Sites of action of CCK of the guinea pig gallbladder

Cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP) evoked contraction and 3H-acetylcholine (3H-ACh) release of the muscle strip of the guinea pig gallbladder were studied. Although hexamethonium (10(-5) M) or tetrodotoxin (10(-6) M) had no effect on CCK-OP (10(-8) M) evoked contraction and 3H-ACh release, Ca-free medium almost completely abolished CCK-OP (10(-8) M) evoked 3H-ACh release. In Ca-free medium contraction evoked by CCK-OP (10(-8) M) was reduced to about 84%, which fitted well with the calculated reduction observed in the presence of atropine (10(-6) M). Dibutyryl cyclic GMP (10(-3) M), which significantly reduced CCK-OP (10(-8) M) evoked contraction to about 40%, had no effect on CCK-OP (10(-8) M) evoked 3H-ACh release. CCK-OP receptors on the intramural cholinergic neurons might be suggested to be different from those on the muscle cells of the guinea pig gallbladder.     

Investigation of serotonin receptors in the isolated penile bulb of rats

The aim of this study was to investigate serotonin (5-HT) receptors in the penile bulb, which have been suggested to play a role in penile erection. Serotonin (10(-7)-3 x 10(-4) M) contracted penile bulbs in a concentration-dependent manner. Ketanserin (5-HT(2A) antagonist, 10(-9)-10(-7) M) and prazosin (alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor blocker, 10(-9)-10(-7) M) suppressed the lower and upper parts of concentration-response curves to 5-HT, respectively. Guanethidine (adrenergic neuron blocker, 5 x 10(-5) M) reduced the responses to 5-HT at only 10(-4) and 3 x 10(-4) M concentrations. NAN-190 (5-HT(1A) antagonist, 10(-8), 10(-7) M) shifted the concentration-response curve to the right with a reduction in the maximum response to 5-HT. While ondansetron (5-HT(3) antagonist, 10(-6)-10(-5) M) and GR55562 (5-HT(1B/1D) antagonist, 10(-6)-10(-5) M) had no effect on the concentration-response curve to 5-HT. The 5-HT(1A) agonist 8-OH-DPAT (10(-7)-3 x 10(-4) M) contracted penile bulbs in a concentration-dependent manner with a lower pD(2) value than that of 5-HT. Sumatriptan (5-HT(1B/1D) agonist, 10(-8)-10(-4) M) did not produce any contractile response in the penile bulbs. Prucalopride, a selective 5-HT(4) agonist (R093877, 10(-7)-3 x 10(-4) M) produced concentration-dependent relaxation in penile bulbs contracted by phenylephrine (10(-5) M). 5-HT(4) agonists cisapride (10(-7)-10(-4) M) and metoclopramide (10(-7)-3 x 10(-4) M) also relaxed the tissue, concentration-dependently. Selective 5-HT(4) antagonists GR125487 (10(-6)-10(-5) M) and GR113808 (10(-6)-10(-5) M) slightly, but not significantly, decreased prucalopride- and cisapride-induced relaxation. Propranolol (beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, 10(-6)-10(-5) M) and L-NOARG (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 10(-4) M) had no effect on prucalopride-induced relaxation. These results suggest the existence of alpha(1)-adrenergic, 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) serotonergic receptors in the penile bulb of rats, which are responsible for 5-HT-induced contraction. Additionally, a serotonergic receptor resembling a 5-HT(4)-type plays a role in the relaxation. The latter receptor is activated by 5-HT(4) agonists, but is not antagonized by 5-HT(4) antagonists.     

