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1.
Chizuko Nishida-Umehara Yayoi Tsuda Junko Ishijima Junko Ando Atushi Fujiwara Yoichi Matsuda Darren K. Griffin 《Chromosome research》2007,15(6):721-734
Palaeognathous birds (Struthioniformes and Tinamiformes) have morphologically conserved karyotypes and less differentiated
ZW sex chromosomes. To delineate interspecific chromosome orthologies in palaeognathous birds we conducted comparative chromosome
painting with chicken (Gallus gallus, GGA) chromosome 1–9 and Z chromosome paints (GGA1–9 and GGAZ) for emu, double-wattled cassowary, ostrich, greater rhea,
lesser rhea and elegant crested tinamou. All six species showed the same painting patterns: each probe was hybridized to a
single pair of chromosomes with the exception that the GGA4 was hybridized to the fourth largest chromosome and a single pair
of microchromosomes. The GGAZ was also hybridized to the entire region of the W chromosome, indicating that extensive homology
remains between the Z and W chromosomes on the molecular level. Comparative FISH mapping of four Z- and/or W-linked markers,
the ACO1/IREBP, ZOV3 and CHD1 genes and the EE0.6 sequence, revealed the presence of a small deletion in the proximal region of the long arm of the W chromosome
in greater rhea and lesser rhea. These results suggest that the karyotypes and sex chromosomes of palaeognathous birds are
highly conserved not only morphologically, but also at the molecular level; moreover, palaeognathous birds appear to retain
the ancestral lineage of avian karyotypes. 相似文献
2.
Yoichi Matsuda Chizuko Nishida-Umehara Hiroshi Tarui Asato Kuroiwa Kazuhiko Yamada Taku Isobe Junko Ando Atushi Fujiwara Yukako Hirao Osamu Nishimura Junko Ishijima Akiko Hayashi Toshiyuki Saito Takahiro Murakami Yasunori Murakami Shigeru Kuratani Kiyokazu Agata 《Chromosome research》2005,13(6):601-615
The karyotypes of birds, turtles and snakes are characterized by two distinct chromosomal components, macrochromosomes and microchromosomes. This close karyological relationship between birds and reptiles has long been a topic of speculation among cytogeneticists and evolutionary biologists; however, there is scarcely any evidence for orthology at the molecular level. To define the conserved chromosome synteny among humans, chickens and reptiles and the process of genome evolution in the amniotes, we constructed comparative cytogenetic maps of the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) and the Japanese four-striped rat snake (Elaphe quadrivirgata) using cDNA clones of reptile functional genes. Homology between the turtle and chicken chromosomes is highly conserved, with the six largest chromosomes being almost equivalent to each other. On the other hand, homology to chicken chromosomes is lower in the snake than in the turtle. Turtle chromosome 6q and snake chromosome 2p represent conserved synteny with the chicken Z chromosome. These results suggest that the avian and turtle genomes have been well conserved during the evolution of the Arcosauria. The avian and snake sex Z chromosomes were derived from different autosomes in a common ancestor, indicating that the causative genes of sex determination may be different between birds and snakes.Matsuda and Nishida-Umehara contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
3.
Chizuko Nishida Junko Ishijima Ayumi Kosaka Hideyuki Tanabe Felix A. Habermann Darren K. Griffin Yoichi Matsuda 《Chromosome research》2008,16(1):171-181
Karyotypes of most bird species are characterized by around 2n = 80 chromosomes, comprising 7–10 pairs of large- and medium-sized
macrochromosomes including sex chromosomes and numerous morphologically indistinguishable microchromosomes. The Falconinae
of the Falconiformes has a different karyotype from the typical avian karyotype in low chromosome numbers, little size difference
between macrochromosomes and a smaller number of microchromosomes. To characterize chromosome structures of Falconinae and
to delineate the chromosome rearrangements that occurred in this subfamily, we conducted comparative chromosome painting with
chicken chromosomes 1–9 and Z probes and microchromosome-specific probes, and chromosome mapping of the 18S–28S rRNA genes
and telomeric (TTAGGG)
n
sequences for common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) (2n = 52), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) (2n = 50) and merlin (Falco columbarius) (2n = 40). F. tinnunculus had the highest number of chromosomes and was considered to retain the ancestral karyotype of Falconinae; one and six centric
fusions might have occurred in macrochromosomes of F. peregrinus and F. columbarius, respectively. Tandem fusions of microchromosomes to macrochromosomes and between microchromosomes were also frequently observed,
and chromosomal locations of the rRNA genes ranged from two to seven pairs of chromosomes. These karyotypic features of Falconinae
were relatively different from those of Accipitridae, indicating that the drastic chromosome rearrangements occurred independently
in the lineages of Accipitridae and Falconinae. 相似文献
4.
