不同钾肥用量对福田河白菊产量和质量的影响

目的研究钾肥施用量对福田河白菊产量和质量的影响,为其GAP栽培合理施肥提供指导。方法在中等氮、磷和其他矿质养分为肥底的基础上,设置不同钾肥施用量进行土壤培养试验,分别测定菊花产量和花中的黄酮、绿原酸、可溶性总氨基酸和粗蛋白的量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性。结果盆栽试验结果表明,适量施钾能显著提高菊花产量与质量。在施钾(K2O)量为0～4.0g/株时,菊花产量和花中总黄酮的量与累积量同施钾量及花中钾的量成正比,而与花中N/K成反比;但施钾过高(6.0～8.0g/株)会抑制白菊生长,使菊花产量和花中总黄酮的量与累积量均有不同程度的降低。菊花中绿原酸的量同施钾量及花中钾的量成正比,而与花中N/K成反比。白菊不同花期花中总黄酮和绿原酸的量同花中可溶性总氨基酸和粗蛋白的量之间呈显著负相关。结论在中等氮、磷和其他矿质营养条件下,综合考虑菊花产量和花中总黄酮与绿原酸的量及累积量等因素,福田河白菊钾肥施用量以4.0g/株比较适宜。     

氮、钾对盆栽药菊的生长、产量及品质影响

目的:探讨不同氮、钾施用水平对药菊生长、产量及品质的影响,为合理施肥提供实验依据。方法:采用盆栽试验法,将氮、钾肥设置3个水平,共9个施肥处理。调查各处理株高、分枝数、花径大小和花产量,并测定叶片SPAD值、花中总黄酮和绿原酸含量。结果:氮、钾配合施用能促进盆栽药菊的正常生长,显著提高菊花产量,改善外观品质;氮素对花产量的影响大于钾,在相同供氮条件下提供相应的钾素营养可促进植株分枝和花的形成而提高产量,氮、钾互作效应显著;花中总黄酮含量以中等供氮水平(0.3 g/kg)最高,相同供氮条件下增施钾肥可提高其含量;绿原酸的含量则以低氮水平(0.1 g/kg)最高,相同供氮条件下施钾有一定的促进作用。结论:药菊生产应采取适度控制氮肥,配合增施钾肥,以获得较高产量和良好品质。     

氮、磷、钾对冬凌草产量及冬凌草甲素的影响

目的：研究氮、磷、钾对冬凌草产量及品质的影响。方法：采用三因素二次饱和-D最优设计盆栽施肥试验。结果：氮、磷、钾肥对冬凌草生长、产量和质量有明显作用。结论：氮肥对冬凌草的生长影响较大，钾肥对冬凌草甲素的积极作用显著，氮、磷、钾肥配合施用，可使冬凌草增产，同时可提高其有效成分含量。     

氮、磷、钾对膜荚黄芪生长发育及有效成分的影响

目的：研究氮、磷、钾及其配比对膜荚黄芪生长发育及有效成分的影响。方法：通过田间试验，采用氮、磷、钾3因素2次D-饱和最优设计，研究氮、磷、钾及其配比对膜荚黄芪生长及有效成分的影响。结果：施肥促进了膜荚黄芪幼苗的生长，从而为生育后期膜荚黄芪根生长、产量形成及有效成分的累积提供充足的营养基础。氮、磷、钾各元素及其配比明显促进了茎叶及根干物质积累，氮、磷、钾对膜荚黄芪干物质累积总量的影响程度依次为氮>钾>磷；对膜荚黄芪茎叶干物质累积量的影响程度依次为氮>磷>钾；对根干物质累积量的影响程度依次为氮>钾>磷。施肥明显提高了膜荚黄芪根产量，氮、磷、钾对根产量影响程度依次为氮>钾>磷。氮、磷、钾各元素及其配比使黄芪多糖、黄芪甲苷含量明显增加，对总黄酮含量影响不明显。氮、磷、钾对黄芪多糖含量影响程度依次为钾>磷>氮；对黄芪甲苷含量的影响程度依次为氮>钾>磷。结论：氮、钾对膜荚黄芪生长发育，产量形成及多糖，黄芪甲苷含量有重要的影响。根类中药材黄芪的栽培过程中应该注重氮、钾肥的施用，并注意氮、磷、钾的配合施用。     

