游离组织辦在口腔颌面-头颈肿瘤缺损修复中的应用:2549例临床分析

目的:探讨不同游离组织瓣在口腔颌面-头颈肿瘤缺损与修复中的应用价值。方法:回顾分析1979年1月～2006年12月间,我院口腔颌面外科所行血管化游离组织瓣移植患者2549例,共制备皮瓣2684块:软组织瓣包括前臂皮瓣、背阔肌皮瓣、胸大肌皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣、肩胛皮瓣等;骨组织瓣包括腓骨肌皮瓣、髂骨肌皮瓣、肩胛骨肌皮瓣等。分别用于修复舌、腭、颊、口底、颌骨及面颈部大面积复合缺损。统计各年代游离组织瓣移植的成功率,分析失败原因。结果:游离组织瓣移植成功率从80年代初期(92%)至今(98.5%),呈逐年升高趋势,2684块皮瓣总成功率达96.80%。前臂皮瓣是最常用的游离组织瓣(64.12%),胸大肌皮瓣和背阔肌皮瓣在修复大面积复合缺损常被采用,各种骨肌(皮)瓣应用于颌骨缺损修复成为近年的热点。大范围复合组织缺损的救治性手术常需要多个游离组织瓣联合修复重建。结论:血管化游离组织瓣移植是口腔颌面-头颈肿瘤手术根治的保障,更是术后缺损修复的主要手段。前臂皮瓣是修复舌、颊、腭等软组织缺损的首选瓣,胸大肌与背阔肌(皮)瓣适合修复体积较大的缺损,腓骨、髂骨肌瓣是上、下颌骨缺损最常用的修复手段。其他不常用的组织瓣,应根据不同适应证进行选择。采用不同组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损,对患者术后外形及功能具有重要意义。     

Immediate reconstruction following resection of oral cancer with free rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap

目的：研究游离腹直肌肌皮瓣即刻修复口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤切除术后缺损的方法并评价其作用。方法：６例患者在进行广泛的口腔癌切除术后,应用游离腹直肌肌皮瓣进行缺损即刻修复,３例颊癌患者分别切除唇,颊,下颌骨及上颌骨后造成大面积洞穿性缺损,２例舌癌及１例下颌骨恶性肿瘤患者在进行舌切除及下颌骨切除后造成大面积及复杂的缺损,缺损修复的转移皮瓣最大面积达１１０ｍｍ×２３０ｍｍ。结果：游离腹直肌肌皮瓣及供区无严重的手术并发症,６例游离腹直肌肌皮瓣有５例愈合无并发症,１例皮瓣出现部分坏死,供皮区腹壁无组织感染及裂开。结论：游离腹直肌肌皮瓣使口腔颌面部缺损修复在功能和美观上达到满意的效果,提高了口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤患者广泛切除术后的生存质量。     

Debulking of free myocutaneous flaps for head and neck reconstruction using an arthroscopic shaver

Most reconstructive surgeons prefer a myocutaneous free flap for head and neck reconstruction due to its bulk and superiority in bacterial suppression. To obtain proper symmetry and contouring in the head and neck region, ancillary procedures usually have to be performed. Eleven head and neck cancer patients underwent resection and reconstruction with myocutaneous flaps that resulted in unacceptable facial contouring. Delayed flap debulking with an arthroscopic shaver was performed. All 11 patients were satisfied with their facial contouring and symmetry after one session of debulking. There were no complications such as flap necrosis, seroma or haematoma. This novel technique done under local anaesthesia is effective for debulking myocutaneous free flaps and removing fibrotic tissues. It is simple, safe and produces a reliable and satisfactory outcome.     

带蒂肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损的临床研究

目的:探讨胸大肌皮瓣、胸锁乳突肌皮瓣、额肌皮瓣与钛板联合修复口腔颁面部缺损的效果.方法:对47例舌癌、19例口底癌行颌颈联合根治术遗留的下颌骨及其邻近软组织缺损,采用大小为6 cm×7 cm带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣、3 cm×5 cm胸锁乳突肌皮瓣、额肌皮瓣与钛板即刻修复.对1例上颌骨骨癌遗留的巨大缺损,采用大小为9 cm×2...     

