电子垃圾处理环境中居民体内重金属水平及其影响因素的研究

目的 分析暴露于电子垃圾处理环境的人群重金属内暴露水平及其影响因素.方法 于2005年8-12月在我国南方某有十余年历史的电子垃圾集散地及无明显工业污染的农业区随机选取调查对象各59名(暴露组)和79名(对照组).用原子吸收光谱法测定研究对象血和尿中铅、镉、铜水平,并分析研究对象体内的重金属水平及其相关影响因素.结果 暴露组和对照组人群血铅、血镉及尿铅的差异均无统计学意义.但暴露组的尿铜水平(中位数:38.06 μg/g Cr)却高于对照组(中位数:23.69μg/g Cr),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);而对照组血清铜水平(中位数:0.86 mg/L)和尿镉水平(中位数:1.96 μg/g Cr)则高于暴露组(血清铜中位数:0.76 mg/L;尿镉中位数:1.04 μg/g Cr),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).此外,电子垃圾回收拆解从业史是血铅的危险因素(OR=3.2,P＜0.05),性别和吸烟是血镉升高的危险因素(性别:OR=7.4,P＜0.05;吸烟:OR=18.4,P＜0.05).结论 电子垃圾处理环境中的铜污染可能危及当地居民健康.对照区未知的镉和铜潜在污染源暴露可能与当地居民尿镉和血清铜水平有关.     

沈阳市镉污染区居民尿镉及骨密度调查

目的通过检测脱离环境镉接触人群的尿镉及骨密度，探讨镉致肾损伤的远期效应与骨密度的关系。方法选择在镉污染区连续居住20年以上的居民为调查对象，应用GMY-1型单光子骨密度吸收仪，测量其桡骨远端骨密度（BMD）；用原子吸收分光光度法检测该人群的尿镉（UCd）水平。结果污染区居民的尿镉水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．05），并随着镉污染程度的增加而增高；BMD随着UCd水平的增加而下降，接触组与对照组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论长期脱离镉污染环境后，体内镉仍处于一个较高水平，并影响骨代谢导致骨密度下降。     

职业性镍接触工人外周血淋巴细胞微核率观察

[目的]探讨职业性镍接触对工人外周血淋巴细胞微核率的影响以及染色体损伤作用。[方法]根据生产工艺的不同,选取某钢铁企业男性炼钢工、轧钢工及钢渣处理工共231人作为镍接触组,同时选择该企业的男性水泵工75人为对照组。采用人外周血淋巴细胞胞质分裂阻滞微核试验检测各组淋巴细胞的微核率;采用丁二酮肟分光光度法检测尿中镍的含量。[结果]不同镍接触组细胞微核率分别与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,相关分析显示淋巴细胞微核率与尿镍含量呈正相关性（r=0．971,P〈0．05）;不同工龄组细胞微核率分别和对照组相比较,差异也有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,相关分析．显示,工龄与细胞微核率和尿镍含量均呈正相关性（r微核率=0．923,P〈0．05;r尿镍=0．915,P〈0．05）;不同镍接触组尿镍含量分别与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;不同工龄尿镍含量分别与对照组比较,除工龄“0年～”和“6年～”组以外,各组与对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。[结论]职业性镍接触使工人外周血淋巴细胞微核率增加．对染色体有捐伤作用。     

基准剂量在镉性肾损伤健康风险评价中的应用研究

[目的]通过环境流行病学调查,研究镉性肾损伤健康风险评价中尿镉与尿β-微球蛋白、尿NAG酶间的剂量-反应关系及其相应的基准剂量,并通过基准剂量的比较确定敏感指标. [方法]选择黄石市某有色冶炼厂周边镉污染区居民为接触组,非污染区居民为对照组.尿镉为镉性肾损伤的内暴露指标,尿β-微球蛋白、尿NAG酶为效应指标,均用尿肌酐校正. [结果]尿镉与尿β-微球蛋白、尿NAG酶间存在明显的剂量-反应关系,尿NAG酶对应尿镉BMDL值(1.117 μg/g.cr)大于尿β-微球蛋白对应尿镉BMDL值(0.623 μg/g.cr). [结论]镉性肾损伤主要表现为肾小管损害,尿β-微球蛋白是该污染区镉性肾损伤健康风险评价的相对敏感的指标.     

