Evaluation and treatment of stage 0 Charcot's neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle

Charcot's neuroarthropathy is a relatively common disease in patients with diabetic neuropathy. If unrecognized or left untreated, Charcot's neuroarthropathy can result in a severely misshapen and unstable foot and ankle. Ulceration, soft-tissue infection, and osteomyelitis frequently ensue, and partial or complete amputation of the foot is not uncommon. A high index of suspicion and proper interpretation of clinical and diagnostic findings are essential to establish a timely and accurate diagnosis and to institute appropriate treatment. The pathogenesis of neuroarthropathy is reviewed and diagnosis and treatment of the stage 0 diabetic Charcot foot are presented.     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of hand and foot tendons in Behçet's disease

BACKGROUND: There have been few studies in the literature evaluating the effect of Beh?et's disease (BD) on tendons. Thus, we planned to search for the involvement of hand and foot tendons in BD by using ultrasonography and to determine the relation of tendon involvement with clinical measurements. METHODS: The study consisted of 33 randomly selected BD patients and 36 voluntary healthy controls matched by age and body mass index. Sonographic evaluations were performed from hands (flexor digitorum süperficialis (2-5), flexor digitorum profundus (2-5), flexor carpi radialis) and Achilles tendons of the nondominant extremities using an 8-10 MHz linear array probe. Grip strength and crepitation were also measured on the nondominant side. RESULTS: Mean hand and foot tendon thickness values of BD patients were significantly higher than in control group (p=0.00). Disease duration, age, and presence of crepitation were not correlated with tendon thickness in the BD group (all p values>0.05). Grip strength values were lower in the BD group than in control group but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.344). Grip strength values were not correlated with hand tendon thicknesses in BD groups (all p values>0.05). CONCLUSION: Because tendons tears and thicknesses are associated with inflammation, awareness of tendon pathologies is very important in rheumatic diseases. It would be of value to investigate this relationship in future studies in order to determine if this increment in tendon thickness is an indicator of disease activity and affects prognosis. The physician should be on alert about tendon involvement even if the patient has no complaints.     

改良Kessler法吻合屈趾肌腱术后早期主动活动的生物力学研究

目的 研究屈指肌腱吻合术后早期主动活动的生物力学特性。方法 30只成年健康红宝鸡为实验动物，3只6趾用于正常鸡足不抗阻力主动屈曲力学测定。27只将双侧趾深屈肌腱横断后用改良KessIer法吻合，术后实验足不用任何固定，对照足予管型石膏固定，术后即刻、3d、7d、14d、21d分别对肌腱进行生物力学性能测试，并进行比较。结果 实验足和对照足在各个时间组的抗断裂力均大于正常鸡足不抗阻力主动屈曲所需的力，实验足在各项生物力学性能测试中均优于对照足。结论 屈指肌腱吻合术后进行早期主动活动是可行的。     

Diabetic Neuroarthropathy: Report of Four Cases

Diabetic neuroarthropathy was observed in four patients; these are the first cases of this nature reported in the Canadian medical literature. The criteria for this diagnosis included: (1) long-standing diabetes; (2) arthropathy, most frequently involving the foot, which shows deformity, shortening and ulceration without evidence of infection or peripheral circulatory failure; (3) abolition or diminution of pain on weight-bearing; (4) diabetic peripheral neuropathy with impaired sense of position or vibration and weak or absent deep tendon reflexes. Radiographic findings were similar to those in patients with Charcot's arthropathy from any cause.

Tabes dorsalis, leprosy, syringomyelia, myelodysplasia and the arthropathies of corticosteroid therapy were ruled out in these cases. In addition to conventional medical therapy the patients were treated by means of walking-casts for several months.

Diabetic neuroarthropathy is probably more common than the medical literature would indicate. Diminished sensation in the lower limbs in diabetics of long standing appears to be the major factor contributing to this disorder.

     

Evaluation of four methods of flexor tendon repair for postoperative active mobilization

Evaluation of four methods of flexor tendon repair for postoperative active mobilization@Gu YT @Rice K @Chen F @Pan CZ     

Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in patients with Charcot's neuroarthropathy

Charcot's or neuropathic osteoarthropathy is one of the most debilitating orthopedic sequelae of diabetes mellitus. Distinguishing Charcot's neuroarthropathy from clinically similar conditions may be challenging. The neurovascular theory postulates that Charcot's neuroarthropathy may be secondary to sympathetic denervation of the lower-extremity vasculature. A convenient method for assessing autonomic neuropathy in patients with Charcot's neuroarthropathy is needed. Short-term power spectral analysis (PSA) of heart rate variability (HRV), a noninvasive and quantitative method for assessing autonomic neuropathy, may be advantageous compared with the traditionally used Ewing's cardiovascular reflex tests. However, there are limitations to the clinical use of PSA of HRV because of poor standardization. We standardized PSA of HRV and assessed autonomic neuropathy in 17 people with acute Charcot's neuroarthropathy using PSA of HRV versus Ewing's tests. More patients with Charcot's neuroarthropathy were diagnosed as having autonomic neuropathy with PSA of HRV than with Ewing's tests (94% versus 82%); however, no significant difference between the two methods was found. The results of this study suggest that PSA of HRV requires minimal patient collaboration and time expenditure compared with Ewing's tests and may be useful in detecting autonomic neuropathy in patients with Charcot's neuroarthropathy.     