游离组织瓣联合胸大肌皮瓣移植修复大型头颈部缺损

目的 探讨联合应用游离组织瓣和带蒂胸大肌皮瓣移植修复大型头颈部缺损的可靠性和应用价值。方法 对9例联合应用游离组织瓣和带蒂胸大肌皮瓣行头颈部缺损修复的患者作回顾性研究,分析头颈部缺损的类型、受区血管情况、游离组织瓣的类型、组织瓣成活情况及术后并发症,探讨有可能影响组织瓣成活的因素。结果 9例患者采用的游离瓣包括前臂瓣6例、腓骨瓣2例和大腿前外侧皮瓣1例。1例前臂皮瓣于术后24 h出现静脉危象,经紧急手术探查和重新吻合血管后获得成活,其余游离瓣术后均未出现血管危象,全部成活。9例患者的9块胸大肌皮瓣也均获得成活。结论 游离组织瓣联合带蒂胸大肌皮瓣移植主要适用于无法或不适合作双游离瓣移植的大型头颈部缺损修复,安全性较高,在大型头颈部复合缺损的修复中有一定的应用价值。     

口腔颌面缺损游离组织移植修复138例临床分析

目的探讨影响游离组织移植成功的因素,为各种游离组织瓣在口腔颌面头颈外科的应用提供临床参考。方法收集2005年1月～2008年6月进行游离移植的138例组织瓣,其中前臂皮瓣46例,游离背阔肌瓣10例,股前外侧皮瓣3例,足背皮瓣1例;腓骨肌瓣39例,腓骨肌瓣联合小腿外侧皮瓣36例,髂骨肌瓣3例。修复良性肿瘤术后缺损者41例,恶性肿瘤术后缺损者96例,发育畸形1例。血管吻合采用改良的二定点吻合法。结果 138例游离移植的组织瓣的成功率为99%以上,有1例足背皮瓣在术后7天出现静脉危象,第8天皮瓣坏死。1例腓骨肌瓣联合小腿外侧皮瓣患者手术后12h出现动脉危象,经抢救成活。2例前臂皮瓣和1例腓骨瓣术后24小时内出现静脉危象,经过重新吻合后抢救成功;1例前臂皮瓣在术后第6天出现静脉危象,抢救成功。其它132例游离组织瓣均达到Ⅰ期临床愈合。结论影响游离组织瓣移植成活的因素很多,血管吻合技术以及吻合后血管蒂的摆放是成功的关键。为了防止术后静脉危象的出现,在可能的情况下尽量吻合2根静脉。     

颊癌术后软组织缺损带蒂瓣修复的临床观察

目的:评价带蒂(肌)皮瓣或黏膜瓣修复颊癌切除后软组织缺损的效果。方法:回顾性分析1998年-2003年,39例颊癌术后缺损行带蒂瓣修复的病历资料,其中颈阔肌瓣修复12例,舌瓣修复9例,额瓣10例,胸大肌瓣3例,颏下岛状皮瓣2例,腭瓣、胸锁乳突肌皮瓣各1例,舌瓣联合胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修复缺损1例。结果:39例颊癌术后缺损的带蒂瓣修复中,成活或基本成活34例,部分坏死2例,完全坏死3例,成活率为87.2%。结论:带蒂瓣是修复颊癌术后软组织缺损的较好方法。     

Factors influencing postoperative speech function of tongue cancer patients following reconstruction with fasciocutaneous/myocutaneous flaps--a multicenter study