经尿道前列腺电切与汽化切除术的疗效比较

目的 对比分析经尿道前列腺电切(TURP)和经尿道前列腺汽化切除术(TUVRP)的疗效和手术并发症.方法 良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者637例,随机分为TURP组(298例)和TUVRP组(339例).患者术前最大尿流率(Qmax)和国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)分别为(9.8±2.3)、(10.1±2.1)ml/s和15.3±3.1、15.1±3.7.比较2组患者手术时间、失血量、血钠变化及手术并发症发生率.结果 2组手术均顺利,无手术死亡病例.TURP和TUVRP组术后Qmax分别为(19.0±2.9)和(18.0±2.3)ml/s,IPSS 5.0±1.4和8.05±1.6,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),2组问Qmax差异无统计学意义(P0.05)、IPSS差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).TURP组手术时间(52±16)min,肉眼血尿持续(9.0±2.3)d,继发性出血6例(2.0%),尿路感染14例(4.7%),下尿路症状(LUTS)26例(8.7%),暂时性尿失禁6例(2.0%),膜部尿道狭窄4例(1.3%);TUVRP组分别为(68±19)min,(12.0±3.6)d,19例(5.6%),38例(11.2%),59例(17.4%),13例(3.8%),16例(4.7%);以上各项2组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).TURP组术中失血量(126±29)ml,切除组织(31±8)g,手术前后血钠差(8±6)mmol/L,发生TURS 3例(1%);TUVRP组分别为(122±38)ml,(33±9)g,(7±7)mmol/L,2例(0.6%);以上各项2组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均0.05).结论 TURP和TUVRP均为治疗BPH的有效手术方法,TURP手术并发症发生率更低.     

联合应用肿瘤标记物在胰腺癌诊断中的意义

目的 探讨肿瘤标记物糖链抗原199(CA 199)、肿瘤抗原242(CA 242)与癌胚抗原(CEA)联合检测对胰腺癌诊断及预后判断的意义.方法 用化学发光技术分别检测胰腺癌50例、胰腺良性疾病42例和健康体检者60例的血清CA 199、CA 242与CEA表达.结果 胰腺癌组CA199、CA 242与CEA等3种标志物血清值分别为(226.26±42.06)、(68.82±7.63)与(9.63±5.84)μg/L,均明显高于其他组(P<0.05);胰腺癌组CA 199、CA 242与CEA阳性率分别为82.61%、76.09%与60.87%,与其他两组比较.差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);CA 199、CA 242与CEA等3项联检准确性达97.83%.CA 199与胰腺癌分期呈正相关,与患者生存期呈负相关.结论 肿瘤标志物联合检测可明显提高胰腺癌早期确诊率,CA 199对判断预后有一定参考价值.     

Quality of life of long-term survivors of surgically treated lung cancer

Quality of life (QOL) of long-term survivors (more than 3 years after surgery) of primary non-small cell lung cancer was studied. QOL was analyzed using European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire, 30-Item version 3.0 (QLQ-C30) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Sixty of 91 patients (66%) participated in this study 87 +/- 5 (38-172) months postoperatively. In QLQ-C30, calculated scores of physical (84.0 +/- 2.4), role (81.3 +/- 3.6), cognitive (79.7 +/- 2.6), emotional (86.8 +/- 1.9), and social (91.0 +/- 1.9) functioning, and global QOL (72.6 +/- 2.9) were obtained. Calculated HADS A (anxiety) was 3.3 +/- 0.3 and HADS D (depression) was 4.0 +/- 0.4. Postoperative follow-up duration was correlated with financial impact only. QOL of long-term survivors was influenced by gender histology, marital status, employment status, and academic carrier.     

骨折内固定并发症的防治

为探讨常见骨折内固定并发症及对策,对螺丝钉、加压滑动鹅头钉、加压钢板、加压髓内钉、交锁髓内钉等治疗各种骨折391例进行分析。结果:螺丝钉断裂3例(0.77％);加压钢板折断4例(1.02％),折弯1例(0.26％);呼吸窘迫综合征2例(0.51％);脑脂肪栓塞1例(0.26％);感染5例(1.28％);金属反应2例(0.51％);骨不连3例(0.77％);畸形愈合5例(1.28％);螺丝钉松动2例(0.51％)。认为严格掌握手术指征、选择合适内固定材料、遵循清创原则、固定符合生物力学及合理使用抗生素可防止和减少并发症的发生。     

Prevalence and risk factors of tricuspid regurgitation after correction of tetralogy of Fallot

