添加谷胱甘肽的改良低钾右旋糖酐液对离体肺保护的实验研究

目的对比研究添加谷胱甘肽的改良低钾右旋糖酐液（LPDG液）和低钾右旋糖酐液（LPD液）对离体肺的保护作用。方法健康杂种家兔18只，建立离体肺再灌注模型。随机分为正常对照组（n=6）、LPD液保护组（n=6）和LP-DG液保护组（n=6）。正常对照组供肺取出后直接离体灌注2h，另外两组供肺分别以4℃LPD液和LPDG液灌洗后保存8h，再循环灌注2h。灌注期间每隔1h分别测定流入离体肺的静脉血及流出离体肺的动脉血的氧分压（PO2）和二氧化碳分压（PCO2）；测定丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）和白介素-8（IL-8）含量并计算肺湿干重比（W／D）。结果再灌注1h和2h后，LPDG液保护组流出血PO2均值显著高于LPD液保护组（均P〈0．05），PCO2均值显著低于LPD液保护组（均P〈0．05）；LPDG液保护组W／D均值及MDA含量显著低于LPD液保护组（P〈0．05），SOD活性均值显著高于LPD液保护组（P〈0．05），TNF-α和IL-8含量则明显低于LPD液保护组（均P〈0．05）。结论添加谷胱甘肽的改良低钾右旋糖酐液对离体肺的保护作用优于低钾右旋糖酐液。     

Euro-Collins液、LPD液、前列腺素E1及硝酸甘油对离体肺保护作用的比较

目的 应用兔离体肺再灌注模型研究Euro-Collins液，低钾保护液（LPD）及LPN液（前列腺素E1，硝酸甘油加入LPD）在离体肺保护中的作用。方法 27只实验用兔随机分为3组（n=9)，分别以Euro-Collins液（E组），LPD液（L组）及LPN（LPN组）进行肺灌洗及保存。每组再分为3小组（各含6个肺）分别保存2，4，8h后进行再灌注，测定再灌注后肺血管阻力（PVR),肺通气阻力（LR），肺含水量（LW）及PO2以了解肺保护效果。结果 保存8h后E组LR显著增高，且明显高于L组及LPN组LPN组PVR在保存各时间明显低于E组及L组。结论 LPN组在保护肺血管内皮细胞及降低肺血管阻力方面优于E组及L组，作用机制可能通过扩张肺动脉，改善肺早期灌洗及抑制中性粒细胞，血小板在肺内聚集而减轻肺再灌注损伤。     

Milrinone在离体肺保护中应用的实验研究

目的 :本研究是探讨Milrinone(米力农 )对离体肺保护的作用。材料与方法 :以离体兔肺模型为肺保护实验对象 ,以肺动脉灌洗再次肺动脉灌注为实验方法 ,以新西兰兔 2 4只为实验动物 ,随机分为两组 ,每组 12只。一组用LPD液行肺动脉灌洗和保存 ,另一组用米力农加LPD液组成实验组 ,用同样的方法灌洗和保存。保存 18h后 ,观察病理形态、含水量以及测量NO(一氧化氮 )、SOD(超氧化物歧化酶 )及MDA(丙二醛 )的含量。结果 :肉眼见组织新鲜红润 ,部分组织充血、水肿及淤血 ;光镜下两组的肺泡、支气管及毛细血管结构完整 ,高倍视野下对照组较实验组肺泡上皮及毛细血管上皮细胞肿胀、肥大 ,少部分组织可见肺泡内有红细胞渗出、间隔增宽等。实验组的含水量低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。实验组肺组织中的NO及SOD含量高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,MDA含量低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :米力农能清除氧自由基 ,有较强的抗氧化性 ,能较明显的减轻肺的再灌注损伤。在LPD液中加入米力农 ,能够对离体肺起到更好的保护效果。离体兔肺再灌注模型是一种较理想的实验动物模型。     