铜离子诱发(歺又鱼)鲦鱼红细胞微核及核异常的研究

目的 通过[can]鲦鱼红细胞研究铜离子的遗传毒性，寻找对诱变物敏感的鱼类。方法 选择120尾[can]鲦鱼，随机分为8组，每组15尾，分别用Cu^2浓度为0．01、0．02、0．04、0．08、0．16、0．32、0．64、1．28mg／L的CuSO4溶液染毒，染毒在同一规格的塑料箱内进行。对照组以纯净水饲养。每一浓度组在6、12、24、48h时随机取鱼3尾（0．64mg／L组每次处理2尾），用纱布将鱼体表水分擦干。断尾取血，涂片，观察不同浓度、不同染毒时间铜离子对[can]鲦鱼红细胞微核及核异常的影响。结果 各染毒组[can]鲦鱼红细胞微核率及核异常率均低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05或P〈0．01）。在12、24h时，在一定浓度（0．01～0．16mg／L）范围内[can]鲦鱼红细胞微核率与铜离子浓度成正相关，但当浓度过高（0．32、0．64mg／L）时，微核率反而降低。当铜离子浓度较低（0．01～0．08mg／L）时，微核率随染毒时间的延长而升高。结论 [can]鲦鱼对诱变物敏感，可以作为微核实验的良好材料来检测诱变物的遗传毒性。     

低浓度丙烯腈对职业工人健康的影响

[目的]探讨职业接触低浓度丙烯腈（AN）对工人健康的影响，为保护职业接触工人健康提供依据。[方法]检测4家以AN为原料的化工企业车间空气AN浓度。选取267名接触AN职业工人为暴露组，以342人不接触化学毒物的服务业工人为对照组，进行健康监护和流行病学调查，分析接触低浓度AN对工人健康的影响。[结果]接触组主诉头疼、头晕、心悸、胸闷、失眠、咽痛、腹痛等自觉症状高于对照组（P〈0．01）。接触组男性愤怒状态高于对照组（P〈0．01）；接触组女性的愤怒、紧张、忧郁、疲惫状态高于对照组（P〈0．01）。接触组的血压、脉压差、白细胞计数及心电图改变高于对照组（P〈0．05）；血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶异常率为18．35％，高于对照组的2．63％（P〈0．01）；肝脂肪浸润、脂肪肝发生率高于对照组。接触组外周血淋巴细胞染色体总畸变率、畸变阳性率高于对照组（P〈0．01）；淋巴细胞微核率、微核阳性检出率也高于对照组（P〈0．01）;且染色体总畸变率、微核率与职业接触工龄呈正相关关系（r1=0．917，r2=0．894，均P〈0．01）。[结论]职业接触低浓度AN对工人健康有一定伤害，应重视控制生产环境空气AN浓度，加强对接触工人的个人防护。     

基准剂量在镉接触人群骨效应研究中的应用

目的通过镉接触人群流行病学研究，估测环境镉接触引起人群骨质疏松的基准剂量。方法镉污染区居住的居民为接触组，非污染区居民为对照组。尿镉（UCd）、血镉（BCd）为接触生物标记物；代表骨质疏松的Z评分为效应生物标记物。结果污染区人群尿镉、血镉水平均明显高于对照地区（P〈0．05），且高污染医人群尿镉、血镉水平明显高于中污染区（P〈0．05）。与5μg/gCr组相比，各人群尿镉水平、血镉水平最高组的骨密度均明显降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。人群随着体内镉接触水平的升高，骨质疏松的患病率均随之明显升高，有统计学意义（P〈0．05）并有线性关系（P〈0．05）。计算得到基准剂量（BMD），推出基准剂量的95％低限水平（BMDL）。镉所引起的骨质疏松指标的尿镉BMDL值高于镉致肾功能不全指标的BMDL值。结论高剂量镉能引起人群骨质疏松，但时间上晚于镉致肾功能不全的损害。基准剂量是一种值得应用的新方法。     