Tricuspid regurgitation was evaluated in 133 patients with tetralogy of Fallot after corrective operations for a real-time Doppler flow imaging system. Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation was found in 15% (10/66) of patients in whom the ventricular septal defect was closed through the right atrium and tricuspid valve, 13% (2/15) through the pulmonary artery, and 25% (13/52) through the right ventricle. These differences were not significant. Right ventricular systolic pressure was significantly higher (66 +/- 27 mm Hg) in patients with moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation (group A) than in patients with mild or no tricuspid regurgitation (group B) (41 +/- 13 mm Hg) (p less than 0.01). Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure was significantly higher in group A (7.7 +/- 2.2 mm Hg) than in group B (6.1 +/- 2.9 mm Hg) (p less than 0.01). Significant pulmonary regurgitation (angiographic grades 3/4 to 4/4) was more frequent in group A (8/18; 44%) than in group B (14/64; 22%) (p less than 0.05). Residual ventricular septal defect (pulmonary/systemic flow ratio greater than 1.3) was also more frequent in group A (5/18; 28%) than in group B (0/64; 0%) (p less than 0.01). Right ventricular end-diastolic volume was significantly higher in group A (202% +/- 79% of the normal right ventricle) than in group B (158% +/- 38% of normal) (p less than 0.01). Thus significant tricuspid regurgitation was associated with high right ventricular systolic pressure, high right ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and significant pulmonary regurgitation and residual ventricular septal defect, which increased the right ventricular end-diastolic volume. Operative procedure for closing the ventricular septal defect was not related to the development of significant tricuspid regurgitation.     

Effects of antidepressants on function and viability of human neutrophils

BACKGROUND: Antidepressants are frequently used in chronic pain therapy and are under investigation as long-acting local anesthetics. Because of the structural similarities between antidepressants and local anesthetics, the authors hypothesized that these compounds act similarly, and they investigated the effects of nortriptyline, amitriptyline, imipramine, and fluoxetine on priming and activation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (hPMNs). METHODS: Effects of 30-, 120-, and 240-min preincubation with nortriptyline (10(-7)-10(-4) M), amitriptyline (10(-6)-10(-3) M), imipramine (10(-6)-10(-3) M), or fluoxetine (10(-7)-10(-4) M) on O(2)- generation of platelet activating factor-primed (10-6 M) and/or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-activated (10(-6) M) isolated hPMNs were determined. All data are reported as mean +/- SD (statistics: t test, P < 0.05). RESULTS: Brief incubation in low concentrations of nortriptyline, amitriptyline, or fluoxetine (all at 10(-5) M) did inhibit priming but not activation of hPMNs. Imipramine (10(-5) M) affected neither priming nor activation. Prolonged incubation in lower concentrations of all antidepressants influenced neither priming nor activation. However, at higher concentrations, all four compounds exerted cytotoxic effects: virtually all hPMNs were killed by amitriptyline and imipramine (both at 10(-3) M) or nortriptyline and fluoxetine (both at 10(-4) M). CONCLUSION: Antidepressants, in low concentrations, inhibited priming but not activation of hPMNs. However, at concentrations similar to those attained after local injection, and in marked contrast to local anesthetics, antidepressants are profoundly toxic to hPMNs.     

中国成人桡骨近端解剖形态测量及研究

目的 测量和研究桡骨近端解剖形态特点,为设计解剖型的桡骨头假体提供数据.方法 对男、女各24例成年肱骨外上髁炎患者的肘关节进行MRI扫描,通过软件测量桡骨近端的解剖参数,包括桡骨头的直径与高度、桡骨头关节面深度、桡骨颈高度、桡骨颈髓腔狭窄处的直径等.采用SPSS16.0软件包进行数据统计,研究桡骨头近端各解剖参数间的相关关系.结果 桡骨头最大直径(Rmax)及最小直径(Rmin)分别为[(23.1±5.3)mm,-/x±s,下同]和(21.8±5.0)mm,桡骨头高度(H1)及桡骨颈高度(Hn)分别为(11.3±2.3)mm和(11.8±4.8)mm,桡骨颈髓腔狭窄处最大直径(Dmax)和最小直径(Dmin)分别为(10.6±2.7)mm和(9.0±2.5)mm,桡骨头关节面最大深度(Oep)为(2.1±0.6)mm.男性桡骨头Rmax和min分别为(25.1±4.2)mm和(23.7±4.0)mm,H1及Hn分别为(11.9±1.9)mm(12.2±3.9)mm,Dmax及Dmin分别为(11.1±2.5)mm和(9.6±2.2)mm,Dep为(2.2±0.6)mm.女性Rmax和Rmin面分别为(21.1±2.3)mm和(19.9±2.2)mm,H1及H2分别为(10.7±1.9)mm和(11.5±5.6)mm,Dmax和Dmin分别为(10.0±2.6)mm和(8.4±2.3)mm,Dep为(2.0±0.6)mm.男性和女性的各项指标相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Rmax和Rmin之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两者之间呈线性相关,相关关系为Rmin=0.95×Rmax°Rmax和Rmin之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两者之间呈线性相关,相关关系为Dmin=0.85×Dmax°桡骨头和桡骨颈髓腔大小之间以及桡骨头、颈高度之间的相关关系较为离散.结论 桡骨近端解剖形态为椭圆形,圆形桡骨头假体设计不能很好地体现桡骨头的解剖特点,较少的选择余地和一体化的设计不能满足临床实际需要,而装配型假体能更灵活地应对各种临床变异情况.     