5.
Tariq Ezaz Alexander E. Quinn Stephen D. Sarre Denis O’Meally Arthur Georges Jennifer A. Marshall Graves 《Chromosome research》2009,17(1):91-98
Distribution of sex-determining mechanisms across Australian agamids shows no clear phylogenetic segregation, suggesting multiple
transitions between temperature-dependent (TSD) and genotypic sex determination (GSD). These taxa thus present an excellent
opportunity for studying the evolution of sex chromosomes, and evolutionary transitions between TSD and GSD. Here we report
the hybridization of a 3 kb genomic sequence (PvZW3) that marks the Z and W microchromosomes of the Australian central bearded
dragon (Pogona vitticeps) to chromosomes of 12 species of Australian agamids from eight genera using fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). The
probe hybridized to a single microchromosome pair in 11 of these species, but to the tip of the long arm of chromosome pair
2 in the twelfth (Physignathus lesueurii), indicating a micro-macro chromosome rearrangement. Three TSD species shared the marked microchromosome, implying that it
is a conserved autosome in related species that determine sex by temperature. C-banding identified the marked microchromosome
as the heterochromatic W chromosome in two of the three GSD species. However, in Ctenophorus fordi, the probe hybridized to a different microchromosome from that shown by C-banding to be the heterochromatic W, suggesting
an independent origin for the ZW chromosome pair in that species. Given the haphazard distribution of GSD and TSD in this
group and the existence of at least two sets of sex microchromosomes in GSD species, we conclude that sex-determining mechanisms
in this family have evolved independently, multiple times in a short evolutionary period. 相似文献
6.
Chizuko Nishida-Umehara Atushi Fujiwara Akira Ogawa Shigeki Mizuno Syuiti Abe Michihiro C. Yoshida 《Chromosome research》1999,7(8):635-640
We identified sex chromosomes of the double-wattled cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) by a replication banding method. The acrocentric Z chromosome, the fifth largest pair in males and slightly smaller W chromosome show no sign of heterochromatinization and share a nearly identical banding pattern in the distal half of the long arm. These chromosomes were further characterized by FISH with three probes linked either to Z or W chromosome in most avian species examined thus far. Contrary to the situation in the chicken, we obtained positive signals with Z-specific ZOV3 and W-specific EE0.6 in the distal region of both Z and W chromosomes. However, IREBP signals localized to the proximal half of the Z chromosome were not detected on the W chromosome. Thus, structural rearrangements such as deletions and inversions might have been the initial step of W chromosome differentiation from an ancestral homomorphic pair in this species. 相似文献
7.
The zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) is often studied because of its interesting behaviour and neurobiology. Genetic information on this species has been lacking, making analysis of informative mutants difficult. Here we report on an improved cytological method for preparation of metaphase chromosomes suitable for fluorescent in situ hybridization of adult birds. We found that individual chicken chromosome paints usually hybridized to single zebra finch chromosomes, indicating only minor chromosomal rearrangements since the evolutionary divergence of these two species, and suggesting that the genomic location of chicken genes will predict the location of zebra finch orthologues. Chicken chromosome 1 appears to have split into two macrochromosomes in zebra finches, and chicken chromosome 4 paint hybridizes to a zebra finch macrochromosome and a microchromosome. This pattern was confirmed by mapping the androgen receptor (AR), which is located on chicken chromosome 4 but on a zebra finch microchromosome. We detected a telocentric/submetacentric polymorphism of chromosome 6 in our colony of zebra finches, and found that the polymorphism was inherited in a Mendelian pattern 相似文献
8.
