Soft tissue facial volumes and shape in skeletal Class III patients before and after orthognathic surgery treatment.

BACKGROUND: To obtain the best surgical results in orthognathic surgery, treatment planning and the evaluation of results should be performed on measurable three-dimensional reproductions of the face of the patients, and compared to reference subjects. METHODS: Seven women aged 18-35 years, all with a skeletal Class III and mandibular asymmetry, were assessed both before (on average, 2 months) and after (on average, 10.7 months) surgical intervention (mandibular reduction by sagittal split osteotomy and LeFort I maxillary advancement). The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 soft tissue facial landmarks (face, eyes, nose, mouth and lips, ears) were collected with a noninvasive, electromagnetic digitizer; facial volumes were estimated, and compared to reference values collected in 87 healthy women of the same age and ethnic group. Inter-individual modifications in facial shape were also assessed. RESULTS: Before surgery the patients had smaller faces than the reference women, with larger lower lips and noses. A large within-group variability was found. Surgical treatment significantly reduced total facial volume and mandibular volume, increased total and upper lip volumes (Student's t test, p<0.05), and made all values more homogenous within the group. Shape differences were significantly larger before than after surgery. On average, right side gonion was the landmark that moved the most, closely followed by menton, while the tragi and ala nasi moved the least. The three-dimensional approach used in this study enabled quantitative evaluation of the final soft tissue results of surgery, without submitting the patients to invasive procedures.     

双颌手术同期植骨矫治唇腭裂术后严重双颌畸形

目的:总结分析高位Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术与下颌升支矢状劈开截骨术联合应用,配合牙槽嵴裂植骨术矫治唇腭裂术后严重双颌畸形的手术设计与效果.方法:2002年1月～2006年4月,共收治18例唇腭裂术后严重双颌畸形患者,男8例,女10例.年龄16～33岁,平均24.5岁.单侧唇腭裂15例,双侧3例.影像学检查均有继发严重双颌畸形的主要表现.均联合应用高位Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术和下颌升支矢状劈开截骨术,同期行牙槽嵴裂自体髂骨游离移植Ⅰ期手术矫正.结果:术后伤口均Ⅰ期愈合.复查头部X线片,所有患者上、下颌骨位置均得到明显改善.随访6个月～3年,牙弓外形良好,X线片示无明显骨质吸收,植骨区密度与周围接近.18例均获得满意面容及良好的<牙合>关系. 结论:高位Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术与下颌升支矢状劈开截骨术联合应用,配合牙槽嵴裂植骨术可以Ⅰ期矫治唇腭裂术后严重双颌畸形,并可以获得满意的手术效果.不但可以减少手术次数,而且还降低了手术费用,是矫治唇腭裂术后严重双颌畸形的一种有效方法.     

双颌手术联合术后快速正畸矫治唇腭裂术后严重双颌畸形

目的：探讨应用双颌手术联合术后快速正畸建矫治唇腭裂术后严重双颌畸形的方法。方法：2002年1月～2006年4月,共收治唇腭裂术后严重双颌畸形患者18例（男8例,女10例）,年龄16～33岁,平均24.5岁。单侧唇腭裂15例,双侧3例,所有患者术前均未接受过正畸治疗,均联合应用双颌手术和术后快速正畸建矫治唇腭裂术后严重双颌畸形。结果：18例患者手术后效果良好,复查头颅X线片,上、下颌骨位置均达到术前设计位置。手术前后头影测量结果（SNA角、SNB角,ANB角）t检验,具有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。经过3～8个月快速术后正畸治疗,均建立良好的关系,恢复正常咬合功能。随访3～7年,效果稳定。结论：唇腭裂术后严重双颌畸形采用双颌手术联合术后快速正畸,不但能够显著地改善双颌畸形,而且可以快速建立正常咬合关系。     

前方牵引联合快速扩弓矫治骨性Ⅲ类错的面部软组织变化

目的：研究上颌前方牵引联合快速扩弓矫治恒牙早期骨性Ⅲ类错的软组织变化。方法：选取14例恒牙早期骨性Ⅲ类错患者为治疗组,应用联合法治疗6个月,在治疗前（T1）、治疗后（T2）拍摄头颅侧位X线片;选取12例未治疗骨性反患者为对照组,也在相应时间拍摄X线片,对两组进行头影测量分析。结果：治疗组发生显著的软组织改变,H角和软组织面凸角显著增大,软组织面角显著减小,软组织侧貌得以改善。结论：前方牵引联合快速扩弓能够对恒牙早期骨性Ⅲ类错患者的软组织侧貌产生显著的矫形效果。     