镉作业工人尿镉和尿蛋白变化的检测分析

目的探讨镉对作业工人尿镉、尿β2-微球蛋白和视黄醇结合蛋白的影响。方法用原子吸收法检测尿镉和空气中镉水平，用ELISA方法测定尿β2-微球蛋白和视黄醇结合蛋白。结果受检对象中尿镉水平（ug／g肌酐）的分布情况是：0～有86人，2-有145人，3-有182人，4～有159人，〉5有80人。其中2人不仅尿镉超标而且β2-微球蛋白达到慢性轻度镉中毒水平。工作场所空气中镉浓度0．005—0．16mg／m^3，样品超标率33．3％。结论镉作业可引起部分接触者尿镉和尿β2-微球蛋白水平发生改变，是评价镉毒性作用的重要指标。     

镉性肾损伤敏感暴露指标分析研究

[目的]通过对黄石市某有色金属冶炼厂周边地区镉污染暴露人群血、尿等生物样品的检测,在血镉、尿镉中筛选出能敏感反映镉性肾早期损伤的暴露指标. [方法]现场采集污染区389人和对照区居民260人的血液和尿液,检测血镉、尿镉、尿肌酐、尿β2-MG及尿NAG酶等5项生物指标,以尿β2-MG及尿NAG酶两者之一超标为肾早期损伤阳性判断标准,通过ROC曲线下面积和Logistic回归模型的标准化偏回归系数来判断暴露指标血镉、尿镉的敏感性. [结果]649份样本中,血镉ROC曲线下面积(0.569,P<0.05)小于尿镉的ROC曲线下面积(0.725,P<0.05);相对肾早期损伤,尿镉的标准化偏回归系数(0.5036)大于血镉(-0.021 2).[结论]对于肾早期损伤的判断,暴露指标尿镉优于血镉.     

环境镉污染区人群尿N－乙酰－β－D－氨基葡萄糖苷酶的活性变化

观察了７４名居住在含铜废水灌溉区２５年以上的居民尿中ＮＡＧ活性变化。通过与同期测定的尿镉、血镉和β_（２－）微球蛋白等指标的比较分析发现，长期低剂量镉暴露可引起人群尿ＮＡＧ活性的增加。尿ＮＡＧ活性测定在监测镉对人群的早期毒性危害中是一个较为理想的生物监测指标。     

南京市居民1983～1998年血铅、镉的动态监测

对南京市居民1983～1998年血铅、镉的动态监测结果表明:血铅含量,男性高于女性,吸烟者高于不吸烟者。不吸烟女性血铅浓度在此期间有逐年增高的趋势。1998年市区与郊区血铅浓度也有显著性差异。血镉含量男性吸烟者> 女性不吸烟者> 男性不吸烟者。不吸烟女性血镉在此期间基本处于稳定状态。1998年市区与郊区血镉结果基本一致     

南方某地16～60岁人群环境铅暴露现况调查

目的 了解南方某地16～60周岁人群环境铅暴露情况,分析影响血铅水平升高的危险因素以及铅暴露所致的健康损害.方法 随机选取居住于当地>5年,食用当地自产食物的人群,石墨炉原子吸收法检测血、尿、头发、趾/指甲样本中铅浓度.自制调查问卷面询.采用SPSS软件进行分析.结果 412名调查对象血铅水平为(64.1±1.8)μg/L,尿铅、发铅、指(趾)甲铅分别为(11.0±1.7),(11.7±3.4),(12.1±3.4)μg/g.对数变换的尿铅、发铅、甲铅与血铅呈正相关,对应Pearson相关系数分别为0.485,0.317,0.350;居住于D村、饮酒、男性是血铅升高的危险因素;发铅、指(趾)甲铅与失眠、记忆力减退、手脚麻木、视力模糊等自觉症状的发生有关.结论 A村铅暴露最严重,男性、饮酒是血铅增高的危险因素.     

