改良ABCD2评分与头颈部CTA对TIA后脑梗死的预测价值

目的 探讨应用改良ABCD2 评分及头颈部CT血管造影（CTA）对短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）后7 d内脑梗死发生率的预测价值,并分析改良ABCD2评分及CTA的相关性。方法 回顾性分析698例TIA的临床资料及CTA资料。采用ABCD2评分法进行评分的同时,附加人血浆脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2（Lp-PLA2）检测结果进行评分,分为低危组、中危组、高危组;根据头颈CTA血管狭窄程度分为正常或轻度狭窄、中度狭窄及重度狭窄。结果 698例TIA中,7 d内166例发生脑梗死;低危组、中危组及高危组脑梗死发生率呈现递增趋势（P<0.05）。责任血管重度狭窄组7 d内脑梗死发生率明显高于中度狭窄组（P<0.05）,而中度狭窄组明显高于正常或轻度狭窄组（>P<0.05）。低危组、中危组及高危组责任血管重度狭窄率、多支血管病变比例均呈现递增趋势（>P<0.05）,而3组病变血管位于前循环比例无统计学差异（>P>0.05）。结论 应用改良后ABCD2评分及CTA检查对TIA的脑梗死风险预测均有重要意义。     

ABCD2评分结合管腔狭窄程度对TIA发展为脑梗死的预测价值

目的 探讨ABCD2评分结合颈内动脉粥样硬化(ICAS)所致管腔狭窄程度对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)后7d内发展为脑梗死的预测价值. 方法 选取北京水利医院神经内科自2008年9月至2011年3月收治的171例TIA患者作为研究对象,应用ABCD2评分法进行评分,彩色多普勒超声检查ICAS所致管腔狭窄程度,筛选出TIA发生后7d内发生脑梗死的患者并分析ABCD2评分、管腔狭窄程度对脑梗死发生率的影响. 结果 TIA后7d内发生脑梗死者39例(22.8％);ABCD2评分、颈内动脉狭窄程度不同患者脑梗死发生率不同,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).中危组、高危组患者TIA后7d脑梗死发生率高于低危组,中度狭窄组和重度狭窄或闭塞组脑梗死发生率高于与正常或轻度狭窄组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 ABCD2评分、ICAS所致管腔狭窄程度可以影响TIA后7d内脑梗死的发生,两者结合对于TIA后7d内发展为脑梗死更有预测价值.     

颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作患者颅内血管狭窄程度和ABCD2评分与近期预后的关系

目的探讨颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者颅内血管狭窄和ABCD2评分与近期预后的关系。方法对64例颈内动脉系统TIA患者行MRI、MR血管成像(MRA)检查及ABCD2评分,并分析其与近期预后的关系。结果 MRA结果显示,47例(73.4%)患者有不同程度的颅内血管狭窄或闭塞,其中正常或轻度狭窄组37例,中度狭窄组16例及重度狭窄组11例;根据ABCD2评分结果,低危组22例,中-高危组42例。发病7 d内14例(21.9%)发生脑梗死,中度狭窄组(12.5%)及重度狭窄组(7.81%)脑梗死发生率显著高于正常及轻度血管狭窄组(1.6%)(均P<0.05)。中-高危组中重度血管狭窄率及脑梗死发生率显著高于低危组(均P<0.05)。结论颈内动脉系统TIA患者颅内血管狭窄程度及ABCD2评分对TIA的近期预后评估有重要的意义。     

MSCTA联合ABCD2评分对短暂性脑缺血发作早期进展为脑梗死的预测价值

目的 探究MSCTA联合ABCD2评分对短暂性脑缺血发作早期进展为脑梗死的预测价值。方法 选取2016年6月-2017年6月本院收治的短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者共92例,对所有患者行MSCTA检查以及采用ABCD2评分进行危险分层与评估,观察不同动脉狭窄程度与不同ABCD2评分下TIA患者脑梗死的发生率以及MSCTA联合ABCD2评分对TIA患者早期进展为脑梗死的预测价值。结果 轻度、中度动脉狭窄患者在1周内脑梗死的发生率明显低于重度狭窄患者(P<0.05); ABCD2评分低危组与中危组患者在1周内脑梗死的发生率显著低于高危组(P<0.05); MSCTA联合ABCD2评分预测脑梗死的特异度、灵敏度、准确度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值均明显高于单独MSCTA与ABCD2评分(P<0.05)。结论 MSCTA联合ABCD2评分对短暂性脑缺血发作患者早期进展为脑梗死具有较高的预测价值。     