寻常型及关节型银屑病附着点炎超声特征对比分析

目的探讨并比较关节型银屑病（PsA）及寻常型银屑病（non-PsA）附着点炎的超声特征。方法纳入39例PsA患者（PsA组）、60例non-PsA患者（non-PsA组）及60例健康体检者（对照组）为研究对象。二维及彩色多普勒超声扫查双侧股四头肌腱、髌腱、跟腱、跖筋膜、屈肌总腱及伸肌总腱附着处。比较各组附着点炎发生部位、累及百分率及不同超声征象。结果对照组27例（45.00%）发生附着点炎,主要累及跟腱与股四头肌腱,所有病变均无血流信号。non-PsA组38例（63.33%）发生附着点炎,主要累及跟腱与股四头肌腱,4个病变部位具有血流信号。PsA组33例（84.62%）发生附着点炎,所有部位均可见累及,累及最多为跟腱、股四头肌腱及跖筋膜,18个病变部位具有血流信号。附着点炎的累及百分率,PsA组>non-PsA组>对照组（P均<0.01）。附着处肌腱回声减弱及附着处骨皮质表面骨赘,各组间差异无统计学意义;PsA组及non-PsA组附着处肌腱增厚发生率均高于对照组（P均<0.01）,但PsA组与non-PsA组间差异无统计学意义;附着处肌腱内钙化、骨皮质表面骨侵蚀及肌腱内血流信号,PsA组高于non-PsA组及对照组（P<0.01）,non-PsA组与对照组间差异无统计学意义。结论正常人、non-PsA附着点炎好发于跟腱与股四头肌腱;PsA附着点炎好发于跟腱、股四头肌腱及跖筋膜。PsA患者附着点炎的发生率>non-PsA患者>正常人。PsA患者较另两者更易发生钙化和骨侵蚀,血供也更加丰富。      

两种缝合跟腱断裂方法的生物力学研究

目的 比较Krackow方法与改良Kessler方法缝合跟腱断裂术中的生物力学,为临床治疗跟腱断裂提供简单可参考的缝合方法.方法 通过16条新鲜冰冻尸体跟腱标本,离体后观测其形态,并记录标本长度及横截面积,随机分为两组,各8例,距跟骨结节4cm处离断,制作跟腱断裂模型.用1-0薇荞可吸收线作缝合材料,两组分别采用Krackow方法与改良Kessler方法,缝合后标本置于万能力学机进行拉伸测试,计算机自动记录2mm间隙负荷、100N位移、最大断裂负荷（负荷峰值）、断裂位移,并作出位移-负荷曲线,并算出应力、应变值.结果 两组方法生物力学测试发现,Krackow方法较改良Kessler缝合方法在2mm间隙负荷、100N位移、最大断裂负荷及应变较强,统计学分析有差异（P＜0.05）.从位移-负荷曲线Krackow方法有更宽大的形变空间.结论 用1-0薇荞可吸收线缝合跟腱断裂标本,经生物力学测试,发现Krackow方法在即时抗拉伸方面比改良Kessler方法强,在临床上应用可能效果更好,可能提供早期锻炼.     

经皮微创小切口联合富血小板血浆治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂的临床效果评价

目的 探讨经皮微创小切口联合富血小板血浆(PRP)治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂的效果情况。 方法 选取2018年1月至2020年12月台州骨伤科医院影像学证实为急性闭合性跟腱断裂的患者43例,根据富血小板血浆使用情况将患者分为观察组24例与对照组19例,观察组采用经皮微创小切口联合注入自体富血小板血浆(PRP)6ml对急性闭合性断裂的跟腱进行修复,对照组仅采用经皮微创小切口修复急性闭合性断裂的跟腱;分别记录术前、术后1个月及术后6个月美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)足踝功能评分、跟腱断裂评分(ATRS及Leppilahti跟腱修复评分进行临床疗效评价。 结果 43例病人全部得到随访,两组患者性别、年龄、侧别的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术前ARTS评分、AOFAS-AH评分及Leppilahti跟腱修复评分的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组具有可比性;观察组ARTS评分、AOFAS-AH评分及Leppilahti跟腱修复评分在术后1个月及术后6个月均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 采用经皮微创小切口联合富血小板血浆(PRP)治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂,能更有效的促进断裂跟腱的修复,加快患者运动功能的恢复。     