西地那非对大鼠离体肺保护的实验研究

目的 探讨西地那非对大鼠离体肺缺血再灌注保护作用及可能的作用机制.方法 将24只大鼠随机分为2组,对照组以Perfadex液行肺灌注及保存,实验组则将西地那非(0.7 mg/L)加入Perfadex液行肺灌注及保存,大鼠离体肺在4℃保存8 h;测定动脉血氧分压(PaO2)及肺组织湿干质量比(W/D);检测肺组织中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性及丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)含量,并观察肺组织病理结构的变化.结果 大鼠离体肺随着再灌注时间的延长,对照组和实验组的PaO2均逐渐降低,但实验组PaO2的下降程度低于对照组(P<0.05);再灌注后,实验组的W/D比值和MPO活性低于对照组(P<0.05),NO含量明显高于对照组(P<0.01),而MDA含量两组间差异无显著性意义;实验组肺组织病理改变较对照组轻.结论 西地那非能减轻肺缺血再灌注损伤,改善肺功能.     

依达拉奉对离体兔肺脏保存效果的实验研究

目的探讨依达拉奉对离体兔肺脏保存质量的影响。方法健康大白兔12只,按照随机原则,分为LPD组(n=6)和E组(n=6)。LPD组用低钾右旋糖酐(LPD)液行肺灌洗及肺保存,E组用含依达拉奉20 mg/L的LPD液行肺灌洗及肺保存。实验结束时取肺静脉血标本作血气分析及制备血清测定丙二醛(MDA)含量与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;取肺组织标本测干/湿重及送病理。结果两组肺静脉血PaO2、PaCO2、血浆丙二醛(MDA)含量及SOD活性、肺组织干/湿重比(D/W)均无显著差异(P>0.05)。肺组织病理结果显示两组均有肺组织毛细血管轻度充血,肺泡结构尚可,肺泡间质少量粒细胞浸润,肺泡腔内轻度渗出及少量红细胞。结论在离体冷保存6 h再灌注的兔肺模型,依达拉奉未显示出明显优于低钾右旋糖酐液(LPD)的保护效果。     

西地那非对在体兔肺缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的: 利用兔在体肺移植模型,探讨磷酸二酯酶抑制剂西地那非对兔肺缺血再灌注损伤的影响及其可能机制.方法: 健康家兔20只,随机分为LPD组与西地那非组,每组10只,分别以LPD液和加入0.7 mg/L的西地那非的LPD液进行肺动脉灌洗和保存,每组分别于缺血前、再灌注后1,2 h取左下肺静脉血行血气分析,检测静脉血氧分压(PvO2);于缺血前、再灌注0.5,1,1.5,2 h取左下肺静脉血,测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、诱导型氧化亚氮合酶(iNOS)活性;于再灌注2 h时取肺组织,测丙二醛(MDA)含量、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性;检测肺组织湿/干比(W/D);在光镜、透射电镜下观察肺组织形态结构变化.结果: 两组动物再灌注后各时点PvO2均较缺血前下降,但西地那非组明显好于LPD组;再灌注后西地那非组SOD表达高于LPD组;再灌注后西地那非组MDA、iNOS、MPO表达明显低于LPD 液组;肺组织湿/干比西地那非组明显低于LPD 液组;西地那非组组织结构损伤变化较LPD组轻.结论: 西地那非有较强的抗氧化能力,能够提高机体清除氧自由基能力;有一定的抗炎能力,能减弱炎症反应.西地那非作为肺保护液添加剂对肺缺血再灌注损伤有一定的保护作用.     

丹参酮在离体肺保护中应用的实验研究

目的本研究是探讨丹参酮对离体肺保护的作用。方法以离体兔肺模型为肺保护实验对象，以肺动脉灌洗再次肺动脉灌注为实验方法，以新西兰兔为实验动物，随机分为两组。一组用LPD液行肺动脉灌洗和保存．另一组用丹参酮加LPD液组成实验组，用同样的方法灌洗和保存。保存18h后，观察病理形态、含水量以及测量NO（一氧化氮）、SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）及MDA（丙二醛）的含量。结果肉眼见组织新鲜红润，部分组织充血、水肿及淤血；光镜下两组的肺泡、支气管及毛细血管结构完整，高倍视野下对照组较实验组肺泡上皮及毛细血管上皮细胞肿胀、肥大，少部分组织可见肺泡内有红细胞渗出、间隔增宽等。实验组的含水量低于对照组（P〈O．05）。实验组肺组织中的NO及SOD含量高于对照组（P〈O．05）．MDA含量低于对照组（P〈O．05）。结论丹参酮能清除氧自由基，有较强的抗氧化性，能较明显的减轻肺的再灌注损伤。在LPD液中加入丹参酮，能够对离体肺起到更好的保护效果。离体兔肺再灌注模型是一种较理想的实验动物模型。     