施肥和覆盖地膜对福田河菊花产量与品质的影响

目的 研究施肥和覆盖地膜等农艺措施对福田河菊花产量与品质的影响,以期为福田河菊花的规范化栽培提供指导.方法 采用田间试验方法 ,测定不同农艺措施下菊花的产量,用比色法测定菊花中总黄酮,用HPLC法测定绿原酸.结果 偏施氮肥时,菊花产量和品质均较低;将有机肥和无机肥料(氮、磷,钾、硼、锌等)配合施用时,菊花产量、品质与经济效益均大幅提高.高氮配方的肥料可显著提高菊花产量,但降低了其品质;而高钾配方的肥料可显著提高菊花中总黄酮与绿原酸的量,且菊花产量也较高.采用覆盖地膜栽培时,可促进菊花花期提前,并显著提高菊花前期花产量与总产量,从而也提高了种植菊花的经济效益.结论 在福田河菊花生产上,应采用覆盖地膜栽培,并应施用高钾配方的有机-无机复混专用肥.     

黄芩施肥试验报告

试验表明:氮、磷、钾3种肥料,无论单独施用或配合施用,对黄芩均有较显著的增产作用。其中以氮、磷、钾3种肥料配合施用的产量最高,较不施肥的对照增产26.0%。     

柔毛淫羊藿生长期氮磷钾元素的吸收动态及施肥效果

目的:通过研究柔毛淫羊藿的氮、磷、钾吸收特征及氮、磷、钾施肥量对淫羊藿产量和品质的影响,为淫羊藿栽培的合理施肥提供技术指导。方法:测定淫羊藿叶片、茎和根中氮、磷、钾不同时期的含量,探讨其吸收规律;设置高中低3个施肥水平,测定单因素肥料水平下的淫羊藿叶叶绿素、产量、活性成分含量,并通过建立淫羊藿单因素肥料效应模型,估测淫羊藿最大产量施肥量。结果:出苗至6月底是柔毛淫羊藿需肥量最多的时期,单株叶片氮、磷、钾累积量为氮钾磷;氮、磷、钾肥显著增加淫羊藿叶片叶绿素的含量,影响效果为氮钾磷;单因素肥料效应分析表明,淫羊藿叶产量随施用的磷肥量而逐渐增加,随氮肥和钾肥量的增加而先增加后降低,对淫羊藿叶产量影响的肥效顺序为氮钾磷;氮肥和钾肥的推荐用量分别为185.3、160.7 kg·hm~(-2);对活性成分含量的分析显示,钾肥抑制朝藿定A、B、C和淫羊藿苷的积累,而高磷水平促进其积累,中等水平的氮肥提高朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷的含量;箭藿苷A和B的含量在3种施肥处理下均能显著提高。结论:出苗至6月底是柔毛淫羊藿施肥的关键期,适宜的氮、磷、钾施肥量能促进淫羊藿的生长,提高淫羊藿叶产量和活性成分含量。     

平衡施肥及土壤改良剂对连作条件下三七生长与产量的影响

目的:探求三七连作障碍的解决途径。方法:采用间隔3年的三七连作土进行盆栽试验,比较大、中、微量元素配合施用和施用甘蔗渣、粉煤灰、糖泥、牛粪、发酵烟杆、沸石、玉米杆等改良剂,对三七出苗率、存苗率、植株生长和产量影响。结果:间隔3年的三七连作土中全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷等成分的含量较新土大幅度增加,速效钾含量及土壤钾素与氮素养分间比例则是大幅降低,有效铜、有效锌和有效硼等微量元素比较缺乏。三七连作土采用"低氮+钙镁磷+高钾+石灰+微肥"的平衡施肥方式可显著提高连作条件下三七的存苗率,促进三七植株生长,并显著提高三七单株生物量和总产量。使用甘蔗渣做土壤改良剂也可显著缓解三七连作土的连作障碍效应,提高连作三七的存苗率,促进三七植株生长,增加三七总产量;同对照相比(不施改良剂),其存苗率增加31.6%,三七地下部分总产量增加19.5%。使用粉煤灰做土壤改良剂对缓解三七连作土的连作障碍效应也有一定效果,其他土壤改良剂效果较差。结论:连作土连作三七时应采用"调酸(施用石灰)、减氮(低氮)、保磷(钙镁磷)、增钾(高钾)和补充微量元素"的平衡施肥方法,并增施甘蔗渣作为土壤改良剂。     