不同训练方式对大鼠跟腱适应性变化影响的实验研究

目的 观察大鼠跟腱在不同应力作用模式下适应性变化的规律。方法 120只青年Wister大鼠分组进行不同方式的运动训练，训练结束后观察跟腱组织结构并测量生物力学性能。结果 跟腱的组织结构在训练过程中出现由损伤到修复重建的动态变化，与生物力学性能由下降到上升的变化规律相一致。循环训练8周组的大鼠跟腱各项力学性能有明显的提升。结论 跟腱组织结构与力学性质的变化是对重复应力刺激的一种反应，是肌腱对抗力学疲劳的机制。训练中负荷重复的次数比单次负荷本身的大小对肌腱的改建更具有积极意义。循环训练可以加速跟腱的塑形改建，对跟腱是一种良好的锻炼方式。     

曲安奈德局部浸润对兔跟腱组织结构影响实验研究

目的：观察曲安奈德局部浸润对兔跟腱组织结构的影响,分析不同浓度、用药次数对兔跟腱组织结构影响是否不同。方法：将健康成年新西兰大白兔120只随机分成A、B、C、D4组,每组30只。每组随机选择一侧后肢跟腱止点上方1cm处局部浸润注射试验药液4mL,另一侧同一部位局部浸润注射生理盐水4mL作为对照。各组试验药液含曲安奈德分别为A组3mg,B组6mg,C组9mg,D组12mg,用适量生理盐水稀释成4mL。每周用药1次,各组随机再分3小组（A1、A2、A3……D1、D2、D3）,每小组10只,分别注射1、2、3次,于末次注射后1周分批处死取跟腱标本,制作跟腱组织切片,进行生物力学测试。结果：高浓度、多次运用曲安奈德对兔跟腱组织结构和生物力学性能产生负面影响,随着用药浓度或次数的增高,跟腱组织内胶原蛋白排列稀疏不规整,发生断裂,跟腱生物力学随之发生变化,有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论：小剂量低频次运用曲安奈德对跟腱组织及生物力学性能不产生影响,高频次、高浓度曲安奈德使用对跟腱组织的胶原纤维产生损害,且随着浓度的增加,损害越严重。在曲安奈德总剂量相等情况下,分多次运用比少次运用对跟腱组织及生物力学性能的影响小。     

猪小肠粘膜下层替代兔跟腱的实验研究

目的 制备小肠粘膜下层,用作肌腱替代物。观察其替代肌腱的过程和结果。检验体内组织工程理论的可行性。方法 用猪小肠粘膜下层制成SIS,用制成的SIS替代兔跟腱,观察期为1、4、8、12、16周,各观察期处死4只动物,进行组织学检查和力学测试,并对其结果进行分析和统计检验。结果 SIS替代肌腱的过程是代谢过程,经过16周,SIS为宿主肌腱完全替代,其组织结构和力学性能与正常肌腱极其接近。结论 体内组织工程理论至少在肌腱再生方面是可行的。     

Achillon微创跟腱吻合器治疗29例闭合性跟腱断裂

目的 探讨经2 cm的微创切口应用Achillon微创跟腱吻合器治疗新鲜闭合性跟腱断裂的临床效果.方法 采用Achillon跟腱缝合器治疗29例急性闭合性跟腱断裂患者并随访.根据术前查体和MRI检查结果,判断跟腱断裂部位,在断裂部位采用2 cm微创切口显露断端,置入Achillon吻合器夹持跟腱近侧断端,引入缝线;同法...     

Achilles tendon sports injuries: a review of classification and treatment

Achilles tendon injuries are among the three most frequent sports-related injuries of the foot and ankle. Proper function of the Achilles tendon is critical to performance in sports. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy and biomechanical function of this tendon is essential to the effective treatment of these injuries. Distinguishing among the various pathologies of the Achilles tendon is an important first step toward successful treatment and return of the athlete to sports activity. The term Achilles tendinitis is a nonspecific diagnosis that does not accurately describe an actual injury. This review is intended to provide the sports medicine physician with a means of classifying Achilles tendon injuries and, thus, arriving at an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.     