9.
Yoshinobu Uno Chizuko Nishida Yuki Oshima Satoshi Yokoyama Ikuo Miura Yoichi Matsuda Masahisa Nakamura 《Chromosome research》2008,16(4):637-647
There are regional variations of sex chromosome morphologies in the Japanese wrinkled frog, Rana rugosa (2n = 26): heterogametic ZZ/ZW-type and XX/XY-type sex chromosomes, and two different types of homomorphic sex chromosomes. To search for homology between the ZW and XY sex chromosomes and the chromosome rearrangements that have occurred during sex chromosomal differentiation in R. rugosa, we performed chromosome mapping of sexual differentiation genes for R. rugosa by FISH. Three genes, AR, SF-1/Ad4BP and Sox3, were localized to both the ZW and XY chromosomes, and their locations were all different between the Z and W and between the X and Y. AR and SF-1/Ad4BP were located on the short arms of the W and X and the long arms of Z and Y, and Sox3 was mapped to the different locations on the long arms between the Z and W and between the X and Y, probably as a result of multiple rearrangements that occurred during the process of sex chromosome differentiation. However, the chromosomal locations of three genes were almost consistent between the Z and Y and between the W and X, indicating that the Z and Y chromosomes and the W and X chromosomes were respectively derived from the same origins. Dmrt1, which is located on avian sex chromosomes, was localized to autosomes in R. rugosa with both the ZW and XY sex chromosomes, suggesting that Dmrt1 might not be related to sex determination in this species. 相似文献
10.
Denis O’Meally Hardip R. Patel Rami Stiglec Stephen D. Sarre Arthur Georges Jennifer A. Marshall Graves Tariq Ezaz 《Chromosome research》2010,18(7):787-800
Snake sex chromosomes provided Susumo Ohno with the material on which he based his theory of how sex chromosomes differentiate
from autosomal pairs. Like birds, snakes have a ZZ male/ZW female sex chromosome system, in which the snake Z is a macrochromosome
much the same size as the bird Z. However, the gene content shows clearly that the snake and bird Z chromosomes are completely
non-homologous. The molecular aspect of W chromosome degeneration in snakes remains largely unexplored. We used comparative
genomic hybridization to identify the female-specific region of the W chromosome in representative species of Australian snakes.
Using this approach, we show that an increasingly complex suite of repeats accompanies the evolution of W chromosome heteromorphy.
In particular, we found that while the python Liasis fuscus exhibits no sex-specific repeats and indeed, no cytologically recognizable sex-specific region, the colubrid Stegonotus cucullatus shows a large domain on the short arm of the W chromosome that consists of female-specific repeats, and the large W of Notechis scutatus is composed almost entirely of repetitive sequences, including Bkm and 18S rDNA-related elements. FISH mapping of both simple and complex probes shows patterns of repeat amplification concordant
with the size of the female-specific region in each species examined. Mapping of intronic sequences of genes that are sex-linked
in both birds (DMRT1) and snakes (CTNNB1) reveals massive amplification in discrete domains on the W chromosome of the elapid N. scutatus. Using chicken W chromosome paint, we demonstrate that repetitive sequences are shared between the sex chromosomes of birds
and derived snakes. This could be explained by ancestral but as yet undetected shared synteny of bird and snake sex chromosomes
or may indicate functional homology of the repeats and suggests that degeneration is a convergent property of sex chromosome
evolution. We also establish that synteny of snake Z-linked genes has been conserved for at least 166 million years and that
the snake Z consists of two conserved blocks derived from the same ancestral vertebrate chromosome. 相似文献
11.