This study investigated postoperative speech function in tongue cancer patients following reconstruction with fasciocutaneous/myocutaneous flaps, to clarify the factor(s) influencing outcome. Eighty-one patients, enrolled from 11 Japanese institutions, were classified into three groups by the site of resection: lateral (N=51), anterior (N=17) and combined (N=13). The lateral group was divided into three subgroups and the anterior group into two subgroups by the size of resection. Mandibulectomy had been performed in 43 patients and radiation therapy in 24 patients. Reconstruction was accomplished by radial forearm flap (N=50), rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (N=18), pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (N=11), latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap (N=1) or scapula flap (N=1). Speech function was evaluated with two objective tests and three self-reporting questionnaires. The influence of tongue mobility, age at operation and examination, time interval to examination, and type of flap reconstruction on the functional results was also investigated. Better results were obtained with lateral type resections, smaller excisions, greater tongue mobility, younger patients and longer interval to examination. Mandibulectomy and radiation therapy were negative factors. Type of flap reconstruction had no effect on functional outcome. A treatment method with less functional interference should be developed, particularly for patients anticipated to be in poor functional state postoperatively.     

延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复重建大型头颈部缺损

颈横动脉供血的延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣(extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap,eVLTIMF)用于修复重建大型头颈部缺损安全可靠。该瓣制备较简单,成活率高。供区较隐蔽,可直接关闭缝合,并发症少,肩部运动受影响较小;还可制备成折叠瓣,合并其他带蒂瓣或合并肩胛骨骨肌皮瓣修复特大洞穿性缺损或下颌骨缺损。eVLTIMF在头颈部大面积缺损修复,尤其是在晚期复发性头颈部肿瘤挽救手术后巨大缺损修复重建中起着重要作用。本文对斜方肌的临床应用解剖、 eVLTIMF瓣制备及其在颅颌面、口腔颌面和颌颈区缺损修复中的应用作一阐述。     

改良胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣在舌癌连续整块切除术后缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨改良后的胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣修复舌癌连续整块切除术后缺损的效果。方法 2005年1月—2010年6月,对23例舌癌患者采用改良后的胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣修复舌癌连续整块切除术后缺损;观察术后皮瓣成活情况及伤口愈合情况,并随访评价再造舌形态、功能,皮瓣供区功能及皮瓣对术后放疗的耐受性。结果 23例病例肌皮瓣全部存活;再造舌外形满意,全部病例半年内吞咽、语言功能基本恢复;供区瘢痕减少,无功能障碍,放疗患者未出现皮瓣坏死。结论 改良的胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣,安全可靠,修复效果好,是修复舌癌连续整块切除后缺损的理想皮瓣。     

组织瓣串联立即整复口腔癌术后洞穿性缺损

作者应用二级串联游离皮瓣立即修复口腔颌面部癌肿术后洞穿性缺损8例,其中胸大肌肌皮瓣作为末梢瓣,前臂皮瓣作为桥梁瓣串联4例,双前臂皮瓣二级串联4例,成活率达100％,获得了良好的功能和满意的外形效果。该方法适用于修复面积大,尤其是颅颌面联合根治术后病人组织缺损的修复。     

Sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous flap for intraoral reconstruction after resection of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: The sternocleidomastoid (SCM) myocutaneous flap remains an important tool in head and neck reconstruction. This article retrospectively reviews 40 consecutive SCM myocutaneous flaps used for the reconstruction after resection of oral squamous cell carcinoma with respect to reliability and complications. PATIENTS: From 1987 to 1997, 40 patients underwent SCM myocutaneous flap reconstruction of the oral cavity. The age and gender of the patients, site of primary tumor TNM stage, type of associated operation, and clinical course were analyzed. RESULTS: In 8 cases, partial epithelial loss over the skin paddle occurred with survival of the muscle and at least some of the dermis. Unilateral supraomohyoid neck dissection (SND) was performed in 11 cases, and unilateral functional neck dissection, which preserves SCM and/or internal jugular vein and/or accessory nerve, in 16 cases. Pathologically positive nodes were recognized in 14 of these 27 neck dissection cases; in 11 of these 14 cases, the neck lesion was controlled. CONCLUSION: The SCM myocutaneous flap appears to be simple to use and useful for reconstruction of the defect after resection of oral carcinoma, and the indications for this flap will be extended in accordance with the recent increases in the number of supraomohyoid and functional neck dissection cases.     

