NICU新生儿血清磷镁钙铁锌铜检测结果分析

目的:分析NICU新生儿静脉血清部分电解质、微量元素的特点。方法:出生24h内采集济南市妇幼保健院302例新生儿静脉血,采用Bayer ADVIA CHEMISTRY SYSTEM测定血清磷、镁、钙、铁、锌、铜,并对结果进行分析,根据不同胎龄、体重、性别、分娩方式等进行比较,总结其特点。结果:302例新生儿静脉血清部分电解质、微量元素(mmol/L)为磷:2·21±0·45、镁:1·07±0·26、钙:2·06±0·31、铁:10·49±7·28、锌:12·87±4·00、铜:8·37±3·39。不同胎龄新生儿静脉血清电解质、微量元素比较,镁、钙、锌、铁有统计学意义,磷、铜无统计学意义。不同体重新生儿静脉血清电解质、微量元素比较,镁、钙、锌有统计学意义,磷、铁、铜无统计学意义,尤其是锌在早产儿、低出生体重儿反而高。除镁在不同分娩方式新生儿有显著差异外,不同性别、分娩方式新生儿静脉血清电解质、微量元素比较,均无统计学意义。结论:电解质、微量元素对新生儿的生长发育很重要,不同胎龄、体重新生儿静脉血清电解质、微量元素各有特点,应注意检测和分析。     

Detection of Helicobacter pylori in bovine, buffalo, camel, ovine, and caprine milk in Iran

Helicobacter pylori infection in humans is one of the most common infections worldwide. However, the origin and transmission of this bacterium has not been clearly explained. One of the suggested theories is transmission via raw milk from animals to human beings. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate of H. pylori in bulk milk samples from dairy bovine, buffalo, camel, ovine, and caprine herds in Iran. In the present study, 447 bulk milk samples from 230 dairy bovine, buffalo, camel, ovine, and caprine herds were collected in four provinces and tested for H. pylori by cultural method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of the ureC (glmM) gene. The animals whose milk samples collected for this study were clinically healthy. Using the cultural method, three of 447 milk samples (0.67%), including two sheep (2.2%) and one buffalo (1.6%) milk samples, were found to be contaminated with H. pylori. H. pylori ureC gene was detected in 56 (12.5%) of milk samples, including 19 cow (14.1%), 11 sheep (12.2%), nine goat (8.7%), two camel (3.6%), and 15 buffalo (23.4%) milk samples. Using PCR method, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the level of contamination with H. pylori between milk samples collected from different species. The present study is the first report of the isolation of H. pylori from raw sheep and buffalo milk in Iran and the first demonstration of H. pylori DNA in camel and buffalo milk.     

Effects of Mumps Outbreak in Hospital,Chicago, Illinois,USA, 2006

In 2006, nearly 6,000 mumps cases were reported in the United States, 795 of which occurred in Illinois. In Chicago, 1 healthcare institution experienced ongoing transmission for 4 weeks. This study examines the outbreak epidemiology and quantifies the financial affect on this organization. This retrospective cohort study was conducted through case and exposure identification, interviews, medical record reviews, and immunologic testing of blood specimens. Nine mumps cases resulted in 339 exposures, 325 (98%) among employees. During initial investigation, 186 (57%) of the exposed employees had evidence of mumps immunity. Physicians made up the largest group of noncompliers (55%) with mumps immunity testing. The cost to the institution was $262,788 or $29,199 per mumps case. The outbreak resulted in substantial staffing and financial challenges for the institution that may have been minimized with readily accessible electronic employee vaccination records and adherence to infection control recommendations.     

Concentrations of Metals in Water,Sediment, Biofilm,Benthic Macroinvertebrates,and Fish in the Boulder River Watershed,Montana, and the Role of Colloids in Metal Uptake

To characterize the partitioning of metals in a stream ecosystem, concentrations of trace metals including As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were measured in water, colloids, sediment, biofilm (also referred to as aufwuchs), macroinvertebrates, and fish collected from the Boulder River watershed, Montana. Median concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in water throughout the watershed exceeded the U.S. EPA acute and chronic criteria for protection of aquatic life. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in sediment were sufficient in the tributaries to cause invertebrate toxicity. The concentrations of As, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn in invertebrates from lower Cataract Creek (63, 339, 59, 34, and 2,410 μg/g dry wt, respectively) were greater than the concentrations in invertebrates from the Clark Fork River watershed, Montana (19, 174, 2.3, 15, and 648 μg/g, respectively), that were associated with reduced survival, growth, and health of cutthroat trout fed diets composed of those invertebrates. Colloids and biofilm seem to play a critical role in the pathway of metals into the food chain and concentrations of As, Cu, Pb, and Zn in these two components are significantly correlated. We suggest that transfer of metals associated with Fe colloids to biological components of biofilm is an important pathway where metals associated with abiotic components are first available to biotic components. The significant correlations suggest that Cd, Cu, and Zn may move independently to biota (biofilm, invertebrates, or fish tissues) from water and sediment. The possibility exists that Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations increase in fish tissues as a result of direct contact with water and sediment and indirect exposure through the food chain. However, uptake through the food chain to fish may be more important for As. Although As concentrations in colloids and biofilm were significantly correlated with As water concentrations, As concentrations in fish tissues were not correlated with water. The pathway for Pb into biological components seems to begin with sediment because concentrations of Pb in water were not significantly correlated with any other component and because concentrations of Pb in the water were often below detection limits.     