Tariq Ezaz Benjamin Moritz Paul Waters Jennifer A. Marshall Graves Arthur Georges Stephen D. Sarre 《Chromosome research》2009,17(8):965-973
Reptiles show a diverse array of sex chromosomal systems but, remarkably, the Z sex chromosomes of chicken are homologous
to the ZW sex chromosomes of a species of gecko, Gekko hokouensis, suggesting an ancient but common origin. This is in contrast to the ZW sex chromosomes of snakes and a species of soft-shelled
turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, which are nonhomologous to those of chicken or each other and appear to have been independently derived. In this paper,
we determine what homology, if any, the sex chromosomes of the Australian dragon lizard Pogona vitticeps shares with those of snake and chicken by mapping the dragon homologs of five snake Z chromosome genes (WAC, KLF6, TAX1BP1, RAB5A, and CTNNB1) and five chicken Z chromosome genes (ATP5A1, GHR, DMRT1, CHD1, and APTX) to chromosomes in the dragon. The dragon homologs of snake and chicken sex chromosome genes map to chromosomes 6 and chromosome
2, respectively, in the dragon and that DMRT1, the bird sex-determining gene, is not located on the sex chromosomes of P. vitticeps. Indeed, our data show that the dragon homolog to the chicken Z chromosome is likely to be wholly contained within chromosome
2 in P. vitticeps, which suggests that the sex-determining factor in P. vitticeps is not the sex-determining gene of chicken. Homology between chicken Z chromosome and G. hokouensis ZW chromosome pairs has been interpreted as retention of ancient ZW sex chromosomes in which case the nonhomologous sex chromosomes
of snake and dragons would be independently derived. Our data add another case of independently derived sex chromosomes in
a squamate reptile, which makes retention of ancient sex chromosome homology in the squamates less plausible. Alternatively,
the conservation between the bird Z chromosome and the G. hokouensis ZW chromosomes pairs is coincidental, may be an example of convergent evolution, its status as the Z chromosome having been
independently derived in birds and G. hokouensis. 相似文献
12.
Sex chromosome morphology of eight Lepidoptera species was studied, exploiting predominantly the pachytene stage when chromosomes display a remarkable chromomere pattern. Six species had a WZ/ZZ sex chromosome system, one species a W1W2Z/ZZ system and one species was of the Z/ZZ type. Much like XY chromosomes in groups with male heterogamety, the lepidopteran sex chromosomes showed various degrees of structural differentiation. Differences between Z and W chromomere patterns ranged from undetectable to obviously non-homologous. A common property of the W chromosomes (the W1 in the W1W2Z/ZZ system) was the possession of a block of heterochromatin. The heterochromatin block comprised a small or a large segment of the W or even the entire W, depending on the species. Segments with apparent structural homology are evolutionarily young parts of the sex chromosomes — recently fused autosomes that have not had sufficient time for differentiation. The ‘primitive’ lepidopteran species Micropterix calthella had a Z/ZZ sex chromosome system. This supports the hypothesis that the lepidopteran W chromosome came into being at the base of the ‘advanced’ Lepidoptera; it was presumably an autosome whose homologue fused to the original Z chromosome. 相似文献
13.