胰液中端粒酶及亚单位检测对胰腺癌的诊断价值

目的　探讨检测胰液中端粒酶逆转录酶 (hTERT)mRNA表达和端粒酶活性对胰腺癌的诊断与鉴别诊断价值。方法　对比分析 2 4例胰腺癌和 14例慢性胰腺炎患者胰液中的hTERTmRNA和端粒酶活性的检测结果。结果　hTERTmRNA在胰腺癌中表达阳性率为 87.5 % ( 2 1/ 2 4) ;慢性胰腺炎中阳性率为 2 1.4% ( 3 / 14 ) (P <0 .0 0 1)。胰腺癌与慢性胰腺炎胰液中端粒酶阳性检出率分别为83 .3 % ( 2 0 / 2 4) ,2 8.6% ( 4 / 14 ) (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　胰液中检测hTERTmRNA表达和端粒酶活性对胰腺癌诊断与鉴别诊断有一定价值。     

Morphological studies of the upper end of the femur. I. Measurements of the diameter of the femoral head and neck

The mediolateral diameters (MLD) and the anteroposterior diameters (APD) of the head and neck of the upper end of 170 femurs excised from autopsy cases were measured in the moist state and analyzed by computer. The mean actual measurements (mm) were: 47.3 (MLD) and 47.2 (APD) for femoral head diameters; 44.6 (MLD) and 40.9 (APD) for subcapital diameters; 33.5 (MLD) and 27.5 (APD) for midcervical diameters; and 44.0 (MLD) and 27.9 (APD) for basilar diameters. Multiple regression analysis of the relation between the stature and the diameters of the femoral head and neck showed that femoral head diameters were related most closely to the stature. The mean values of the diameters of the femoral head and neck exhibited significant sexual differences (p less than 0.01). When the right and left measurements were compared, the femoral head diameter tended to show a significant difference (p less than 0.1); there was also a significant difference in the subcapital diameter (p less than 0.05).     

人参多糖对家兔肝缺血/再灌注损伤时血小板聚集功能的影响

目的探讨人参多糖对家免肝缺血/再灌注损伤时血小板聚集功能的影响。方法30只家免,随机均分为对照组（C组）、缺血/再灌注组（IR组）和人参多糖组（GP组）。观察血小板最大聚集率（Ptmax）、最大聚集时间（PtT）、聚集坡斜率（PtS）及谷丙转氨酶（ALT）的变化,电镜观察肝组织形态学改变。结果IR组与C组比较,各时间点Ptmax、PtS、ALT明显升高,PtT显著缩短,肝组织超微结构发生异常改变;人参多糖可逆转上述指标的异常变化。结论人参多糖可通过抑制血小板聚集功能,改善肝脏微循环,从而防治肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤。     

Involvement of A1 adenosine receptors in the acquisition of fertilizing capacity

Ejaculated mammalian spermatozoa acquire competence to fertilize oocytes by a two-step process: capacitation followed by acrosome reaction. The biochemical and biophysical modifications occurring in vivo in the female reproductive tract can be reproduced in vitro, and previous studies have suggested a capacitative role for adenosine A(1) receptor (A(1)R). Mice with a targeted disruption of the Adora 1 gene (A(1)R-/- mice) provide a useful model for better understanding the role of the A(1)R in fertility. Murine spermatozoa express A(1)R in the head, neck, midpiece region, and tail. The number of capacitated spermatozoa incubated in human tubal fluid was significantly reduced in A(1)R-/- compared with A(1)R+/+ and A(1)R+/- spermatozoa. The difference between A(1) R+/+ and A(1)R-/- mouse spermatozoa was mainly in the time necessary to reach the maximum percentage of capacitation. A(1)R+/+ murine sperm obtained the full state of capacitation within 90 minutes whereas A(1)R-/- sperm required 240 minutes. Caffeine, a known antagonist of A(1) and A(2A) adenosine receptors, lowered the number of capacitated sperm and affected the time of capacitation in a dose-dependent manner, mimicking the effects of the lack of A(1) receptors. Although number, motility, and viability of A(1)R-/- murine sperm was not significantly different from A(1)R+/+ mouse spermatozoa, a significant reduction of the number of pups produced by A(1)R-/- male mice suggests that A(1) receptors must be fully operative to accomplish the optimal degree of capacitation and thereby fertilization.     