Reference intervals of cadmium,lead, and mercury in blood,urine, hair,and nails among residents in Mansoura city,Nile delta,Egypt

A random sample of 68 males and 25 females who reside in Mansoura city, Egypt, was examined for concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury in blood, urine, hair, and nails. The effect of gender and smoking on such levels was studied. The influence of dental amalgam on the levels of mercury in these biological samples was also examined. The results obtained show that only blood lead, which increased among males, was affected by gender. Blood levels of cadmium and lead as well as hair lead appeared to increase with smoking habit. Mercury levels in blood and urine were related to the presence of dental amalgam fillings. International comparisons between our results and the corresponding levels in other localities in the world showed that there were environmentally related variations in terms of cadmium levels in hair, lead levels in blood, urine, hair, and nails, and mercury levels in blood, hair, and nails. In conclusion, reference intervals of cadmium, lead, and mercury in the biological samples are environmentally related parameters. Some factors, such as gender, smoking habit, and the presence of dental amalgam fillings, may affect such levels and therefore should be considered.     

Reemergence of Murine Typhus in Galveston,Texas, USA, 2013

Twelve patients with murine typhus were identified in Galveston, Texas, USA, in 2013. An isolate from 1 patient was confirmed to be Rickettsia typhi. Reemergence of murine typhus in Galveston emphasizes the importance of vector control and awareness of this disease by physicians and public health officials.     

Residues of insecticides,fungicides, and herbicides in fruit produced in Ontario,Canada, 1980–1984

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology -     

Water,sanitation, and hygiene in schools: Status and implications of low coverage in Ethiopia,Kenya, Mozambique,Rwanda, Uganda,and Zambia

Adequate access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) in schools impacts health, educational outcomes, and gender disparities. Little multi-country research has been published on WaSH in rural schools in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this multi-national cross-sectional WaSH study, we document WaSH access, continuity, quality, quantity, and reliability in 2270 schools that were randomly sampled in rural regions of six Sub-Saharan African countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia. Data collection included: school WaSH surveys containing internationally established WaSH indicators, direct observation, and field- and laboratory-based microbiological water quality testing. We found 1% of rural schools in Ethiopia and Mozambique to 23% of rural schools in Rwanda had improved water sources on premises, improved sanitation, and water and soap for handwashing. Fewer than 23% of rural schools in the six countries studied met the World Health Organization’s recommended student-to-latrine ratios for boys and for girls. Fewer than 20% were observed to have at least four of five recommended menstrual hygiene services (separate-sex latrines with doors and locks, water for use, waste bin). The low access to safe and adequate WaSH services in rural schools suggest opportunities for WaSH interventions that could have substantive impact on health, education, and gender disparities.     

Finding of anophelines, subgenus Nyssorhynchus, in artificial containers, Brazil

Larvae and a pupa of anophelines were found in deactivated artificial containers. Anopheles argyritarsis larvae were found in an abandoned water container in Pedregulho, district of Ponta Negra, and a Anopheles aquasalis pupa was found in a container left outdoors as part of an experiment, in the district of Itaipua?u. Three cases of malaria were reported in this same district in 1997. Both findings of anophelines took place in a town of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.     

Inequalities in health in The Netherlands according to age, gender, marital status, level of education, degree of urbanization, and region

Inequalities in health have attracted much epidemiological interestUsually, differences in rates of ill-health between the sexes,among socio-economic groups, geographical regions, etc., arequantified separately, so that it remains undear which variablesare associated with the largest degree of variation. We analyzedvariations in perceived general health, prevalence of chronicconditions, and mortality associated with six sociodemographiccharacteristics: age, gender, marital status, level of education,degree of urbanization and region. Nationally representativedata from the Netherlands were used. The Index of Dissimilarity(the proportion of the number of cases of ill-health in thewhole population which has to be redistributed to achieve completeequality) was used to summarize the degree of variation in thesehealth measures. Age was associated with the highest degreeof variation in all three health measures. The rank order ofthe other background characteristics differed slightiy amonghealth measures, but on the whole gender, marital status andlevel of education appeared to be of equal importance. Degreeof urbanization and region were less important, although notnegligible. Improvements in the health status of groups havinghigh rates of health problems could contribute substantiallyto further reduction of the burden of ill-health in the populationas a whole. The results of this analysis suggest that such interventionsshould not be limited to one dimension of inequality only, andthat, at least in the Netherlands, inequalities by gender, maritalstatus and level of education deserve equal attention from healthpolicy makers. Examples of specific factors and mechanisms involvedin these inequalities are given, and possible strategies forreduction of these inequalities are discussed.     