Pachytene oocytes from the two presumably most primitive orders (Paleognathae) among living birds were used to study the pairing
behaviour and location of recombination nodules (RNs) in the sex pair. In the ratite Pterocnemia pennata (Rheiformes), the
42 analyzed ZW pairs show an average of 2.2 RNs distributed along 80% of the synaptonemal complex (SC) that covers the long
arm of the acrocentric Z and W chromosomes in this homomorphic sex pair. In the tinamid Rynchotus rufescens (Tinamiformes),
the 60 analyzed ZW pairs show an average of 1.35 RNs distributed along 66% of the SC covering most of the long arms of this
visibly heteromorphic ZW pair. RNs are non-randomly distributed and show interference in both species, but in the tinamou
they are restricted to a significantly smaller stretch. The discovery of an intermediate degree in the restriction of RN location,
between the extremes of free recombination along most of the W in ratites and strict localization of a single RN in Neognath
birds, suggests its relationship with the mechanism of sex chromosome differentiation among Aves.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Kazuhiko Yamada Chizuko Nishida-Umehara Junko Ishijima Takahiro Murakami Mami Shibusawa Kimiyuki Tsuchiya Masaoki Tsudzuki Yoichi Matsuda 《Chromosome research》2006,14(6):613-627
A novel family of repetitive DNA sequences was molecularly cloned from ApaI-digested genomic DNA of two Galliformes species, Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), and characterized by chromosome in-situ hybridization and filter hybridization. Both the repeated sequence elements produced intensely painted signals on the W chromosomes,
whereas they weakly hybridized to whole chromosomal regions as interspersed-type repetitive sequences. The repeated elements
of the two species had high similarity of nucleotide sequences, and cross-hybridized to chromosomes of two other Galliformes
species, chicken (Gallus gallus) and blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis). The nucleotide sequences were conserved in three other orders of Neognathous birds, the Strigiformes, Gruiformes and Falconiformes,
but not in Palaeognathous birds, the Struthioniformes and Tinamiformes, indicating that the repeated sequence elements were
amplified on the W chromosomes in the lineage of Neognathous birds after the common ancestor diverged into the Palaeognathae
and Neognathae. They are components of the W heterochromatin in Neognathous birds, and a good molecular cytogenetic marker
for estimating the phylogenetic relationships and for clarifying the origin of the sex chromosome heterochromatin and the
process of sex chromosome differentiation in birds. 相似文献
15.
Svetlana Derjusheva Anna Kurganova Felix Habermann Elena Gaginskaya 《Chromosome research》2004,12(7):715-723
Chicken chromosome paints for macrochromosomes 1-10, Z, and the nine largest microchromosomes (Griffin et al. 1999) were used to analyze chromosome homologies between chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus: Galliformes), domestic pigeon (Columba livia: Columbiformes), chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs Passeriformes), and redwing (Turdus iliacus: Passeriformes). High conservation of syntenies was revealed. In general, both macro- and microchromosomes in these birds showed very low levels of interchromosomal rearrangements. Only two cases of rearrangements were found. Chicken chromosome 1 corresponds to chromosome 1 in pigeon, but to chromosomes 3 and 4 in chaffinch and chromosomes 2 and 5 in redwing. Chicken chromosome 4 was shown to be homologous to two pairs of chromosomes in the karyotypes of pigeon and both passerine species. Comparative analysis of chromosome painting data and the results of FISH with (TTAGGG)n probe did not reveal any correlation between the distribution of interstitial telomere sites (ITSs) and chromosome rearrangements in pigeon, chaffinch and redwing. In chaffinch, ITSs were found to co-localize with a tandem repeat GS (Liangouzov et al. 2002), monomers of which contain an internal TTAGGG motif. 相似文献
16.
17.
Roberto Ferreira Artoni José Das Neves Falcão Orlando Moreira-Filho Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo 《Chromosome research》2001,9(6):449-456
Triportheus is a neotropical freshwater Characidae fish that has a well-differentiated ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system. The W chromosome of this genus contains a large amount of heterochromatin and is smaller than the Z chromosome. This contrasts with other ZW fish systems where the W chromosome is larger in size due to increased heterochromatin. All species of Triportheus that have been studied cytologically (about 50% of the known species for this genus, from some of the major South American hydrographic basins) share this sex chromosome system, indicating a probable synapomorphic condition not present in other genera of the large Characidae family. However, while the Z chromosome appears to be largely conserved, the W chromosome shows a differential evolution with morphological differentiations not only among species, but also among populations from the same hydrographic basin, and with some species presenting a greater homology between the W and the Z chromosomes than others. 相似文献
18.
