保乳手术与改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床疗效比较

目的观察保乳术与改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床疗效。方法 80例早期乳腺癌患者按手术方法分为2组,保乳组采用保乳术,根治组采用乳腺癌改良根治术,比较2种手术方式的临床疗效。结果保乳组手术时间、术中出血量、平均引流量、住院时间、并发症的发生率明显低于根治组,保乳组乳房外形评价优良率明显高于根治组(P0.05)。但是保乳组患者术后局部复发率、远处转移率、3年及5年生存率与根治组比较没有明显差异(P0.05)。结论保乳手术治疗早期乳腺癌疗效满意,值得推广应用。     

保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌改良根治术疗效分析

目的分析保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌改良根治术(NSM)的临床可行性与安全性。方法选择将2017年8月至2018年8月我院乳腺外科收治的76例早期乳腺癌患者,根据手术方法的不同分为NSM组36例(NSM治疗)和传统组40例(传统乳腺癌改良根治术治疗)。记录2组患者手术完成情况,术后至少随访12个月,统计局部复发、远处转移情况及并发症发生情况,并于术后12个月进行乳房美容学与生活质量评价。结果 NSM组手术时间、出血量、清扫淋巴结个数、引流量及术后住院时间与传统组比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05),术后1年局部复发率、远处转移率及术后术区感染、皮下积液、脂肪液化、皮瓣局部坏死、上肢水肿等并发症发生率与传统组比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。但NSM组术后1年乳房美容学评价优良率明显高于传统组,美国专门针对乳腺癌治疗功能评价系统量表体系共性模块(FACT-G)量化评分中生理状况、社会家庭状况、情感状况、功能状况评分及总分均高于传统组,差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 NSM可取得与传统乳腺癌改良根治术类似的治疗效果,未增加并发症风险,且患者可获得更好的乳房美容学效果与生存质量。     

外侧组织瓣转移用于保留乳房的乳癌根治术

目的 探讨乳腺癌根治手术的同时进行乳房成形的术式及其临床意义。方法 自1997年至2002年对20例早期原发乳腺癌进行乳房成形的根治术。结果 20例手术均获成功,切口均甲级愈合,无乳头坏死。其中10例患者术后2年以上随访,均无肿瘤局部复发及转移。与不保留乳房的根治手术相比肿瘤的复发和生存差异无显著性。乳房成形根治术按lino Y美观标准评价,优15例,良5例。结论 随着医学模式的改进,对乳腺癌手术治疗原则已经转为由大到小的趋势,在充分切除原发癌的前提下,尽量采用破坏性较小的术式,重视保留乳房的美学理念。应用外侧软组织瓣(lateral tissue flap,LTF)乳房成形,显示出良好临床效果和使用价值。     

乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建治疗乳腺癌的临床效果分析

目的探讨乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建治疗乳腺癌的临床预后效果。方法回顾性分析2017年2月～2018年12月在本院进行乳腺癌改良根治术术后即刻背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建治疗的56例患者(观察组)及进行传统改良根治术治疗的60例患者(对照组)的临床资料,对比两组患者术后恶性事件发生率、术后生活质量(采用SF-36量表评价)、术后生活满意度(应用SWLS量表评价)。结果两组患者恶性事件发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组术后SF-36量表(躯体疼痛、生理职能、生理功能、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康、总体健康、精力)评分均显著高于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者术后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月SWLS量表评分均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论传统改良根治术后即刻背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建术治疗乳腺癌患者效果更佳,能提高患者术后生活质量及生活满意度。     

早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗疗效分析

目的 评价早期乳腺癌保留乳房和切除乳房两种治疗方法的疗效.方法 将122例Ⅰ、Ⅱa期乳腺癌患者分为两组:①保乳治疗组48例,行保留乳房的肿瘤局部切除 腋淋巴结清扫术;②对照组74例,按常规行乳癌改良根治术.术后两组均予放、化疗.结果 随访122例,中住随访期75m,保乳治疗组局部复发率4.17%,生存率6.25%,远隔脏器转移率6.76%.对照组局部复发率5.41%,生存率6.25%,远隔脏器转移率6.76%.两组各指标差异无显著(P＞0.05).而保乳治疗组手术创伤小.乳房美观优良率87.5%,与后者相比差异有显著性(P＜0.01).结论 与乳癌改良根治术相比.保乳治疗对于早期乳腺癌疗效可靠.乳房美观效果评价满意,可显著提高患者生活质量.     

乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻背阔肌肌皮瓣移植重建乳房:42例分析

背景:在根治肿瘤的同时如何保持女性乳房的形态完美这一问题得到了越来越多医生及患者的关注,乳房再造由此而产生、发展,逐渐成为乳腺癌治疗的重要组成部分。目的:探讨乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻背阔肌肌皮瓣移植重建乳房的可行性及疗效。方法:纳入42例女性单侧乳腺癌患者,均进行保留乳头乳晕或保留乳房的改良根治术,术后即刻自体背阔肌皮瓣或扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣移植重建乳房,根据客观标准及主观标准评价重建效果。结果与结论:42例中,33例行保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌改良根治术、9例行保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术,背阔肌乳房重建24例、扩大背阔肌乳房重建18例。转移皮瓣及重建的乳房全部成活,无严重并发症发生。客观评价美容效果优良39例,一般3例;主观评价优良者40例,尚可者2例。随访9-41个月,所有患者无肿瘤局部复发,1例出现骨转移。表明乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻采用背阔肌移植重建乳房操作简单、易行,整形效果好,安全性高,成活率高。     

乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床研究

目的：探讨保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌改良根治术中的可行性及临床意义。方法：采用改良根治术治疗I、II期乳腺癌患者76例,术中清扫时保留肋间臂神经42例（实验组）,切除肋间臂神经34例（对照组）。术后对两组患者上臂内侧感觉功能进行对比分析。结果：实验组和对照组患者上臂感觉障碍率术后1月时分别为19．1％和73．5％,术后3月时分别为7．1％和61．8％,术后12个月分别为2．4％和50．0％,组间相比差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;而两组手术时间、出血量、清除淋巴结数目及复发率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：保留肋间臂神经在I、II期乳腺癌改良根治术中是安全可行的,能有效保留患者上臂内侧皮肤感觉功能,提高患者术后生活质量。     

保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌改良根治术中的意义

目的：探讨保留肋间臂神经在早期乳腺癌改良根治术中的可行性及临床应用价值。方法：72例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌改良根治术病人被分为两组，其中肋间臂神经保留组38例，肋间臂神经切除组34例。术后对病人上臂内侧感觉功能进行对比分析。结果：保留肋间臂神经与不保留肋间臂神经两组患者上臂感觉障碍率术后2周时分别为63．16％和94．12％，术后3月时分别为13．16和58．82％，两者相比均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；而手术时间、清除淋巴结数目及预后两组之间均无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论：在早期乳腺癌（Ⅰ、Ⅱ期）改良根治术中施行保留肋间臂神经是可行的，它保存了患侧上臂内侧及腋部皮肤感觉功能，改善病人的生活质量，应推广应用。     

保留乳头乳晕复合体在乳腺癌改良根治术中几个值得关注的问题

目的：探讨保留乳头乳晕复合体（NAC）在乳腺癌改良根治术中的应用及其适应证、并发症、肿瘤学风险与疗效等,为其临床应用提供参考。方法：在总结临床应用经验基础上,结合在万方、维普、pubmed数据库检索近年来保留NAC乳腺癌改良根治术的相关文献,分析保留NAC在乳腺癌改良根治术肿瘤学风险、适应证、临床应用注意事项、并发症和疗效等几个值得关注的问题。结果：在严格把握适应证的基础上,乳腺癌改良根治术中保留NAC并不带来肿瘤残留危险,临床应用不难掌握,与传统改良根治术相比并发症并没有提高,疗效确切。结论：保留NAC乳腺癌改良根治术保留乳腺的自然皮肤和乳头乳晕复合体,为乳腺癌的外科治疗提供了一种新的方法,对乳腺癌患者乳房重建的美容效果和术后生活质量有重要意义。     

硅凝胶假体植入乳房重建

背景：中国女性乳腺体积相对偏小,乳腺癌传统保乳手术后乳腺外形欠佳,而采用背阔肌肌皮瓣和横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造手术难度高、创伤大、术后并发症多,因此行保留乳头乳晕复合体Ⅰ期硅凝胶假体植入乳房重建手术是非常好的选择。 目的：探讨保留乳头乳晕复合体乳腺癌改良根治术后Ⅰ期硅胶假体植入乳房重建的效果。 方法：纳入女性乳腺癌患者33例,年龄30-48岁,左侧20例,右侧13例,均于保留乳头乳晕复合体乳腺癌改良根治术后行Ⅰ期硅凝胶假体植入乳房重建治疗,术后通过随访行主客观评价美容效果。 结果与结论：33例患者中,术后乳头乳晕复合体坏死2例,自行结痂愈合;1例术中出血量> 800 mL,经补液、输血治疗后,恢复良好。随访10-51个月,31例乳房外观良好,双侧乳房对称,优良率达94%,均未发现局部复发及远处转移。证实保留乳头乳晕复合体乳腺癌改良根治术后行硅胶假体Ⅰ期乳房重建,美容效果满意,无严重并发症,手术安全,简单可行。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.