指屈肌腱缝合术后早期主动活动的生物力学研究与临床应用

目的观察术后早期主动活动对肌腱抗位强度的影响及其临床应用效果.方法用新西兰白兔Ⅱ区屈趾深肌腱横断修复模型,术后分别进行主动或被动活动锻炼,不同时间取材,测定愈合肌腱的抗位强度.临床应用36例(126条肌腱).结果与0天比较,主动活动组的抗位强度术后逐渐上升,仅于术后10天稍微下降.而被动活动组于术后4天开始下降,14天最低,21天升高明显,42天比21天稍有下降.临床结果按总主动活动度(TAM)法评定,优86条,良40条,无肌腱断裂等并发症.结论术后早期主动活动能增加愈合肌腱的强度,且优于被动活动组.只要缝合肌腱的强度足够,术后早期主动活动是安全的.     

Biomechanical evaluation of flexor tendon repair techniques

Biomechanical evaluation of flexor tendon repair techniques@Wang B @Chen F @Pan CZ @Xie RG     

糖尿病足部神经性病变的影像学诊断

目的通过了解糖尿病足部神经血管性病变的X线、CT、MRI表现和简单的病因学及病理基础,提高对本病的认识。方法回顾3例确诊为糖尿病足部神经血管性病变患者的X线、CT、MRI表现,结合文献加以分析。结果 X线平片可以显示较明显的骨质破坏和关节情况：虫蚀样骨质破坏,软骨下硬化,关节脱臼等;CT可见关节面破坏、不光滑,关节面碎裂,清晰显示关节内的游离碎骨片,能够较好显示小的骨质破坏;MRI表现为软组织肿胀,骨髓水肿,在T1WI上呈现低信号,在T2WI上表现高信号,病变的部位和范围显示清晰,关节腔积液。MRI不光能显示骨质破坏而且可以显示足部病变早期的骨髓水肿。结论加强对糖尿病足部神经血管性病变影像学表现的认识,可以帮助对该病进行及时诊断;对于有明确糖尿病病史并有足部症状的患者,如果X线平片无阳性发现,建议做MRI检查,可以发现糖尿病足部神经血管性病变的早期改变。     

Collagen membrane alleviates peritendinous adhesion in the rat Achilles tendon injury model

Background  Tendon adhesion is one of the most common causes of disability following tendon surgery. Therefore, prevention of peritendinous adhesion after surgical repair of tendon is a major challenge. The aim of this study was to explore the possible application of a collagen membrane for the prevention or attenuation of peritendinous adhesions.

Methods  Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat Achilles tendon was cut and sutured by a modified Kessler’s technique with or without the collagen membrane wrapped. Macroscopic, morphological and biomechanical evaluations were applied to examine the recovery of the injured tendon at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery.

Results  The surgery group wrapped by collagen membranes had a better outcome than the group with surgery repair only. In the collagen membrane-treated group, less adhesion appeared, stronger tensile strength was detected, and more tendon fibers and collagen I expression were observed morphologically.

Conclusion  Wrapping the tendon with a collagen membrane may be an efficient approach for tendon repair and preventing tendon adhesion after its ruptures.

     

跟腱再断裂原因临床探讨

目的:探讨跟腱再断裂原因及相关防治措施与临床结果。方法:对16例跟腱再断裂患者,分析其断裂原因,再次手术清除断端瘢痕组织,Bennett直接缝合9例;V-Y延长术后,断端直接缝合5例,跟腱附着点再断裂2例,先作跟骨结节骨隧道,再用小钢丝做Bennett抽丝缝合,其周围用丝线缝合加强固定。术后踝关节保持跖屈位,屈膝30°,石膏管型固定6周后,改成短腿石膏外固定4周,再穿高跟矫形鞋2-3月,1年内禁止过量活动。结果:跟腱全部愈合,踝关节功能优12例,良2例,差2例。结论:只要严格手术操作,掌握缝合技巧,术后处理得当,跟腱再断率将明显下降。     

高浓度二甲基亚砜和~(60)Co辐照对韧带移植物初始力学特性和超微结构的影响

目的研究高浓度二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和60Co辐照对韧带移植物的力学特性和超微结构的影响。方法取兔髌韧带移植物,分别作新鲜冰冻和65%DMSO处理。采用0 Mrad2、.5 Mrad和5 Mrad剂量60Co分别辐照2组移植物后,作组织学、超微结构和生物力学检测。结果组织学检查未发现明显差异。超微结构中0 Mrad辐照后DMSO组髌腱移植物胶原结构与正常髌腱无明显区别而新鲜冰冻组胶原直径明显增大,胶原间隙明显增大,小直径胶原比例下降。2.5 Mrad剂量60Co辐照下两组间超微结构形态没有显著差异。5 Mrad剂量60Co辐照下2组都出现明显的胶原碎裂表现。在新鲜冰冻和65%DMSO处理组,5 Mrad辐照后移植物强度都较采用0 Mrad和2.5 Mrad辐照有显著下降。结论高剂量辐照会造成韧带移植物强度明显下降,高浓度DMSO对辐照状态下韧带基质胶原没有明显保护作用。