短暂性脑缺血发作后发生脑梗死风险的预测研究

目的 探讨ABCD2评分和ABCD2评分结合MRI弥散加权成像(DWI)和颅内动脉MR血管成像(MRA)对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)后脑梗死的预测价值.方法 分别采用ABCD2评分及ABCD2+ DWI+MRA评分对182例TIA患者进行评定,观察TIA后2d、7d和30 d内的脑梗死发生率.采用ROC曲线评估ABCD2及ABCD2+ DWI+ MRA评分对TIA后脑梗死风险的预测准确度.结果 本组56例(30.8％)患者于30 d内发生脑梗死,其中42例(23.1％)发生于7d内,19例(10.4％)发生于2d内,均无脑出血发生.与低危组比较,中危组与高危组各时间点脑梗死发生率显著升高(均P＜0.05).DWI异常患者各时间点脑梗死发生率明显高于正常者(均P＜0.05).30 d时颅内动脉狭窄≥50％的患者脑梗死发生率明显高于颈内动脉狭窄＜50％的患者(P＜0.05).伴DWI异常及颅内动脉狭窄≥50％的低危组患者各时间点脑梗死发生率显著高于DWI正常和颅内动脉狭窄＜50％的患者(均P＜0.05).ABCD2+ DWI+ MRA评分预测TIA第2d、第7d及第30 d的脑梗死率的曲线下面积显著高于ABCD2评分(均P＜0.001).结论 ABCD2评分结合DWI和MRA能进一步提高预测TIA后发生脑梗死的准确性.     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者ABCD~2评分与脑动脉狭窄关系的研究

目的探讨短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）患者ABCD2评分与脑动脉狭窄的关系。方法将71例TIA患者根据ABCD2评分分为低危组（15例）、中危组（32例）、高危组（24例）3组,行全脑血管造影（DSA）检查并将脑动脉狭窄程度分为轻度狭窄（狭窄〈50%）;中度狭窄（狭窄50%~69%）;重度狭窄（狭窄70%~100%）。分析3组患者ABCD2评分与脑动脉狭窄严重程度及动脉狭窄范围的关系。结果高危组患者重度脑动脉狭窄的比例高于低、中危组（P〈0.01）;出现多支脑动脉狭窄的比例高于低危组（P〈0.05）。结论 ABCD2评分≥6分时重度脑动脉狭窄和多支动脉狭窄的发生率增高,可能是高危TIA患者短期脑卒中风险增加的原因之一。     

ABCD2评分法结合CTA预测TIA患者近期卒中风险的临床研究

目的 探讨采用ABCD2评分法对短暂脑缺血发作(TIA)患者短期内进展为脑梗死的预测价值;评价脑血管狭窄与TIA患者脑梗死发生率及ABCD2评分之间的关系.方法 按照Johnston等对TIA的ABCD2评分标准,测定98例TIA患者的评分并危险分组,观察其2、7d内脑梗死的发生率,比较各危险组之间卒中率的差异;通过CTA评估脑血管狭窄,并分为血管狭窄≥50％组与血管狭窄＜50％组,分析脑血管狭窄与2、7d内脑梗死的发生率的关系,评价ABCD2评分与脑血管狭窄之间的相关性.结果 (1)评分≤3分的TIA患者有40例.2、7d发生脑梗死的例数分别为0例(0％)、2例(5％);评分为4～5分的患者46例,2、7d进展为脑梗死的例数分别为4例(8.7％)、11例(23％);评分≥6分的患者12例,2、7d进展为脑梗死的例数分别为3例(25％)、4例(33.3％).不同ABCD2评分值的TIA患者,其脑梗死发生率差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).(2)脑血管狭窄≥50％组与狭窄＜50％组比较,TIA后7d内卒中发生率明显增高,且其脑梗死发生率差异有统计学意义(21.4％ vs 5.6％,P=0.04).(3)血管狭窄≥50％组与狭窄＜50％组比较,中、高危的比率增高(46.4％ vs 19.4％),且其比率增高有统计学意义(P=0.02).结论 (1) ABCD2评分能够预测TIA患者2、7d内卒中发生率,是临床预测TIA短期进展为脑梗死的一种简便、有效的方法.ABCD2评分值不同的TIA患者,脑梗死的发生率不同,分值越高,发生率越高.(2)合并中重度血管狭窄的TIA患者较脑血管无明显狭窄的TIA患者更易发生脑梗死.(3)ABCD2评分与脑血管狭窄具有相关性.     