累及相邻器官的晚期舌癌的手术治疗:附1例报告

报告1例晚期舌癌患者实施多器官联合切除同期双游离瓣修复术,术中切除全舌、双侧口底、右下颌骨及左下颌骨颏部、部分右上颌骨、右软腭、右扁桃体、会厌、舌骨及全喉,制备右腓骨肌瓣、左腹直肌肌皮瓣移植修复软硬组织复合缺损,临床疗效满意。推荐对晚期口腔癌患者施行救治性外科及重建。     

不同舌重建术后患者语音功能的评价

目的:评价不同舌重建术式对舌癌患者术后语音功能恢复的影响。方法:32例舌癌患者据重建术式分组:带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣修复组5人,除1例外舌切除缘范围均过中线;前臂游离皮瓣修复组和邻近组织瓣修复组分别为16人和11人,除1例外舌切除缘范围均不过中线。采用汉语语音清晰度测试和短句测试方法,对患者手术前后语音清晰度变化情况进行分析,并对前臂游离皮瓣修复组和邻近组织瓣修复组的评价结果进行团体t检验。结果:带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣修复组、前臂游离皮瓣修复组和邻近组织瓣修复组术后的语音清晰度平均下降值分别为26.60、7.84和4.18分,短句测试得分下降值分别为1.60、0.50和0.27分;t检验结果显示,前臂皮瓣和邻近组织瓣修复组的语音清晰度和短句测试得分下降值间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:舌癌手术切除后运用前臂游离皮瓣或邻近组织瓣进行舌重建均能较好地恢复患者术后的语音功能,且两者间没有显著差异;对于舌缺损范围较大尤其是超过半侧舌的患者,采用带蒂胸大肌皮瓣也能够在一定程度上改善患者术后的语音功能。     

胸大肌肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损并发症的临床分析

目的 ：探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣修复肿瘤术后口腔颌面部缺损发生并发症的主要因素及减少其发生的措施。方法 ：对2010—2015年采用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损的78例患者进行回顾分析。结果 ：16例患者出现与胸大肌肌皮瓣有关的并发症（20.51%）,其中感染14例（17.65%）,皮瓣不同程度坏死9例（11.54%）,形成瘘管6例（7.69%）。结论 ：并发症的发生主要与患者的性别、年龄、全身状况（糖尿病、高血压）、皮瓣损伤、引流不畅有关,严格的适应证选择、精细的手术操作可有效减少并发症的发生。     

Use of microvascular free flaps in the reconstruction of the anterior and middle skull base

Different reconstruction techniques of the anterior and middle skull base as consequence of a defect after surgical treatment of neoplastic pathologies are described in the literature. The aim of the present study is to present our experience regarding the use of microvascular free flaps for reconstruction of the anterior or middle skull base after large defects caused by removal of malignant neoplasms. From 2000 to 2004, in the Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery of the University of Rome "La Sapienza" and "Tor Vergata," 13 surgical procedures for reconstruction of anterior and middle skull base defects by free flaps were performed in 11 patients. Data on patient demographics, histopathology, location and size of defect, type of reconstruction, and postoperative complications were obtained from medical record charts. A safe soft tissue closure of the intracranial space was achieved in all patients. Defect repair was accomplished by revascularized transfer of rectus abdominis flaps in seven cases, latissimus dorsi muscle flaps in two patients, radial forearm flap in one case, and fibula flap in one case. There were two total flap losses; the secondary defect repair was accomplished in both cases by revascularized transfer of latissimus dorsi muscle flap. No donor site complications were observed in all the flaps. The mean operation time was 85 hours; patients were hospitalized for a mean period of 14 days. The method of choice for the reconstruction of anterior or middle skull base defect should be based upon careful evaluation of the single case and, particularly, the localization and entity of the residual defect. For defects that require large amounts of soft tissue, the latissimus dorsi free flap and the rectus abdominis free flap are the best appropriate choices for reconstructive procedures for anterior and middle skull base tumors.     