氮磷钾对冬凌草中迷迭香酸积累影响的研究

目的研究氮、磷、钾3种养分对冬凌草中迷迭香酸含量积累的影响。方法采用3因素2次饱和-D最优盆栽施肥试验设计,对冬凌草中迷迭香酸积累进行肥效研究。结果磷肥对迷迭香酸的积累作用最为显著,氮磷肥共同施用时可使冬凌草中迷迭香酸含量增加一倍。结论营养元素对冬凌草中代谢产物的积累中有明显的调节作用,合理施肥能够有效地调节代谢产物合成与积累。     

氮磷钾配施对藿香生长和产量的影响

目的:为探究藿香生产中氮磷钾的最佳施用量,建立氮、磷、钾肥料效应模型,为实际生产中藿香合理施肥提供依据。方法:以藿香(Agastache rugosa)为试验材料,采用二次回归D-最优设计中的"3414"方案,研究氮、磷、钾不同施肥处理对藿香生长和产量的影响。结果:合理的氮磷钾配施能显著的影响藿香的生理指标和光合特性,不同的氮磷钾配施能显著提高藿香根系活力、增大叶片可溶性蛋白含量、提高叶片硝酸还原酶活性,并显著影响藿香的光合特性。施用氮、磷、钾肥,藿香增产效果显著,处理N_2P_2K_2达到最高产量5 202.08 kg/hm^2,比不施肥处理增产2 448.60 kg/hm^2,增产率达88.93%。氮、磷、钾肥的一元二次肥效模型、二元二次肥效模型推荐的施肥量与本试验实际设计采用的最适施用量相近,可用于实际生产中指导施肥。结论:氮、磷、钾肥施用对藿香产量影响的大小顺序为氮>磷>钾,氮肥增产效应最明显,磷肥次之,钾肥最差。综合考虑,本试验条件下获得藿香最大产量施肥方案为施氮156.29 kg/hm^2、施磷90.98 kg/hm^2、施钾121.93 kg/hm^2,最大产量可达4 994.08～5 158.55 kg/hm^2,推荐最佳施肥量为施氮150.65 kg/hm^2、施磷87.28 kg/hm^2、施钾114.77 kg/hm^2,最佳产量可达4 991.07～5 155.59 kg/hm^2。     

Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G: glycans of Eleutherococcus senticosus roots

Intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous extract of the crude drug "shigoka" (Siberian ginseng), Eleutherococcus senticosus roots, remarkably diminished plasma-sugar level in mice. Fractionation of the extract by monitoring the activity yielded seven glycans, eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, which exerted marked hypoglycemic effects in normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice.     

Phytochemistry, Metabolism, and Metabolomics of Ginseng

Ginseng, as a medicinal plant, has been used for thousands of years in China, Korea, and Japan, and the study on ginseng is a hotspot in the research field as evidenced by about 7000 scientific papers in PUBMED. In recent decades, many ginseng studies focused on the metabolism and metabolomics of ginseng or its active ingredients using modern bioanalytical technologies. To date, more than 200 ginsenosides and non-saponin constituents have been isolated and identified. In the past decades, rapid development of analytical technologies has facilitated the advancement of ginseng research in many ways. In this review, we focus on the advances of ginseng research in chemistry, pharmacology, and metabolomics. We also provide the comments on the significance as well as challenges of metabolomics-based ginseng studies.     

Correlation of Metabolism, Metabolomics, and Metabonomics

<正>In this issue,CHM published two reviews on drug metabolism of Chinese herbal medicines.Three key words have been found,they are metabolism,metabolomics,and metabonomics.As we known,drug metabolism is the biochemical modification of pharmaceutical substances respectively by living organisms through specialized enzymatic systems,the rate of metabolism determines the duration and intensity of pharmacological responses     

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic activities of Galium mexicanum

Ethnopharmacological relevance

To study the potential benefit of the traditional Mexican medicinal plant Galium mexicanum Kunth (Rubiaceae). Hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts as well as various fractions from these extracts were tested to determine antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic or anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.