ABCD2评分对短暂性脑缺血发作患者发生脑梗死风险的评估价值

目的探讨ABCD2评分对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者发生脑梗死风险的评估价值。方法对病程<7 d的220例TIA患者应用ABCD2评分分为低危组(0～3分)和中-高危组(4～7分),观察并比较两组患者TIA发病7 d、6个月、1年内脑梗死的发生率。结果根据ABCD2评分,108例患者归为低危组,112例归为中-高危组。TIA发病7 d、6个月及1年内低危组脑梗死发生率分别为4.6%、6.5%及7.4%,中-高危组脑梗死发生率分别为18.8%、27.7%及33.9%;中-高危组TIA发病7 d、6个月及1年内脑梗死发生率显著高于低危组(均P<0.05)。结论 ABCD2评分是临床上预测TIA患者发生脑梗死的有效方法。     

用改良ABCD2评分法预测短暂性脑缺血发作后早期卒中风险的临床研究

目的使用改良ABCD2评分法预测TIA后早期卒中风险并评价其效果。方法通过对104例TIA患者进行前瞻性临床研究,用改良ABCD2评分法对TIA的危险因素及危险程度进行评分,分析其与临床预后的关系。结果根据改良ABCD2评分分值,104例TIA患者被分为4组:极高危组(分值≥11分)、高危(9～10分)、中危(6～8分)和低危组(0～5分),各组1a内发生脑梗死的比率分别为100%、68.4%、17.9%、9.3%,差别有统计学意义(χ2=9.975,P<0.01)。年龄≥60岁(P=0.044)、高血压(P=0.03)、糖尿病HBA.c≥7.0mmol/L(P=0.007)、发作≥60min(P=0.047)、颈内动脉狭窄>70%且有症状(P=0.006),是TIA患者1a内进展为脑梗死的危险因素。结论改良ABCD2评分,兼顾了临床特点、颅内外血管狭窄程度和DWI/TCD影像学表现,更为全面和合理。对TIA后短期内脑梗死的发生具有较好的预测价值,评分越高,TIA患者发生脑梗死的风险越高。     

ABCD~3-I评分法和纤维蛋白原水平预测TIA后短期脑梗死风险的临床价值

目的探讨ABCD3-I评分法结合纤维蛋水平白原检测对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA,Transient ischemic attack)短期发生脑梗死的风险进行评估。方法用ABCD3-I评分法和ABCD~3-I评分法+纤维蛋白原水平分别测定200例TIA患者的评分,并观察TIA后7d内脑梗死的发生率。结果 200例TIA患者中7d内发生脑梗死的有27例。ABCD3-I评分组中低危组(0～3分)、中危组(4～7分)、高危组(8～13分)TIA患者7d内脑梗死发生率分别为3.23%、11.63%和29.27%(P0.05),ABCD3-I评分+Fib水平组中低危组(0～3分)、中危组(4～7分)、高危组(8～13分)TIA患者7d内脑梗死发生率分别为3.23%、9.92%和30.61%(P0.05)。ABCD3-I评分法和ABCD3-I评分法+纤维蛋白原水平检测的ROC曲线下面积(95%CI)分别为0.66(0.56～0.77)和0.69 (0.59～0.80)。ABCD3-I评分法和ABCD~3-I评分法+纤维蛋白原水平组的评分与脑梗死发生率呈线性相关,相关系数分别为0.23、0.26(P0.05)。结论 ABCD3-I评分能够较为准确地对TIA患者7d内发生缺血性脑梗死的风险进行预测,结合纤维蛋白原水平检测更能为准确地预测脑梗死的发生风险。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。