C2,3椎弓根固定治疗不稳定性Hangman骨折

目的 探讨C23椎弓根固定术治疗不稳定性Hangman骨折的疗效.方法 2001年10月至2005年10月,治疗不稳定性Hangman骨折患者26例,男18例,女8例;年龄21～56岁,平均38.5岁.根据Levine等分型标准Ⅱ型11例,ⅡA型10例,Ⅲ型5例.脊髓功能Frankel分级,D级6例,E级20例.采用后侧入路,在"C"型臂X线机监视下复位骨折后,采用Axis或Vertex系统经C2,3椎弓根螺钉固定,行椎板间和关节突间植骨融合.以C2侧块中点为进针点,进针方向为向头端倾斜15°～25°,向中线倾斜20°～25°;螺钉长度为26～30 mm,直径为3.5～4.0 mm.以C3侧块的外上象限中点为进针点,水平面上进针方向为向头端内侧倾斜35°～45°,矢状面上丝锥在C3向头侧倾斜约10°,进深为20～25mm,长度为18～24 mm,直径为3.5～4.0 mm.结果 术后骨折复位满意,且全部愈合,颈椎功能无明显受限,无一例发生脊髓及椎动脉损伤.6例术前有神经症状者术后1周均有不同程度恢复.随访6～54个月,平均29个月.6例术前脊髓功能Frankel分级为D级的患者术后恢复至E级.术后CT检查示C2椎弓根螺钉偏外3枚(3/52);C3椎弓根螺钉偏外进入横突孔7枚(7/52);未发现螺钉偏内病例.按Mayo(McGrory)颈椎创伤后临床评价标准评分,优16例,良7例,可3例,优良率88.46%.结论 经C2,3椎弓根固定治疗不稳定性Hangman骨折可获得满意疗效.     

Hepatitis C

Trauma und Berufskrankheit - Die Hepatitis C ist weltweit verbreitet. In Europa sind etwa 9 Mio. Menschen infiziert. Der Erreger wird parenteral und verdeckt parenteral übertragen....     

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C has spread throughout the world. In Europe about 9 million people are infected. The pathogen is transmitted parenterally and by covert parenteral routes. The infection takes a chronic course in about 80% of those affected; 20% develop liver cirrhosis, 1–4% of whom each year then also develop hepatocellular carcinoma. The course of the transaminases in hepatitis C can be constantly normal or pathologic, or fluctuate. In 20% of the patients with consistently normal transaminase activities the illness takes a progressive course despite the inconspicuous laboratory chemistry. In these cases, as in patients with progressive disease and high amino transaminase activities, treatment should be considered. Treatment today is individualized and tailored to the HCV genotype with a combination of a pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic HCV infection are rare.     

Management of spine fractures C3 to C7

The goals of management of spine fractures from C3 to C7 are to provide stability for maximum pain-free function and to prevent further or future injury to the spinal cord and nerve roots. Surgical fusion may be necessary to provide immediate and long-term stability. Posterior instability should be treated by posterior fusion, and anterior instability should be treated with anterior stabilization.     

Fractures of the C1 and C2 Vertebrae

Upper cervical fractures of the axis and atlas (C1 and C2, respectively) typically occur in children and in the elderly population. The anatomic characteristics of the craniocervical junction allows for unique fracture patterns. Jefferson fractures of the atlas are the classic fracture presentation of the C1 vertebrae. Odontoid fractures and traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis are the most commonly reported fractures of the C2 vertebrae. This chapter will review the anatomy, injury mechanisms, and fracture types seen in the C1 and C2 vertebrae. In addition, several nonoperative and operative treatment options, supported by the literature, will be discussed.     

Surgical stabilization of C1 and C2 fractures

We present operative procedures for the stabilization of fractures of C1 and C2. As is the case for fractures of the extremities, a direct approach to the injury should be attempted in order to avoid the inclusion of intact segments in the spondylodesis. The aim of the three presented techniques - direct screw fixation of fracture of the dens axis and traumatic lysis of C2 - is to active anatomical reconstruction by optimal stabilization. The new technique of transarticular screw fixation of C1-2 developed by Magerl allows unisegmental three-dimensional stabilization in cases in which at least a three-level fusion would have previously been considered necessary.     

Ganglioneuroma of the C4, C5 interspace

Neurogenic tumors in the neck region are relatively infrequent with the exception of those involving the cranial nerves. A case of a ganglioneuroma or neurofibroma involving the nerve root of C4, C5 interspace is reported. The tumor appeared as a mass within the neck with a slight amount of pain in the shoulder and upper arm upon palpation. Surgical exploration revealed a mass superficial to the foramen and erosion of the foramen. Roentgenograms taken in the region demonstrated an extradural mass that was subsequently removed by laminectomy. Postoperatively, the patient did quite well. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Preservation of the nerve should be accomplished if at all possible.     

Use of Cotrel-Dubousset material in C1 C2 instabilities

The authors report their experience with the C.D. material for the atlantoaxial displacement. Four cases are presented. The characteristics and advantages of this material are discussed, and compared with the other methods of fixation specially the Knodt-Chirossel.     

Activated proteine C

Recombinant human activated protein C (APC) might be the first pharmacological intervention which decreases mortality in the course of severe sepsis. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines have recommended the use of APC with grade B level of proof. During sepsis, the APC pathway serves as a major system for controlling thrombosis inhibiting thrombin formation, limiting inflammatory responses, and potentially decreasing endothelial cell apoptosis. APC use was assessed in the course of severe sepsis 24 microg/kg/h for 96 hours with the aim of inhibiting coagulopathy and inflammation. The PROWESS trial included 1,690 patients and demonstrated a significantly decreased mortality in the treated group. Additional publications have clarified the characteristics of the included patients and tried to outline the potential benefits of APC. The results of ENHANCE, a multicenter open trial, have confirmed the trends reported in the PROWESS trial. Evidence supporting the efficacy of APC in the management of severe sepsis is clearly assessed. However, several issues remain unsolved and require to be addressed as the appropriate use of the drug and its place with other adjunctive therapies directed the sepsis process.