Diagnosis and treatment of different types of high scar strictures of the hepatic ducts

Results of treatment of 224 patients with scar strictures of the hepatic ducts (BSDH) are presented. Based on Bismuth's classification of BSDH E.I. Galperin (2002) proposed own one. According to this classification there were 17 (7,6%) patients with type "+2" (stump of common hepatic duct - CHD more than 2 cm), 26 (11,6%) - with type "+1" (stump of CHD 1 - 2 cm), 72 (32,2%) - with "0" type (stump of CHD less than 1 cm), 54 (24,1%) - with "-1" type (upper fornix of CHD confluence is not affected), 35 (17,4%) - with "-2" type (CHD confluence is destroyed), 20 (8,9%) - with "-3" type (strictures of segmental ducts). There were greater number of previous surgeries in the patients with "-1" and "-2" types (p<0,05). Jaundice and secondary biliary liver cirrhosis were seen more frequently in types "0" - "-3". Hepaticojejunostomy was the surgery of choice. For approach to unaltered wall of hepatic ducts (HD) section of lobar ducts in types "+1", "0", excision of portal plate and partial resection of IV hepatic segment (31 patients) in "-1" - "-3" types were used. Exchangeable transhepatic drainage (ETD) was applied in 31 patients due to impossibility to excise scar tissues completely. In early postoperative period 9 (4%) patients died due to purulent cholangitis (7 patients) and insufficiency of anastomosis (2 patients). Long-term results were evaluated in 180 (80,4%) patients from 1 to 14 (6,6+/-3,9) years of follow-up. Thirteen surgeries were performed for repeated strictures. The main cause of restrictures was inadequate resection of scar tissues and unreasonable refusal of ETD (7 patients). Developed surgical technique in different types of strictures permits to reduce postoperative lethality and the rate of restrictures.     

等离子前列腺剜除术治疗大体积前列腺增生的疗效分析

目的 探讨经尿道双极等离子前列腺剜除术(PKEP)治疗大体积(＞80mL)良性前列腺增生的临床效果.方法 选取本院泌尿外科2012年5月至2015年1月收治的80例大体积良性前列腺增生患者进行回顾性分析,根据患者手术方式分为PKEP组37例,经尿道前列腺双极电切术组(TUPKP)43例,对两组患者的围手术期指标、术后随访结果进行比较分析.结果 PKEP组的膀胱冲洗时间(20.5±6.7) min、手术出血量(120.5±44.9) mL、尿管留置时间(4.4±1.9)d、术后住院时间(5.2±1.8)d均显著的低于TUPKP组,前列腺切除质量(63.2±21.5)g显著高于TUPKP组(P＜0.05),手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后PKEP组的Qmax(22.4±4.7) mL/s显著高于TUPKP组(19.5±4.0)mL/s(P＜0.05).术前、后两组患者的PSA值比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术后两组患者的PSA值较术前均显著降低(P＜0.05).PKEP组的术后并发症率(62.16％)显著的低于TUPKP组(86.05％),且差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 PKEP治疗大体积良性前列腺增生与TUPKP均具有较好的临床效果,其具有术中出血量少、术后恢复快、术后并发症率更低的特点.     