Kornsorn Srikulnath Yoshinobu Uno Chizuko Nishida Yoichi Matsuda 《Chromosome research》2013,21(8):805-819
The water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator macromaculatus (VSA), Platynota) has a chromosome number of 2n?=?40: its karyotype consists of 16 macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes. To delineate the process of karyotype evolution in V. salvator macromaculatus, we constructed a cytogenetic map with 86 functional genes and compared it with those of the butterfly lizard (Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata (LRE); 2n?=?36) and Japanese four-striped rat snake (Elaphe quadrivirgata (EQU); 2n?=?36), members of the Toxicofera clade. The syntenies and gene orders of macrochromosomes were highly conserved between these species except for several chromosomal rearrangements: eight pairs of VSA macrochromosomes and/or chromosome arms exhibited homology with six pairs of LRE macrochromosomes and eight pairs of EQU macrochromosomes. Furthermore, the genes mapped to microchromosomes of three species were all located on chicken microchromosomes or chromosome 4p. No reciprocal translocations were found in the species, and their karyotypic differences were caused by: low frequencies of interchromosomal rearrangements, such as tandem fusions, or centric fissions/fusions between macrochromosomes and between macro- and microchromosomes; and intrachromosomal rearrangements, such as paracentric inversions or centromere repositioning. The chromosomal rearrangements that occurred in macrochromosomes of the Varanus lineage were also identified through comparative cytogenetic mapping of V. salvator macromaculatus and V. exanthematicus. Morphologic differences in chromosomes 6–8 between the two species could have resulted from pericentric inversion or centromere repositioning. 相似文献
19.
Most avian Z genes are expressed more highly in ZZ males than ZW females, suggesting that chromosome-wide mechanisms of dosage
compensation have not evolved. Nevertheless, a small percentage of Z genes are expressed at similar levels in males and females,
an indication that a yet unidentified mechanism compensates for the sex difference in copy number. Primary DNA sequences are
thought to have a role in determining chromosome gene inactivation status on the mammalian X chromosome. However, it is currently
unknown whether primary DNA sequences also mediate chicken Z gene compensation status. Using a combination of chicken DNA
sequences and Z gene compensation profiles of 310 genes, we explored the relationship between Z gene compensation status and
primary DNA sequence features. Statistical analysis of different Z chromosomal features revealed that long interspersed nuclear
elements (LINEs) and CpG islands are enriched on the Z chromosome compared with 329 other DNA features. Linear support vector
machine (SVM) classifiers, using primary DNA sequences, correctly predict the Z compensation status for >60% of all Z-linked
genes. CpG islands appear to be the most accurate classifier and alone can correctly predict compensation of 63% of Z genes.
We also show that LINE CR1 elements are enriched 2.7-fold on the chicken Z chromosome compared with autosomes and that chicken
chromosomal length is highly correlated with percentage LINE content. However, the position of LINE elements is not significantly
associated with dosage compensation status of Z genes. We also find a trend for a higher proportion of CpG islands in the
region of the Z chromosome with the fewest dosage-compensated genes compared with the region containing the greatest concentration
of compensated genes. Comparison between chicken and platypus genomes shows that LINE elements are not enriched on sex chromosomes
in platypus, indicating that LINE accumulation is not a feature of all sex chromosomes. Our results suggest that CpG islands
are not randomly distributed on the Z chromosome and may influence Z gene dosage compensation status. 相似文献
20.
To understand the cytogenetic characteristics of acute fibrosarcoma in chickens infected with the subgroup J avian leukosis virus associated with the v-src oncogene, we performed a karyotype analysis of fibrosarcoma cell cultures. Twenty-nine of 50 qualified cell culture spreads demonstrated polyploidy of some macrochromosomes, 21 of which were trisomic for chromosome 7, and others were trisomic for chromosomes 3, 4, 5 (sex chromosome w), and 10. In addition, one of them was trisomic for both chromosome 7 and the sex chromosome 5 (w). In contrast, no aneuploidy was found for 10 macrochromosomes of 12 spreads of normal chicken embryo fibroblast cells, although aneuploidy for some microchromosomes was demonstrated in five of the 12 spreads. The cytogenetic mosaicism or polymorphism of the aneuploidy in the acute fibrosarcoma described in this study suggests that the analysed cells are polyclonal. 相似文献