应用肌电电生理检测肘部尺神经卡压

尺神经肘部卡压在临床上很常见,但因其临床症状易与腕尺管综合征、胸廓出口综合征、颈椎间盘突出征相混淆,不利于鉴别诊断,易造成误诊和误治。本项肌电电生理检测方法可以对尺神经肘部卡压做出精确的定位诊断。现将经手外科手术证实的42例尺神经卡压病人的肌电电生理检测结果分析报道如下。     

肘部尺神经的临床解剖学研究

目的：研究产生肘部尺神经卡压的解剖学基础。方法：观测５０侧成人尸体肘部尺神经的位置及被动屈肘时尺神经的伸长长度。临床调查并检测２００位正常人肘部尺神经的位置。结果：自肘部伸直位（０度）至完全屈肘位（１３５度），尺神经可拉长 ６．６％±０．３％（ｘ±ｓｘ自身对照，下同）；屈曲度大于 ９０度后，伸展性明显减少，为０．８％±０．１％。２００位正常人肘部尺神经半脱位发生率为９．５％（１９／２００）。结论：肘关节反复屈伸时尺神经不断被牵拉和压迫是造成肘部尺神经卡压的解剖学基础。     

肘部尺神经半脱位的解剖学和流行病学研究

目的：研究肘部尺神经半脱位的发生原因及其临床意义。方法：对１００侧成人尸体肘部的尺神经位置进行解剖观察；在人群中随机调查了８５４位正常人肘部尺神经的位置。结果：肘管深度为７．１±０．１４ｍｍ（χ±ｓχ）。解剖观察发现，６侧肢体的尺神经在屈肘时发生半脱位，肘管深度平均为４．８ｍｍ。８５４位正常人肘部尺神经半脱位发生率为８．９％（７６／８５４）。结论：绝大多数的肘部尺神经半脱位是先天性的。肘部尺神经半脱位不一定是肘部尺神经卡压的发病原因。     

肘部骨赘致尺神经卡压征1例

孙××，男，53岁，木匠。1995年2月14日入院，诉3个月前右手环、小指酸麻不适，抓持无力，精细动作不能。1个月后继发手掌尺侧胀痛，屈肘时为甚。检查：右手环、小指爪样畸形，无明显肌肉萎缩，尺侧1个半指感觉迟钝，环、小指指深屈肌和尺侧腕屈肌肌力均为Ill级s夹指征（＋），肘部尺神经Tinel氏征（十）。其它未见异常。X线检查：右肘关节诸骨骨质增生。诊断：右肘部尺神经卡压征。手术治疗：右肘部尺神经探查。术中见肘部尺神经浅面有一2．ocmXI．ocmXI．ocm囊肿压迫之，其基底附着于神经外膜。手术显微镜下切除该囊肿，其内容物为淡…     

肘部尺神经卡压与尺神经半脱位的诊疗进展

肘部尺神经卡压也称为肘管综合征,可造成手部一系列功能障碍,是最常见的上肢神经卡压症之一。尺神经脱位及半脱位为尺神经卡压的影响因素。尺神经卡压按McGowan分级分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级。Ⅰ级首选保守治疗 Ⅱ、Ⅲ级保守治疗效果欠佳,多需要手术治疗。手术方式主要有尺神经原位松解术（包括肱骨内髁切除术）、粘膜下尺神经前置术、肌下尺神经前置术及肌内尺神经前置术等,其中原位松解手术操作相对简单,但对于尺神经卡压伴有尺神经脱位者多属禁忌,应首选尺神经前置术。     

左肘滑膜软骨瘤并尺神经卡压症一例

左肘滑膜软骨瘤并尺神经卡压症一例山东省淄博市中心医院（２５５０３６）李庆涛，冯宝龄××，女，４４岁。因左肘部摔伤４年，伴左前臂尺侧紧缩感，环小指麻木半年，于１９９２年２月４日住院。检查：左肘部明显增粗，周径较健侧长２．５ｃｍ，无时内翻畸形，肘关节屈伸...     