Performance of automated air tonometry under hypothermia

Intestinal tonometry is used during hypothermic cardio-pulmonary bypass surgery to assess splanchnic perfusion. In an in vitro set-up the performance of automated air tonometry (TONOCAP) was tested for normo- and hypothermia. A 14-FG tonometry catheter was built into a testing chamber (100 cm(3)) perfused with blood from a cardio-pulmonary bypass circuit with P(a)co(2) held at 5.6-5.8 kPa (alpha-stat). P(r)co(2) from the balloon of the tonometry catheter was measured at intervals of 10 min at 37 degrees C and at 25 degrees C by the TONOCAP. Bias (precision) of P(r)co(2) - P(a)co(2 alpha-stat) and P(r)co(2) -P(a)co(2 pH-stat) at 37 degrees C blood temperature were low at 0.23 kPa (0.21) each. Tonometrically measured P(r)co(2) at 25 degrees C significantly differed from P(a)co(2 alpha-stat) bias (precision) of 2.00 kPa (0.11) but was similar to P(a)co(2 pH-stat) (0.30 kPa (0.11)). P(r)co(2) values as measured by the TONOCAP represent pH-stat approach. Identical blood gas management (pH- or alpha-stat) should be used for calculation of mucosal-arterial CO(2) difference (P(r-a)co(2) gap) or calculation of intramucosal pH.     

The influence of esmolol on the dose of propofol required for induction of anaesthesia

Cardiac output may be an important determinant of the induction dose of intravenous anaesthetic. Esmolol is known to reduce cardiac output, and we examined its effect on the propofol dose required for induction of anaesthesia. The size of the effect seen with esmolol was compared with midazolam co-induction. Sixty patients were randomly allocated to placebo (saline), esmolol (1mg x kg(-1) bolus, followed by an infusion at 250 microg x kg(-1)min(-1)) or midazolam (0.04 mg x kg(-1)) groups. Induction of anaesthesia commenced 3 min following the administration of the study drug, using a Diprifusor set to achieve plasma propofol concentrations of 10 microg x ml(-1) at 5 min. The primary end point used was the propofol dose per kg at loss of response to command. The mean (SD) propofol dose for each group was 2.38 (0.48) mg x kg(-1) for placebo, 1.79 (0.36) mg x kg(-1) for esmolol and 1.34 (0.35) mg x kg(-1) for midazolam (all means significantly different; p < 0.0005). We found that predosing with esmolol reduces the propofol requirements for induction of anaesthesia by 25%.     

Primary surgical treatment of war injuries of major joints of the limbs.

We present the results of primary surgical treatment of war injuries of major joints in 339 patients, wounded in the territory of the former Yugoslavia in the period June 1991-October 1995. The total number of surgically treated joints was 358. The injuries were inflicted by the fragments of explosive devices in 176 (51.9%) patients and by bullets in 125 (36.9%) patients. A single wound was present in 160 (47.2%) and several wounds in 176 (51.9%) patients; 276 (77.1%) patients had injuries of articular bone. The most frequently injured joints were knee joint 167 (46.6%) and elbow joint 72 (20.1%). Associated neurovascular injuries were present in 68 (18.9%) patients. Postoperative bone fragment stabilization was required in 254 (70.9%) joints. Stabilization was by plaster of Paris in 148 (58.2%) and external fixation in 85 (33.4%) patients. Postoperative course was uneventful in 262 (77.3%) while postoperative complications occurred in 77 (22.7%) patients. Amputations were performed in 15 (4.4%) patients. After the primary surgical treatment 254 (74.9%) patients were discharged and directed to rehabilitation or home care and 81 (23.9%) patients required additional reconstructive surgery for bone and soft tissue defects.     

National survey in the United Kingdom of prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis for patients with fracture of the neck of the femur

Thromboprophylaxis continues to be a contentious issue because of a lack of clear answers to pertinent questions. Hence, a survey is helpful in identifying current practices. A national survey in the UK in January 2004 investigated the use of thromboprophylaxis following fracture of the neck of the femur. Responses from 723/1648 (44%) orthopaedic consultants to a postal questionnaire showed that 623 (86%) regularly undertook trauma surgery and 625 (87%) had protocols for prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis. In all, 555 (89%) consultants followed these protocols routinely and, of these, 276 (50%) regularly used both chemical and mechanical prophylaxis, 235 (42%) used chemoprophylaxis only and 44 (8%) used mechanical prophylaxis only. Among consultants using chemoprophylaxis, 238 (46%) used low-molecular-weight heparin, 148 (30%) used aspirin, 75 (15%) used low-molecular-weight heparin and aspirin, 35 (6%) used unfractionated heparin and 15 (3%) used warfarin. However, 68 (11%) did not use any thromboprophylaxis at all for patients with fractured neck of the femur.