理行为疗法是有效的辅助疗法，对肿瘤晚期患儿可以进行局麻及神经阻断疗法。     

中国儿童重症监护病房镇痛和镇静治疗专家共识(2024)

镇痛镇静治疗是儿童重症监护病房(PICU)治疗的重要组成部分。2013年中华医学会儿科学分会急救学组、中华医学会急诊学分会儿科学组和中国医师协会儿童重症医师分会共同制订了我国第一个PICU镇痛和镇静治疗专家共识(2013版), 2018年进行了修订和补充(2018版)。近年来, 随着儿童重症医学的发展, 2023年3月起历时8个月对2018版再次进行更新修订, 以进一步规范我国PICU镇痛镇静治疗。     

镇静镇痛在儿童重症监护病房的应用现状及风险防范

小儿对疼痛的反应与成人相似,焦虑、恐惧和疼痛等刺激会导致过度应激反应,直接影响危重患儿的预后。镇静镇痛治疗已成为儿童重症监护病房(PICU)综合治疗中不可缺少的部分。由于小儿不会表达或不能确切表达,致使掌握镇静镇痛程度较为困难。如何使危重患儿在舒适无痛状态下接受治疗,一直是医务人员面临的挑战之一。1危重患儿镇静镇痛的必要性PICU的危重患儿离开父母,被置于完全陌生的环境中,频繁的检查和治疗操作、机械通气、噪音和长明灯扰乱正常睡眠周期等,均为导致患儿焦虑、恐惧和疼痛的常见原因。疾病本身如创伤、手术、缺氧和感染等…     

序贯镇痛镇静对预防行机械通气治疗患儿撤机后谵妄及撤药反应的效果研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨行机械通气治疗患儿在撤机后序贯维持镇痛镇静药物对预防谵妄及撤药反应的效果。方法回顾性将2019年12月至2021年9月广东医科大学附属东莞市儿童医院儿童重症监护室收治的机械通气支持≥5 d的61例患儿分为对照组(30例,撤机后无镇痛镇静药物维持)及观察组(31例,撤机后序贯镇痛镇静药物维持48 h),记录两组患儿撤机后24 h及72 h索菲亚撤药反应观察量表(Sophia Observation Withdrawal Symptoms Scale,SOS)评分、儿童谵妄量表(Paediatric Delirium Scale,PD)评分、Richmond躁动镇静量表(Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale,RASS)评分及谵妄发生例数、撤药反应发生例数,并进行比较分析。结果两组患儿撤机后24 h及72 h谵妄发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组撤机后24 h及72 h撤药反应发生率、SOS评分、PD评分、RASS评分均低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论撤机后序贯镇痛镇静可降低行机械通气治疗重症患儿撤机后72 h内撤药反应发生率,但不能有效降低患儿撤机后谵妄发生率。     

Sedation and analgesia for critically ill children

Effective analgesia and sedation in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) encompasses the provision of physical comfort and caring for the psychological well-being of critically ill children. In the UK the most commonly used sedative and analgesic agents for critically ill children are midazolam and either morphine or fentanyl. Consensus clinical practice guidelines for the provision of sedation and analgesia in critically ill children were published in 2006 by the UK Paediatric Intensive Care Society, and an ESPNIC position statement on clinical recommendations for pain, sedation, withdrawal and delirium assessment in critically ill infants and children was published in 2016: Despite this, considerable variation in practice persists. Pain experienced early in life may result in long-term changes in neurosensory function and there are also concerns that sedative and analgesic agents may themselves be associated with developmental neurotoxicity, particularly amongst neonates, and adverse psychological outcomes in survivors of critical care. Validated tools for assessment of withdrawal syndrome and delirium are available and this article will briefly discuss these and how to use them in clinical practice. The most important single factor in reducing avoidable psychological morbidity in survivors of PICU is to minimize the administered doses of sedative and analgesic agents.     

Sedation, analgesia, and neuromuscular blockade in the pediatric intensive care unit: survey of fellowship training programs.

OBJECTIVE: To survey current sedation, analgesia, and neuromuscular blockade practices in pediatric critical care fellowship training programs in the United States. DESIGN: Questionnaire survey sent by all program directors. The survey could be submitted either via a Web site, fax, or mail. SETTING: University school of medicine. SUBJECTS: Fifty-nine pediatric critical care fellowship training program directors in the United States, listed on the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Web site. INTERVENTIONS: Survey. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The response rate was 59.3% (35 questionnaires). Midazolam, lorazepam, morphine, and fentanyl are the most frequently used drugs in pediatric intensive care units for analgesia and sedation. Most pediatric intensive care units surveyed have a written sedation policy (66%). The majority of units responding to the survey (85.7%) routinely use a scoring system to assess agitation and pain in children, with the most common being the COMFORT score. All of the pediatric intensive care units surveyed reported weaning drugs slowly to try to prevent drug withdrawal. Movement disorders related to prolonged sedation and analgesia seem to be more common than is reported in the literature, with 65.7% of units reporting cases. There is good consensus on the indications for neuromuscular blockade, with vecuronium being the most popular drug. CONCLUSIONS: When compared with a similar survey from 1989, this survey suggests that pediatric critical care units with fellowship training programs have made some changes in their approach to sedation and analgesia over the past decade. More fellowship directors report the use of sedation protocols and better recognition, prevention, and management of drug withdrawal. Similar analgesic, sedative, and neuromuscular blocking drugs are being used but some more commonly than a decade ago.     