A study on dietary habits, health related lifestyle, blood cadmium and lead levels of college students

This study was performed in order to investigate dietary habits, health related lifestyle and blood cadmium and lead levels in female college students. 80 college students (43 males and 37 females) participated in the survey questionnaires. Body weight and height, blood pressure, and body composition were measured. The systolic blood pressure of male and female students were 128.9 ± 13.9 and 109.8 ± 12.0, respectively. The diastolic blood pressure of male and female students were 77.1 ± 10.3 and 66.0 ± 6.9, respectively, showing that male students had significantly higher blood pressure than female students (P < 0.001). The BMI of male and female students were 23.4 ± 3.3 and 20.2 ± 2.3, respectively. Most male students were in the range of being overweight. The dietary habits score of female students was significantly higher than that of male students (P < 0.01).The blood cadmium level of male and female students were 0.54 ± 0.23 and 0.52 ± 0.36, respectively. There was no significant difference between male and female students. The blood lead level of male and female students were 1.09 ± 0.49 and 0.59 ± 0.45, respectively. The blood lead level of male students was significantly higher than that of female students (P < 0.001). The blood cadmium level of smokers and nonsmokers were 0.69 ± 0.29 and 0.49 ± 0.29 respectively (P < 0.05). The blood cadmium level of smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers (P < 0.05). The blood lead level of smokers and nonsmokers were 1.09 ± 0.43 and 0.80 ± 0.54, respectively. The blood lead level of smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers (P < 0.05). Therefore, proper nutritional education programs are required for college students in order to improve their dietary and health related living habits.     

Lead effect on blood pressure in moderately lead-exposed male workers

BACKGROUND: The effect of lead (Pb) and potential confounding variables on blood pressure was examined in healthy male industrial workers 20-43 years of age. METHODS: In 100 Pb workers and 51 reference subjects, the following variables were measured: blood Pb (BPb), activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP), blood cadmium (BCd), serum zinc (SZn), serum copper (SCu), hematocrit (Hct), body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure. The inter-relationship of biomarkers of Pb (BPb, ALAD, EP) and BCd, SZn, SCu, Hct, BMI, age, smoking, and alcohol to systolic and diastolic blood pressure was calculated by forward stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in blood pressure between the two groups, possibly because the reference subjects had relatively high BPb levels and significantly higher BMI (P < 0.05) as compared to the Pb workers. According to the multiple regression results in Pb workers, an increase in systolic blood pressure was significantly associated with increasing EP (P = 0.001) and BMI (P < 0.002), or alternatively with increasing BMI (P < 0.004) and decreasing ALAD (P < 0.04) and BCd (P < 0.05). An increase in diastolic blood pressure was significantly associated with increasing BMI (P < 0.009) and EP (P = 0.05) and decreasing BCd (P < 0.04). With respect to the EP range of 0.73-13.94 micromol/l erythrocytes in 100 Pb workers, an increase of 17 mm Hg in systolic and 6 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure was found. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term cumulative Pb exposure, which is better reflected by EP than by ALAD or current BPb level, can significantly increase blood pressure in moderately Pb-exposed male workers (long-term average BPb <400 microg/l; exposure duration 2-21 years).     

Occupational exposure to lead and blood pressure: a study in 105 workers

A group of workers, occupationally exposed to lead and cadmium compounds (n = 53), was compared to a group of workers not exposed to these metals (n = 52). The average values of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure were found to be higher in the exposed group (p less than 0.05). In contrast with the correlation between CdU and blood pressure, the correlation between PbB and systolic and mean blood pressure remained statistically significant after controlling for age and pulse rate (r = 0.22, p less than 0.05). The prevalence of potential hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg and/or under treatment for hypertension) was higher in the exposed group, but the observed relative risk was not statistically significant: relative risk = 1.91 (95% confidence limits, 0.90-4.05). Furthermore, a significant correlation between PbB and Hgb (r = -0.28, p = 0.004) was observed. Differences in kidney function, as assessed in this study, were not detected.     

扬中市自愿无偿献血人群特征分析

目的描述江苏省扬中市自愿无偿献血者的人群分布特征及无偿献血人数变化趋势,为实现无偿献血工作健康、快速、可持续发展提供科学依据。方法选择2007—2011年在镇江市中心血站扬中采供血点自愿登记并参与无偿献血的人员为研究对象,开展无偿献血人群特征分析。结果 5年来,参加无偿献血者共计8 924人次,累计无偿献血量2 847 270 ml。单次献血以300 ml为主(78.9%)。无偿献血者中男性4 577名(51.3%),女性4 187名(48.7%);年龄最小者18岁,最大者57岁,中位年龄36岁,40岁以上献血者随年龄增加,献血人数迅速降低;不同月份参加无偿献血的人数变化较大,冬春季献血人数较少;无偿献血者以该地居民为主(8614%)。初中及以下文化程度者占38.9%,大专及以上占31.2%,高中及中专占29.9%。结论献血员结构的分析对于制定有针对性的无偿献血宣传、动员策略具有重要的指导意义。     