单颌与双颌正颌手术后面部软硬组织变化的对比研究

目的：对比分析骨性安氏Ⅲ类错[牙合]畸形正[牙合]手术后面部软硬组织的变化特点。方法：选择成人骨性Ⅲ类错[牙合]20例,对其手术前后头颅侧位片进行测量分析。结果：G-Sn-Pg＇,Cm-Sn-UL,S-N＇-Sn,UL-E的改变,两组有所不同。B＇与B,PoS与Po,GnS与Gn以及MeS与Me具有高度的相关性。软硬组织位移变化率双颌组均小于单颌组。结论：鼻唇关系差的骨性Ⅲ类错[牙合]最好做双颌手术。软硬组织位移比率：双颌手术中上颌小于下颌,且单颌手术高于双颌手术;软硬组织相关性：双颌手术中下颌比上颌强,且单颌比双颌强。     

正颌手术联合正畸矫治骨性双颌前突畸形

目的　以外科手术联合正畸治疗的方法矫治骨性双颌前突畸形 ,并观察其远期疗效。方法　 1996年以来共治疗骨性双颌前突畸形 4 6例 ,其中 31例进行了术前正畸治疗。 4 6例患者术前均进行X线头影测量分析及模型外科分析 ,结合患者的意见及畸形具体情况采用 4种手术方法进行治疗。术中所有截骨线均采用钛板、钛钉坚强内固定。术后定期复查 ,4 6例中 39例进行了术后正畸治疗。结果　术后随访 34例 ,平均 2 7.7个月 ,骨段均愈合良好 ,无明显复发。上颌前牙骨段平均后退 (6 .3± 0 .9)mm ,下颌前牙骨段平均后退 (5 .2± 1.2 )mm ,面部外形及咬合关系满意。结论　正颌手术联合术前术后正畸治疗矫治骨性双颌前突畸形 ,可取得咬合关系及面部外形双满意的效果。     

颞下颌关节不可复性盘前移位患者的口面肌功能训练

目的 提高颞下颌关节不可复性盘前移位患者治疗效果.方法 将64例颞下颌关节不可复性盘前移位患者随机分为对照组31例、训练组33例.两组均行透明质酸钠关节腔注射;对照组接受常规护理,训练组在此基础上增加口面肌功能训练,连续3个月后评价效果.结果 干预后训练组疼痛评分及最大张口度显著优于对照组(均P＜0.01);干预后两组...     

88例女性上颌前突患者正颌术后鼻唇区软组织的三维变化

目的探讨女性上颌前突患者正颌术后鼻唇区软组织的三维变化特点。方法北京大学口腔医院收治88例女性上颌前突畸形患者,年龄18~42岁,平均28.2岁。所有患者上颌均行Le FortⅠ型分块截骨术,通过拔除2颗上颌第一前磨牙创造间隙后退上颌骨。上颌前突并下颌后缩患者,下颌行双侧升支矢状劈开截骨术移动下颌体部,双颌前突患者下颌行根尖下截骨术。分别在术前1~3 d及术后至少6个月拍摄3dMD照片,获取面部三维图像,使用Geomagic Studio 2013软件测量手术前、后软组织三维标志点坐标以及线距、角度的变化,并进行三维偏差分析。测量结果进行配对t检验,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。结果上颌前突患者鼻下点在矢状向的距离术前为(-10.90±18.60)mm,术后为(-10.05±18.62)mm(t=-7.66,P<0.001),后退了(0.85±1.00)mm;上唇缘点术前为(-15.18±18.67)mm,术后为(-11.92±18.90)mm(t=-21.97,P<0.001),后退了(3.26±1.40)mm。鼻翼宽度术前为(37.32±2.32)mm,术后为(38.08±2.32)mm(t=-4.85,P<0.001),增加了(0.76±1.47)mm;口角宽度术前为(49.17±3.54)mm,术后为(47.68±3.74)mm(t=5.77,P<0.001),减小了(1.49±2.42)mm;人中长度术前为(15.20±2.32)mm,术后为(15.78±2.17)mm(t=-4.70,P<0.001),增加了(0.58±1.16)mm;鼻唇角术前为101.98°±9.34°,术后为109.05°±8.59°(t=-12.36,P<0.001),增大了6.99°±5.35°。三维偏差分析显示,术后鼻旁区软组织前移了(1.54±0.73)mm。结论正颌术后女性患者鼻底及上唇均显著后退,鼻旁区出现前移,并伴随鼻翼变宽、口角宽度减小、人中变长、唇红变薄、鼻唇角增大等改变。     