Cadmium, mercury and lead in the blood of urban women in Croatia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, China, Ecuador and Morocco

Objectives

The aim of the study was to make an international comparison of blood levels of cadmium (B-Cd), lead (B-Pb) and mercury (B-Hg) of women in seven European, and three non-European cities, and to identify determinants.

Materials and Methods

About 50 women (age: 46–62) from each city were recruited (totally 480) in 2006–2009. Interview and questionnaire data were obtained. Blood samples were analysed in one laboratory to avoid interlaboratory variation.

Results

Between the European cities, the B-Pb and B-Cd results vary little (range of geometric means: 13.5–27.0 μg/l and 0.25–0.65 μg/l, respectively); the variation of B-Hg was larger (0.40–1.38 μg/l). Between the non-European cities the results for B-Pb, B-Cd and B-Hg were 19.2–68.0, 0.39–0.99 and 1.01–2.73 μg/l, respectively. Smoking was a statistically significant determinant for B-Cd, while fish and shellfish intakes contributed to B-Hg and B-Pb, amalgam fillings also contributed to B-Hg.

Conclusions

The present results confirm the previous results from children; the exposure to lead and cadmium varies only little between different European cities suggesting that other factors than the living area are more important. The study also confirms the previous findings of higher cadmium and lead levels in some non-European cities. The geographical variation for mercury is significant.     

中国人口六类残疾流行现状

目的 了解2006年中国人口视力、听力、言语、肢体、智力和精神残疾的流行现状.方法 参照<第二次全国残疾人抽样调查残疾标准>,于2006年4月1日0时在31个省、自治区、直辖市抽取2 526 145人进行全国第二次残疾人抽样调查,对6类残疾的流行现状进行分析.结果 (1)全国总现患率为6. 39%,与1987年的4.90%相比,升高1.49个百分点.其中肢体残疾现患率最高,为2.34%;言语残疾最低,为0.53%.(2)全国一、二级重度残疾人占29.49%,三、四级的中度和轻度残疾占70.51%,言语残疾一、二级的重度残疾人所占比例超过65%,精神残疾该比例超过45%,为6类残疾中重度残疾比例最高的两类残疾.(3)年龄、性别、居住地均与6类残疾相关,有统计学意义(P＜0.001).(4)在各类残疾中,先天因素对言语残疾、智力残疾中的作用最大,分别占22.67%和22.41%.结论 从数据分析结果来看,2006年中国残疾人具有以下特点:老年残疾人比例高;残疾等级以中轻度为主,但重度残疾比例不低;农村残疾人比例高和致残原因多元化.     

Composition,Distribution, and Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil in Linfen,China

A total of 10 surface soil samples representing the entire area of Linfen City were collected and analyzed for the presence of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration ranged from 1.1 to 63.7 μg g⁻¹. Analysis of the sources of contamination revealed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil were derived from combustion sources. Specifically, the primary source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was coal combustion, but the samples were also effected to varying degrees by traffic emissions. Furthermore, increased levels of contamination were observed in northeast Linfen due to the distribution of industrial plants.     

Changes of Mercury Contamination in Red-Crowned Cranes, Grus japonensis, in East Hokkaido, Japan

Red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) are native to eastern Hokkaido (island population), in contrast to the mainland, which migrates between the Amur River basin and eastern China-Korea peninsula. During the 1990s we found that Red-crowned cranes in Hokkaido were highly contaminated with mercury: however, the source was unknown. We investigated the time trend of mercury contamination in Red-crowned cranes. Total mercury levels in the livers and kidneys from cranes dead in the 2000s were lower than those dead in the 1990s. Feather is a major pathway of mercury excretion for many bird species and is used as an indicator of blood mercury level during feather growth. As internal organs from the specimens collected before 1988 were not available, we analyzed the flight feather shavings from stuffed Red-crowned cranes dead in 1959-1987 and found that the mercury level of feathers from cranes dead in the 1960s and 1970s was not more than those from the cranes dead in the 2000s. These results suggest that mercury contamination in Red-crowned cranes in Hokkaido decreased temporally during the 1990s-2000s. This indicates the possible occurrence of some mercury pollution in Red-crowned cranes' habitat in this region in the 1990s or before.     

Evolution of inequalities in mortality in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, 1991/2006

An ecological study was carried out with the aim of analyzing the evolution of inequalities in mortality in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, between 1991 and 2006. The city was divided into four social strata from 95 geographic Information Zones. The variables used for social stratification were education level and income of heads of households. Crude and age-standardized mortality rates, age specific mortality rates, proportional Infant mortality and the proportional mortality ratio, were calculated for each zone and social strata. Data was obtained from Death Certificates and the Populational Census. Although differences between strata were smaller in 2000 than in 1991, they persist and are still high, ranging from 28.7% to 65.5%. The differences between Information Zones were as much as 575%. The authors discuss the shortcomings of information systems, recommending that health indicators should be estimated by social classes and pointing out the limits and possibilities of the methodology used here.