尺神经微创松解及前置治疗肘部尺神经卡压综合征

肘部尺神经卡压综合征的治疗一般采用松解、前置的方法，自1996年3月～2001年3月共收治8例患者，利用显微外科技术，松解尺神经，保留尺神经伴行血管，效果满意。     

内窥镜辅助下肘管减压尺神经前置术的应用解剖

目的 在尸体上模拟内窥镜辅助下肘管减压及尺神经前置术,探讨该术式的注意事项.方法 在8具上肢标本上模拟内窥镜辅助下肘管减压及尺神经前置术,再对尸体进行解剖,观察尺神经松解、前置效果及有无前臂内侧皮神经损伤.结果 8侧标本均顺利去除肘部尺神经卡压的因素,前置尺神经充分,固定牢靠,未形成继发卡压.在肘管减压及尺神经松解过程中前臂内侧皮神经后支均未损伤.皮下筋膜与屈肌旋前圆肌肌膜缝合固定法缝扎前臂内侧皮神经后支2例,筋膜瓣法固定未对前臂内侧皮神经造成损伤.结论 在内窥镜辅助下能切除肘部尺神经卡压的常见因素,前置尺神经充分,并能有效降低前臂内侧皮神经后支的损伤,但需注意皮下筋膜与屈肌旋前圆肌肌膜缝合固定法易缝扎前臂内侧皮神经后支,而筋膜瓣法固定相对安全.     

磁刺激运动诱发电位在腰骶神经根病应用研究

作者采用磁刺激腰骶部运动诱发电位（ＭＥＰ）和磁刺激窝Ｆ波相结合的方法测定运动神经根传导时间（ＭＲＣＴ）．随机抽查５０名正常受试者在胫骨前肌（ＴＡ）和比目鱼肌（ＳＯＬ）记录出可靠的运动神经传导时间（ＭＮＣＴ）和ＭＲＣＴ；同样方法记录和观察４０例手术证实单例Ｌ５或Ｓ１神经根受压患者ＭＮＣＴ和ＭＲＣＴ的改变，同时进行节段性皮神经刺激皮层体感诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）对比．结果显示：病人组ＭＮＣＴ与正常组相比无显著性差异，而ＭＲＣＴ则有显著性差异．异常率为８５％，其明显高于ＳＥＰ的异常率４５％．因此，无痛无创的磁刺激ＭＥＰ对腰骶神经根病有很大的使用价值，而且磁刺激优于电刺激．     

继发于脊髓空洞症后肘部尺神经卡压的诊断和治疗

目的报告一组继发于脊髓空洞症的尺神经卡压综合征的诊治经验。方法6例脊髓空洞症合并肘部Charcot关节炎的患者通过详细的临床体检、肌电图检查确诊为肘部尺神经卡压综合征，并行尺神经松解皮下前置术。结果所有患者功能明显改善，即使在肘关节强制后仍然能够满足日常生活和工作。结论对于脊髓空洞症合并肘部Charcot关节炎患者，如果出现手部功能的减退，应高度可疑有继发性尺神经卡压，一旦确诊，手术治疗要持积极态度。     

肌电图辅助定位小切口尺神经松解术治疗肘管综合征

目的 评价肌电图辅助定位小切口尺神经松解术治疗肘管综合征的疗效及手术适应证.方法 选取无明显手内在肌萎缩及肘关节畸形,具有典型临床症状和体征的肘管综合征患者12例,术前通过神经短节段传导(short-segment nerve conduction test,SSCT)检测的方法,以相邻两次动作电位波幅下降＞50%或潜伏期差＞0.5ms为定位标准,对上述患者进行卡压点定位,采用小切口局部尺神经松解术式,并观察卡压点术中与术前定位比较.结果 术中观测结果证明尺神经损害部位位于肱骨内上髁上方3 cm到肱骨内上髁下方1cm之间,与术前SSCT法检测卡压部位相符.12例术后均主诉手部有明显轻松感;术后3个月感觉异常全部恢复,刺痛觉及爪形指恢复,捏力和抓握力恢复;术后6个月时小指展肌肌力已完全恢复至正常,两点分辨觉平均为5.0 mm,神经传导速度(NCV)均＞45.0 m/s,波幅开始增加,SSCT无阳性发现;术后1年肌肉萎缩基本恢复,屈肘试验、肘部Tinel征、夹纸试验阴性,7例肌电图无阳性发现,1例NCV仍低于正常标准,但无临床症状及体征.术中观察神经卡压位置与术前肌电图定位相符.结论 肌电图辅助定位小切口尺神经松解术治疗肘管综合征是一种有效的方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of in situ ulnar nerve decompression at the cubital tunnel via a small incision assisted with electromyography localization and discuss the surgical indications.Methods Twelve patients who were diagnosed with idiopathic cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS) without intrinsic muscle atrophy and elbow deformity were involved in the study.Before the operation, short-segment nerve conduction test (SSCT) was carried out.The exact compression site was determined by the ＞ 50%reduction in amplitude or ＞ 0.5 ms lengthening in latency of action potentials recorded upon stimulation of the ulnar nerve around the elbow at 1 cm intervals.An in situ ulnar nerve release at the compression site was performed.Compression of the ulnar nerve was observed and documented to verify the accuracy of pre-operative SSCT localization.Results Intraoperative findings confirmed that lesions were located from 3 cm above to 1 cm below the medial epicondyle, which coincided with the compression sites determined by SSCT.All the patients reported alleviation of hand discomfort postoperatively.Follow-up at 3 months postoperatively showed that paresthesia in the distribution of the ulnar nerve in the hand disappeared.Pinprick sensation recovered.There was no subjective or measurable weakness in pinch or grip strength and no clumsiness or loss of coordination.Claw deformity disappeared.Six months after the surgery, the strength of abductor digiti minimi returned to normal.Two-point discrimination of the little finger was 5.0 mm on average.Nerve conduction velocity returned to ＞ 45.0 m/s.Action potential amplitude increased and SSCT yielded no positive findings.Mild atrophy was reversed one year postoperatively.Elbow flexion test, Tinel' s sign and Froment' s test were all negative.Conclusion In situ ulnar nerve decompression via a small incision assisted with electromyography localization is a suitable procedure for certain CuTS cases.     