含血低钾右旋糖酐液肺保存效果的实验研究

目的:比较含与不含20%自体静脉血的低钾右旋糖酐(LPD)液的肺保存效果。方法:将12只犬分为2组,分别用含与不含20%自体静脉血的LPD液灌注,10℃保存12h后,分别在离体状态下,连续通气和温静脉血再灌注10min。比较供肺流入、流出血的氧分压、二氧化碳分压、呼吸道峰压及再灌注后离体肺的湿/干重量比,并行病理学检查。结果:两组间氧分压犤(21.55±3.94)kPa与(20.90±1.16)kPa犦、二氧化碳分压犤(4.25±0.15)kPa与(4.32±0.11)kPa犦、呼吸道峰压犤(19.00±1.41)kPa与(18.50±1.87)kPa犦及再灌注后离体肺的湿/干重量比(6.47±0.41与6.09±0.28)之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),病理切片均未见肺泡内出血。结论:含与不含20%自体静脉血的LPD液的肺保存效果差异无统计学意义,肺保存效果并未因灌注液中加血而明显改善。     

雷公藤内酯醇对兔供肺缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨雷公藤内酯醇(TRI)在兔肺移植中对供肺缺血再灌注肺保护作用及可能的作用机制。方法将16对健康家兔随机分为两组,对照组肺以改良低钾右旋糖酐(LPD)肺保护液灌注及保存,实验组则将雷公藤内酯醇(0.5mg/L)加入改良LPD液灌注及保存,在4℃保存4h后再灌注1h,测定移植肺组织的干湿比(W/D);测定肺组织中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)的表达以及细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)的表达;并观察肺组织病理结构的变化。结果再灌注后,实验组的W/D和MPO也明显低于对照组(p&lt;0.01),其肺组织中NF-κB和ICAM-1的表达也明显低于对照组(p&lt;0.01),肺组织病理变化较对照组轻。结论雷公藤内酯醇能减轻肺的缺血再灌注损伤,有效改善肺功能,对供肺具有明显的保护作用。     

吡那地尔对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注时细胞凋亡及fas基因表达的影响

目的　探讨 ATP敏感性钾通道 (KATP)开放剂吡那地尔对大鼠心肌缺血 /再灌注时心肌细胞凋亡及 fas基因蛋白表达的调节作用 .方法　 4 0只大鼠随机分成 4组 :1假手术组 (仅穿线而不结扎 ,观察 6 .5 h) ;2缺血 /再灌注组(缺血 30 min,再灌注 6 h) ;3吡那地尔组 (缺血前 10 m in静推吡那地尔 0 .2 mg· kg- 1 ,然后缺血 30 min/再灌注 6 h) ;4吡那地尔 +优降糖组 (缺血前 10 min静推吡那地尔 0 .2 m g·kg- 1 +优降糖 3mg·kg- 1 ,然后缺血 30 min/再灌注 6 h) .称质量法计算心肌梗死范围 ,以缺口末端标记法 (TUNEL)检测凋亡细胞 ,以 SABC免疫组化法检测 fas蛋白的表达 .结果　缺血 /再灌注组出现显著的心肌细胞凋亡 ,伴有 fas蛋白表达指数升高 (P<0 .0 1vs假手术组 ) ;吡那地尔可抑制心肌细胞凋亡 ,并显著下调 fas蛋白的表达 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而优降糖可取消吡那地尔的作用 .结论　细胞凋亡及 fas基因表达改变参与了心肌缺血 /再灌注损伤过程 ,KATP开放剂 (吡那地尔 )可抑制心肌细胞凋亡、下调 fas基因的蛋白表达 .     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.