Oral versus rectal midazolam as a pre-anaesthetic sedative in children receiving dental treatment under general anaesthesia

Dental treatment in children who are too young or too apprehensive to cooperate is often performed under sedation. In Sweden, the tradition has been to administer sedatives rectally in small children, but oral liquid sedation is now increasingly used. AIM: To compare the sedative effects of oral and rectal administration of midazolam in children undergoing dental treatment under general anaesthesia and to assess acceptance of sedative administration, acceptance of application of the facemask, and amnesia. METHODS: Fifty children aged 2-7 y were randomly allocated to receive either liquid oral or rectal sedation, with 25 children in each group. RESULTS: The sedative effect of rectal administration was higher, but not statistically significantly, than that of oral administration (p = 0.07). No significant differences in acceptance of sedative administration, acceptance of mask application or amnesia were found between the groups. CONCLUSION: Both the oral and the rectal routes can in most cases be appropriate. However, the better sedative effect of rectal administration of midazolam makes it a more favourable route in pre-cooperative and non-compliant children.     

Role of ultrasound guided percutaneous antegrade pyelography (USPCAP) in the diagnosis of obstructive uropathy.

Ultrasound guided percutaneous antegrade pyelography (USPCAP) was performed in 6 cases between 1 month and 8 years age, presenting with obstructive uropathy. The procedure in this age group was characterized by (i) ease of performance without sedation in the neonates and with sedation in older children, and (ii) use of smaller needles and catheters. The procedure enabled delineation of the intimate anatomy of complicated urological abnormalities such as obstructed duplex system, primary megaureters, posterior urethral valves, prune belly syndrome, obstructive hydronephrosis and vesicoureteric reflux. Percutaneous renal puncture may be established rapidly using ultrasonic guidance in severely ill pediatric patients with obstructive uropathy. B-mode ultrasonography has proved to be rapid, accurate and free of radiation hazards, making it applicable to children with little or no sedation. Guided by ultrasound, percutaneous antegrade pyelography should be considered in the few, selected children with obstructive uropathy when the diagnosis is critical for management and difficult with the usual imaging procedures.     

危重儿童常用镇静镇痛评估方法

绝大多数PICU患儿都会接受镇静镇痛治疗,无论是过度还是不足均会导致不良反应.自我评估是疼痛评估的“金标准”,但常需结合行为和生理学指标进行判断.镇静镇痛评估方法繁多,但各有利弊,理想的评估方法应该简单、实用、可重复性好;但是目前尚无一种被大家完全接受的客观评估方法,也没有一种方法能适用于所有年龄段及不同病情的患儿.因此,临床医师需根据不同的环境、病情、患者特点等选择适宜的评估方法,甚至需要不同的方法相结合,最终指导治疗.     

The history of pediatric rheumatology

The care and study of children with rheumatic diseases began slowly in the 19th century, with the most attention centered on rheumatic fever. Other rheumatic diseases of children received little attention until the 1940s. Rheumatic diseases taken together remain a significant cause of chronic illness in children throughout the world. A number of other conditions that masquerade as rheumatic diseases in children also demand recognition and management. Although ultimate causes and cures of childhood rheumatic diseases remain elusive, advances in therapy have improved the outlook for affected children, and advances in biomedical research are adding to our basic understanding of the disease process involved. Pediatric rheumatology has become a well-organized, although underpopulated, specialty that enhances recognition and care of affected children and contributes to basic research knowledge in infectious disease, immunology, and genetics. This review focuses most prominently on the early history of pediatric rheumatology and its development as a specialty. The recent burgeoning of new biomedical science and new means of treatment will be better told in the historical perspective of years to come.     

Sedierung mit Lachgas-Sauerstoff-Gemisch

The appearance of neurological deficits in a 7-year-old child after sedation with nitrous oxide for lumbar puncture with methotrexate (MTX) suggests a critical examination of causality when using nitrous oxide in combination with antimetabolites of folate metabolism. Since it has to be assumed that combining nitrous oxide with MTX lumbar puncture is common practice and moreover a good tolerance of nitrous oxide is postulated in the literature??in most cases studies are carried out with healthy subjects??this review should give the impetus to a critical view on this complex set of problems. Although this sedation method is well known, many relevant questions for practice have not been clarified yet. For example, the application of aminophylline in case of MTX intoxication is discussed as an option in different case reports; however, no recommendations have been made. In consideration of these facts, the goal of this review is to contribute to a better understanding and a safer use of sedation with nitrous oxide.     

Fiberoptic flexible bronchoscopy via the laryngeal mask airway in children

The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is a new device for controlling the airway during many procedures. Aside from its use in different kinds of surgical procedures, fiberoptic flexible bronchoscopy can also be performed easily with this mask in children under sedation. This procedure was performed via LMA in 36 children (aged 2-16 years) who suffered from different kinds of respiratory diseases and were seen at Hacettepe University Ihsan Do?ramaci Children's Hospital, Pediatric Chest Disease Unit, during a seven-month period. The procedure was performed with success and no complications occurred. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report from Turkey on flexible bronchoscopic evaluation via LMA in children with different kinds of respiratory diseases. We suggest that this technique can be used safely.     

Ketamine

Ketamine has been extensively studied and has become increasingly popular over the past several years for emergency department sedation in children.Common procedures for which ketamine can be used include burn debridement, foreign body removal, fracture reduction, incision and drainage of an abscess, and laceration repair. Ketamine provides reliable and consistent sedation, analgesia, and amnesia, coupled with an excellent safety profile. Ketamine's rapid onset, combined with a relatively short duration, make it ideal for children requiring sedation for brief procedures. Significant side effects, such as laryngospasm and emergence reactions, are uncommon. Overall, compared with many of the available alternatives, ketamine is frequently an excellent choice for children in the emergency department who require sedation for painful procedures.