Focal hand dystonia in a patient with ulnar nerve neuropathy at the elbow

We describe a patient who presented with dystonia of her small finger secondary to entrapment neuropathy of the ulnar nerve at the elbow. Pre operative electrophysiological studies suggested that the locus of entrapment was located proximal to the medial epicondyle. This was confirmed intraoperatively by the presence of a thickened and prominent arcade of Struthers. Surgical decompression resulted in a rapid and dramatic improvement of the dystonic pattern as well as an improvement in nerve conduction. A review of literature has not revealed any other reports of such a clear cut association between ulnar nerve entrapment and non task-specific focal hand dystonia.     

肘管综合征135例尺神经皮下前移术疗效分析

目的 随访肘管综合征135例尺神经皮下前移术治疗效果.方法 分析2002年2月一2005年12月,135例肘管综合征尺神经皮下前移患者的病情特点及效果.其中男109例,女26例,男女比例为4.2:1.41岁以上占68.1%.以手指活动笨拙就诊15例(占11%);电生理检测均有尺神经肘部段卡压征象.42例合并肘部骨折史.占病因的31%.135例均采用尺神经外膜松解,皮下前移术.结果 术后92例获得2-5年随访.平均2.5年;43例失访.按中华医学会手外科学会上肢功能评定标准,本组优72例,良12例,差8例,优良率为91.3%.结论 尺神经皮下前移术简单、有效,术中应保护前臂内侧皮神经、尺神经血供及分支,并确保尺神经无张力.应重视因肘部骨折和以手部活动笨拙为主要症状的早期诊治.     

The effect of operative technique on ulnar nerve strain following surgery for cubital tunnel syndrome

Background

The aim of this study is to compare the amount of strain on the ulnar nerve based on elbow position after in situ release, subcutaneous transposition, submuscular transposition, and medial epicondylectomy.

Methods

Six matched cadaver upper extremity pairs underwent ulnar nerve decompression, transposition in a sequential fashion, while five elbows underwent medial epicondylectomy. A differential variable reluctance transducer (DVRT) was placed in the ulnar nerve. An in situ release, a subcutaneous transposition, and a submuscular transposition were performed sequentially with the strain being measured after each procedure in neutral, full elbow flexion, and extension positions. The strain was then averaged and compared for each procedure. Five cadavers underwent medial epicondylectomy and were similarly tested.

Results

After the in situ release, there was no statistically significant change in strain in either flexion or extension. After a subcutaneous transposition, there was a statistically significant decrease in strain in full elbow flexion but not in extension. Similarly after a submuscular transposition, there was a statistically significant decrease in strain in full flexion but not in extension. There was not a statistically significant change in strain with medial epicondylectomy.