正颌术后患者口腔冲洗方法的改进

目的提高口腔冲洗效果。方法将47例牙颌面畸形正颌术后患者随机分为两组,观察组24例采用改良法行口腔冲洗,即将吸唾管放置口角低位处,用1.5%过氧化氢溶液和生理盐水进行口腔冲洗,同时用棉签按先上后下、由后向前擦拭牙面及口腔黏膜。对照组23例行常规口腔冲洗。结果观察组冲洗后牙菌斑指数显著少于对照组(P<0.01)。结论对正颌术后患者采用改良口腔冲洗法护理效果显著优于常规方法。     

Modulation of neutrophil apoptosis in plasma of patients after orthognathic surgery

BACKGROUND: Human neutrophils undergo rapid apoptosis during in vitro culture. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of interleukin-8 (IL-8) on neutrophil apoptosis in surgery-induced inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples were drawn from 21 patients with mandibular prognathism 2 days before, and 1 and 5 days after orthognathic surgery. The IL-8 levels in the separated plasma were measured using an ELISA kit. The expression of two receptors for IL-8, CXCR1, and CXCR2, and their role in neutrophil apoptosis was evaluated using a flow cytometer. RESULTS: The IL-8 levels in the plasma were correlated with acute inflammatory markers, such as peripheral blood neutrophil counts and C-reactive protein levels. Both IL-8 receptors were markedly raised in patient-derived neutrophils 1 day post-operatively. Recombinant IL-8 (0-100 ng/ml) suppressed apoptosis in fresh-isolated neutrophils from healthy donors dose-dependently. Neutrophil apoptosis 1 day post-operatively was slightly accelerated in the presence of fetal bovine serum compared to the value 2 days pre-operatively and 5 days post-operatively. In contrast, in the presence of autogenous plasma, neutrophil apoptosis was significantly suppressed 1 day post-operatively compared to the value 2 days pre-operatively and 5 days post-operatively. Moreover, the anti-apoptotic effect of plasma on neutrophil apoptosis was partially decreased by the addition of anti-IL-8 neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that circulating neutrophils are susceptible to augmentation by IL-8 through the reinforcement of IL-8 receptors in acute inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, IL-8 may, in part, contribute to the regulation of neutrophil survival during the inflammatory response.     

早期持续冰敷对上颌截骨正颌术后患者的影响

目的 探讨基于温度控制的持续冰敷对上颌Le FortⅠ型截骨正颌手术后患者早期上颌肿胀、出血、疼痛、舒适度及非冻结性损伤发生率的影响。 方法 将63例上颌Le FortⅠ型截骨正颌手术患者随机分为观察组（33例）和对照组（30例）,术后6 h内分别进行基于温度控制的持续冰敷（观察组）和间断冰敷（对照组）。 结果 观察组冰敷前后肿胀进展程度显著小于对照组,冰敷期间的舒适度得分显著高于对照组（均P＜0.05）;两组冰敷期间使用止血药量、镇痛药量和非冻结性损伤发生率差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。 结论 基于温度控制的持续冰敷能有效缓解上颌Le FortⅠ型截骨正颌手术后患者早期上颌肿胀,增加患者舒适度,不会导致患者皮肤损伤。     

骨性安氏Ⅲ类错患者行正颌手术后其口腔功能间隙的改变

目的:探讨骨性安氏Ⅲ类错患者行正颌手术后,口腔功能间隙面积的改变,了解口腔功能间隙与牙颌畸形发生的关系,为正颌临床诊断治疗提供有益的参考。同时研究口腔功能间隙的改变对术后保持与防止复发提供理论依据。方法:对在我院就诊的共20例骨性安氏Ⅲ类错患者进行研究,采用定位X线头影测量分析的方法,通过患者治疗前后的对照,比较正颌术后口腔功能间隙的改变。结果:骨性安氏Ⅲ类错患者行正颌手术后较术前1周口腔功能间隙减小(P<0.05),有统计学差异。下颌后退量与口腔功能间隙减少量存在明显的正相关性。结论:骨性安氏Ⅲ类错患者,经正颌治疗后,口腔功能间隙矢状向面积有所减小,其直接原因可能是正颌手术后退下颌骨造成的,并且口腔功能间隙变化量与下颌骨后退距离存在正相关性。     