Reconstruction of through-and-through oral cavity defects with folded extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap

Reconstruction of through-and-through defects of the head and neck is a challenge. In this clinical study we assessed the feasibility of the folded, extended, vertical, lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap (TIMF) for the reconstruction of 16 large through-and-through defects of the oral cavity, which were reconstructed after resection of oral cancer. The skin paddle was 5–7 cm wide and 11–20 cm long. The folded flap provides both inner and outer linings for through-and-through defects, and all the flaps survived. The appearance of the head and neck was acceptable, and oral function was satisfactory. The folded extended vertical lower TIMF is a large, simple, and reliable flap that is preferred for the reconstruction of large through-and-through defects after resection of oral carcinoma.     

游离股前外侧单叶(肌)皮瓣制备的外科技术

目的 探讨游离股前外侧单叶皮瓣制备的外科技术及方法 .方法 回顾分析中南大学湘雅第二医院口腔颌面外科244例口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤患者采用245块游离股前外侧单叶肌皮瓣修复术后缺损.皮瓣制备方法 :在髂前上棘至髌骨外上缘的髂-髌连线内侧3 cm处,根据所需皮瓣的厚度在上、中、下不同区域设计切口.选取管径较粗、搏动有力的穿支血管制备皮瓣,携带肌肉组织充填死腔.制备皮瓣面积较大时,尽量带多个穿支血管.皮瓣面积(4 cm×4 cm)～(10 cm×25 cm).对18块皮下脂肪较厚的皮瓣削薄处理.结果 245块肌皮瓣,3块坏死,成功率98.8%.无一块因未找到合适的穿支血管而放弃.8块行皮下脂肪修剪的皮瓣术后出现水疱,但皮瓣血供良好,均成活.5块因取瓣面积较大供区创面行植皮术,所植皮片全部来源于切口的上份;其余供区均直接拉拢缝合.术后244例患者对外形及功能恢复均满意.结论 该制备肌皮瓣方法 有利于寻找穿支血管;切取皮瓣宽度＜8 cm,创面可直接拉拢缝合,≥8 cm时需要植皮,可选择切口上部为供皮区.     

胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣改良切取术及其的临床运用

目的:探讨胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣的在口腔颌面部软组织缺损修复中,按缺损的个体化需要而设计皮瓣的形状的可行性.方法:应用胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣共修复口腔缺损17例.设计的方法,术前根据颌面部组织获得性缺损或肿瘤的范围与预计术后组织缺损的大小和外形,结合皮瓣血管的走行,设计皮岛的外形,血管包括在肌蒂内,肌蒂范围可据受区组织缺损的量来设计.随访时间为术后1～12个月,评价皮瓣在颌面部的外形.结果:15例皮瓣修复成功,2例皮瓣完全坏死,2例皮瓣外形臃肿、牵拉影响口腔功能.结论:胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣修复口腔缺损,进行适形设计是非常安全的,有其优点,值得推广应用.     

应用皮瓣行颌面器官再造术10例报告

目的观察颌面部大面积组织缺损病例,用皮瓣修复组织的缺损及行器官再造,对患者面容的恢复情况. 方法舌癌5例,口底癌4例,面部疤痕1例术后造成面部、舌、牙龈、口底及颊等部位的缺损,分别用颈阔肌肌皮瓣,胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣,胸大肌肌皮瓣,游离前臂皮瓣,游离足背皮瓣等修复,术后分别给予抗感染、抗凝等治疗,以利皮瓣成活.结果术后除1例胸大肌肌皮瓣部分坏死外,其余均成活.结论皮瓣修复颌面组织缺损及行器官再造术是可行的,效果可靠.胸大肌肌皮瓣是舌再造的较好方法.