Materials and methods

Aerial parts of the plant were extracted with various solvents and fractionated accordingly. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities were assessed on nine bacterial and four fungal strains. Leishmania donovani was used as a protozoan strain for antiparasitic activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was investigated by measuring the secretion of interleukin-6 when macrophages were exposed to lipopolysaccharide.

Results

Various extracts and fractions obtained from this plant exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Of special interest was the hexane fraction HE 14b, which show antibacterial (ranging between 67 and 666 μg/ml) and antifungal (at concentrations of 333 μg/ml) activities. Also the hexane fraction HE 5 exhibited antiparasitic activity (at concentrations of 260 μg/ml), whereas the methanol fraction ME 13-15 showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity when compared to dexamethasone. Chemical analyses of the chloroform extract show the presence of triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and glucosides, but no tannins were detected in the assayed extract.

Conclusions

The benefit of Galium mexicanum as a traditional medicinal plant was confirmed using antibacterial and antifungal assays in vitro. We also report for the first time, and to the best of our knowledge, antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant.     

Isolation and structure of homotemsirolimuses A, B, and C

Homotemsirolimuses A, B, and C (2a, 2b, 2c) were found to be minor components of a temsirolimus preparation made from rapamycin. These three temsirolimus analogues are derived from the corresponding rapamycin analogues, homorapamycins A, B, and C (1a, 1b, 1c) produced by the strain Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The structures of homotemsirolimuses A, B, and C were determined by spectroscopic methods. These compounds were tested for mTOR kinase inhibition and in two proliferation assays using LNCap prostate and MDA468 breast cancer cells. The results suggested that the mTOR inhibition and antiproliferation potencies for 2a, 2b, and 2c are comparable to those of rapamycin (1) and temsirolimus (2).     

Antimalarial activity of physalins B, D, F, and G

The antimalarial activities of physalins B, D, F, and G (1-4), isolated from Physalis angulata, were investigated. In silico analysis using the similarity ensemble approach (SEA) database predicted the antimalarial activity of each of these compounds, which were shown using an in vitro assay against Plasmodium falciparum. However, treatment of P. berghei-infected mice with 3 increased parasitemia levels and mortality, whereas treatment with 2 was protective, causing a parasitemia reduction and a delay in mortality in P. berghei-infected mice. The exacerbation of in vivo infection by treatment with 3 is probably due to its potent immunosuppressive activity, which is not evident for 2.     

酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠学习记忆及脑中NO、Ach的影响

目的:观察酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠的促学习记忆作用并初步探讨其机制。方法:采用Morris水迷宫法观察酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠的学习记忆影响,并测定小鼠脑内NOS、ChaE、AChE的含量。结果:酸柏栀油软胶囊1.25～5 ml/kg能缩短小鼠登台潜伏期,增加穿越原平台次数,以中剂量作用最强;且登台潜伏期随训练时间的延长,各组作用均逐渐增强,d20的作用尤为明显。酸柏栀油软胶囊尚能增加小鼠脑内NOS、ChaE活性,降低AChE活性,也以中剂量作用为佳。结论:酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠学习记忆有促进作用,该作用可能与其富含不饱和脂肪酸,增加脑内NO、Ach的含量有关。     

鲜姜黄挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析

目的:分析广西产鲜姜黄挥发油的化学成分,为其利用提供科学依据。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取鲜姜黄挥发油,用GC毛细管柱进行分析,归一化法测定其相对含量,并用GC-MS法鉴定化学成分。结果:检出48个色谱峰,鉴定出48个化合物,占总挥发油的100%。结论:广西产鲜姜黄油的的主要成分是姜烯(16.25%),1,8-桉叶油素(13.52%),芳-姜黄酮(13.55%),姜黄酮(11.19%),β-倍半水芹烯(10.08%),表-α-绿叶烯(6.26%),芳-姜黄烯(5.43%),大根香叶酮(5.02%),γ-松油烯(2.38%),红没药醇(3.59%)。