上颌前牵引矫治早期骨性Ⅲ类错的面部软组织改变

目的:评价上颌前牵引早期矫正上颌发育不足产生的骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)后的侧貌美学改变。方法:选取19例骨性Ⅲ类前牙反(牙合)的生长发育期患者,男9例,女10例,年龄8-13岁,平均10.5岁,所有病例均处于生长发育高峰期或高峰前期,口内戴用上颌全基托式活动矫治器,口外采用面具式牵引架进行上颌前牵引矫治,矫正前牙反(牙合),至前牙反(牙合)解除,建立正常覆(牙合)覆盖矫治完成。测量比较矫治前后软组织美学指标的改变。结果:前牵引矫治后,软组织面角减小2.4°,H角变小3.65°,上唇沟点前移3.45mm,上唇缘点前移2.85mm,Pgs-VL距离显著减小1.70mm,下面高增加2.95mm,矫治后上唇前移,额部后下移。下唇位置改变不大。结论:上颌前牵引可使Ⅲ类凹面型得到明显改善,后缩的上唇治疗后均显著前移,颏部后下移动,使侧貌更协调美观。     

FRIII矫治功能性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形的颌面分析

目的:探讨Frankel Ⅲ功能矫治器(Frankel functional regulator Ⅲ appliance,FRIII)矫治功能性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形前后颌骨软组织侧貌头影测量值的变化.方法:选择乳牙期、替牙期功能性III类错(牙合)患者20例(男9例,女11例),年龄6～11岁,平均9.8岁,面型为直面型或轻度凹面型,前牙反(牙合),第一磨牙为近中关系,下颌可后退至切对切,上下前牙排列整齐,应用FRIII矫治,治疗前后拍X线头颅侧位定位片并测量数据,采用配对t检验统计学分析.结果:功能性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形经FRIII矫治6个月左右,临床上患儿反(牙合)矫正、侧貌发生改变,SNB减小、ANB增加、前下面高增加、IMPA 减小、面凸度增加、覆盖增加有显著性差异.唇形改变:上唇突度增大、下唇突度减小,上唇倾斜度减小、下唇倾斜度减小有显著性统计学意义.结论:表明FRIII矫治功能性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形能引起颌骨及软组织侧貌的改变,FRIII是治疗功能性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形的有效方法.     

Behavioral changes of patients after orthognathic surgery develop on the basis of the loss of vomeronasal organ: a hypothesis

Background

Cleft palate craniofacial teams have evolved across the globe in the last 20 years in compliance with the interdisciplinary concept of management of oro-facial clefts. An interdisciplinary care allows a coordinated treatment protocol for the patient. The objective of this study was to evaluate oro-facial cleft care in Nigeria with particular emphasis on the compliance of the practitioners to the team approach concept.

Methods

A snapshot survey was conducted among specialists that attended the Pan African Congress on Cleft Lip and Palate, at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria in February 2007.

Result

Sixty three respondents successfully completed and returned the questionnaire for analysis. Mean age of respondents was 43.5 years and the range was 38–62 years. Male to female ratio was 2.7:1. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons and Plastic Surgeons constituted the majority of respondents (38.1% and 22.2%) respectively. Only 47.6% (n = 30) of the specialists belonged to cleft teams. Majority of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons and Plastic Surgeons belonged to cleft teams (70% and 63.3% respectively) while speech pathologists and orthodontists were less represented (20% and 36.7% respectively) in teams.

Conclusion

Findings from this study suggests that interdisciplinary care for the cleft patient does not appear to have been fully embraced in Nigeria. This may be a result of several reasons ranging from non availability of the requisite specialists, the relatively young age of cleft care practice in this part of the world to the poor state of infrastructure.     

Three dimensional evaluation of soft tissue after orthognathic surgery

Background

To evaluate the nasolabial soft tissue change three-dimensionally after orthognathic surgery, using a structured light scanner.

Methods

Thirty-two malocclusion patients, who underwent orthognathic surgery, were evaluated. CBCT and 3D facial scans were obtained before surgery and 3 months after surgery. The 3D changes in the 26 landmarks, and the relative ratio of the soft tissue movement to the bony movement, were evaluated.

Results

In the Le Fort I advancement patients, the nasal tip moved 17% forward, compared to the maxillary bony movement, but the nasal prominence decreased 15%. The alar width increased 4 mm after the advancement, and the width decreased 4.7 mm after Le Fort I setback. The relative ratio of the soft tissue movement to the bony movement after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy was about 66% at the Li point in the anteroposterior direction, and it was 21% in the Le Fort I advancement and 14% in Le Fort I setback at the Ls point.

Conclusion

Alar cinch suturing may not be sufficient to overcome the effect of the maxilla advancement compressing the nasal complex. Alar width widening was prevented in Le Fort I setback. However, it is uncertain that the alar cinch suturing was solely responsible. The soft tissue around the mandible tends to accompany the bony movement more than the maxillary area. In addition, structured light scanning system proved to be a useful tool to evaluate the nasolabial soft tissue.