Conclusion

An in situ release of the ulnar nerve at the elbow may relieve pressure on the nerve but does not address the problem of strain which may be the underlying pathology in many cases of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE). Transposition of the ulnar nerve anterior to the medial epicondyle addresses the problem of strain on the ulnar nerve. In addition, it does not create an increased strain on the ulnar nerve with elbow extension.     

肘管综合征的应用解剖学研究

目的 研究肘管综合征中尺神经的卡压因素,为临床手术提供解剖学依据.方法 采用解剖学方法对16具(32侧)成人尸体上肢标本进行解剖,观测造成尺神经卡压的Struthers弓形组织、内侧肌间隔和肘管,测量肘管内尺神经的面积、肘管的面积和肘管的长度,测量弓状韧带的长、宽和厚度.观测尺神经的营养血管及伴行长度,观测尺神经的尺侧腕屈肌肌支.结果 32侧上肢标本中12侧存在腱性Struthers弓形组织,10侧有肌性Struthers弓形组织,存在率为68.8%.尺神经在内上髁上方[(11.02±1.16)cm,小x±s.下同]处穿内侧肌间隔,尺神经肘管内面积与肘管面积之比为1:3.86,肘管长度为(1.96±0.18)cm.尺神经伴行血管有尺侧上副动脉和尺侧返动脉后支,尺神经在内上髁下方1cm左右发出尺侧腕屈肌肌支.结论 尺神经在肘管处最容易受压,手术治疗肘管综合征时向上的切口长度约为11.02cm,同时切除Struthers弓形组织和内侧肌间隔;尺神经前置手术时,注意保留与神经伴行的尺侧返动脉后支.     

Risk factors for ulnar nerve compression at the elbow: a case control study

Summary Background. Ulnar nerve compression at the elbow is frequently encountered as the second most common compression neuropathy in the arm. As dexterity may be severely affected, the disease entity can seriously interfere with daily life and work. However, epidemiological research considering the risk factors is rarely performed. This study intended to investigate whether potential risk factors based on historical belief contribute to the development of ulnar nerve compression at the elbow. Method. A hospital based case control study was performed of patients that underwent surgical treatment for ulnar nerve compression at the elbow at the neurosurgical department from June 2004 until June 2005. Controls were those patients treated for a cervical or lumbar herniated disc. The main outcome measure was the presence of ulnar nerve compression at the elbow proven clinically, and electrodiagnostically. Results. 110 patients with ulnar nerve lesions and 192 controls were identified. Smoking, education level and related working experience were identified as risk factors. Conversely, gender, BMI, alcohol consumption, trauma to the elbow, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension are not risk factors for the development of ulnar nerve compression at the elbow. Conclusion. Risk factors are clearly defined. In the past many factors have been described, but mostly in surgical series. This study concludes that gender, previous fracture of the elbow and BMI are not predictive factors for ulnar entrapment neuropathy. However, education and working experience are closely correlated with this entity.     

Ulnar nerve pathology at the elbow: the place of anterior transposition today

Summary A retrospective study is presented of 39 patients with ulnar nerve pathology at the elbow. All patients were treated by anterior transposition. Improvement to at least good functional recovery occurred in 46% of the patients. In the other 54% there was only slight or no improvement, or even deterioration. A further analysis of the results showed that in patients with objective signs of ulnar pathology, but without muscular atrophy, the results were good: 64% of these patients showed a good operative result. The most important factors in postoperative prognosis in the patients studied are the existence of muscular atrophy, age, and, in the moderately severe group, the length of history before operation. The aetiology was not important with respect to the outcome. On the basis of the recent literature and the results of this study suggestions are presented for a rational choice between the different possibilities of treatment for ulnar nerve pathology at the elbow.     

肘部尺神经滑脱──流行病学调查及病理解剖观察

通过流行病学调查和病理解剖观察，提示尺神经滑脱可能与组织结构发育缺陷有关，如肱骨内上髁较小，肘管三角韧带及尺神经系膜松弛等。男女之间尺神经滑脱发生率有显著性差异。肘部尺神经滑脱并非少见，鉴于尺神经滑脱者发生肘部尺神经损害的危险性较一般人群高，一旦尺神经损害其所支配的已挛缩的手内在肌很难恢复，尺神经滑脱者是值得人们注意的肘部尺神经损害的易感人群。因尺神经滑脱者除上述结构缺陷外，更重要的是尺神经滑脱过程为重复累积性损伤，故尺神经前移以免尺神经在肱骨内上髁反复摩擦损伤为首选的治疗方法。