血中铅,镉水平与其尿排泄关系的研究

报道了肌酐代谢无明显异常的17名职业性铅、镉接触者在自由饮水情况下血中铅、镉水平与其尿排泄的关系。结果表明,血中铅、镉浓度以及铅、镉、肌酐的尿排泄存在明显的个体差异。血铅浓度与24h尿铅排泄量呈明显正相关,血镉浓度与24h尿镉排泄量无明显相关,而与每天吸烟量明显相关。17人的132份尿样的尿流速与肌酐、镉排泄率呈显著正相关,但与尿铅排泄率无显著相关。本研究还表明,尿中肌酐排泄率与尿铅、镉排泄率之间也有显著的正相关性。     

广州市某医疗机构体检儿童血铅水平调查

[目的]调查广州市0～14岁儿童血铅水平,为防治儿童铅中毒提供科学依据。[方法]收集2010年1月至2011年6月在广东省中医院就诊的0～14岁儿童1517名血铅资料,按照年龄划分为3组：〈3岁、3～7岁及〉7岁儿童组。采用原子吸收光谱法测定血铅含量。[结果]0～14岁儿童血铅均值为57.05μg/L;血铅≥100μg/L者39例,占调查人数的2.57%。不同年龄组间儿童血铅水平差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;3～14岁年龄段男童血铅水平明显高于女童（P〈0.05）。[结论]本次调查儿童血铅水平及铅中毒率较低。但铅对儿童健康的潜在风险不能忽视,应加强儿童铅中毒防治健康教育。     

Dietary intake of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc by children from the German North Sea island Amrum

The dietary intake of metals was studied in seven male and seven female children at the age of 1.5 to 5.3 years living in a remote area of Germany, the North Sea island Amrum. The dietary intake of lead and cadmium was measured by a seven-day-duplicate study using atomic absorption spectrometry. The dietary intake of copper and zinc were calculated from food diaries. The median lead and cadmium intakes were 2.1 micrograms/(kgbw x week) [range: 0.63-5.1 micrograms/(kgbw x week)] and 2.7 micrograms/(kgbw x week) [range: 1.7-4.4 micrograms/(kgbw x week)]. The median daily intake of copper and zinc were 1.1 mg/d (range: 0.54-2.5 mg/d) and 5.7 mg/d (range: 2.7-14 mg/d). Compared to the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 25 micrograms/(kgbw x week) proposed by the WHO the dietary intake of lead was low. The median amounted to 8.5% and the maximum to 20% of the PTWI. The cadmium intake was comparatively high. The median amounted to 39% and the maximum to 63% of the PTWI [7 micrograms/(kgbw x week)]. The median intake of copper was in the range of the values recommended by the German Society of Nutrition (0.7-1.0 mg/d and 1.0-1.5 mg/d for children at the age of 1-< 4 years and 4-< 7 years). Twenty-three percent of the calculated intakes were below these values. The median intake of zinc however did not reach the recommended dietary intake of 7 and 10 mg/d for children at the age of 1-< 4 years and 4-< 7 years.     

Changes in Urinary Excretions of Cadmium,Copper, and Zinc in Japanese Workers

The authors undertook this study to determine changes in the daily concentration of cadmium, copper, and zinc in Japanese workers' urine over a 13-year period from 1985 to 1998. The workers were aged between 20 and 59 years. The authors studied 277 subjects in 1985, 320 in 1993, and 292 in 1998, for a total of 889 (464 men and 425 women). Although, in both men and women, urinary excretions of cadmium and copper were lower in 1993 and 1998 than in 1985, they were not substantially lower in 1998 than in 1993. The authors observed no marked changes between 1985, 1993, and 1998 regarding the excretion of zinc in any of the age groups in either men or women. Furthermore, the excretion of urinary cadmium in 1998 still exceeded the tolerable limit levels in the general population of the investigated region in Japan. This fact suggests the necessity of further nationwide investigation and comprehensive measures to reduce cadmium exposure in Japanese society.