The utility of coagulation activity for prediction of risk of mortality and cardiovascular events in guideline-treated myocardial infarction patients

Background: Despite improved treatment of myocardial infarction (MI), real-world patients still suffer substantial risk for subsequent cardiovascular events. Little is known about coagulation activity shortly after MI and whether coagulation activity markers may identify patients at increased risk despite contemporary treatment.

Objective: To evaluate D-dimer concentration and thrombin generation potential shortly after discharge after MI and evaluate if these markers could predict the risk of future cardiovascular and bleeding events.

Methods: Unselected MI patients (n?=?421) were included in the observational REBUS study (NCT01102933) and followed for two years. D-dimer concentrations, thrombin peak, and endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) were analyzed at inclusion (3–5 days after MI) and at early follow-up (after 2–3 weeks).

Results: Seventy-five patients (17.8%) experienced the composite endpoint (all-cause death, MI, congestive heart failure, or all-cause stroke), and 31 patients (7.4%) experienced a clinically relevant bleeding event. D-dimer concentrations at early follow-up were associated with the composite endpoint (HR [per SD increase] 1.51 [95% CI 1.22–1.87]) and with clinically relevant bleeding (HR [per SD increase] 1.80 [95% CI 1.32–2.44]). Thrombin generation potential was not significantly associated with either the composite endpoint or with clinically relevant bleeding. Higher thrombin peak and ETP at early follow-up were both inversely associated with stroke (HR [per SD increase] 0.50 [95% CI 0.30–0.81] and 0.43 [95% CI 0.22–0.83], respectively).

Conclusion: In unselected MI patients treated according to contemporary guidelines, D-dimer measurements may identify patients at increased risk of new cardiovascular and bleeding events. The inverse association of thrombin generation potential and risk of stroke has to be further investigated.     

Effect of diabetes mellitus on long-term outcomes of surgical revascularization in patients with ischemic heart failure: a propensity score-matching study

Background:Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important risk factor in the long-term outcomes of surgical revascularization. However, few studies have focused on patients with ischemic heart failure (IHF) and DM, and the results are controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of DM on the long-term outcomes of IHF patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).Methods:In this propensity-matched study, data of IHF patients who underwent CABG in our hospital from January 2007 to December 2017 were analyzed. With a mean 73-month follow-up time, the patients were divided into two groups according to whether they had DM. The primary endpoint was all-cause death, and the secondary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death, stroke, recurrent myocardial infarction, and revascularization.Results:There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between the two groups (5.8% vs. 4.1%, P = 0.216). The incidence of main adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in the secondary endpoint was significantly higher in the DM group than that in the non-DM group (10.4% vs. 8.1%, P = 0.023).Conclusions:DM can negatively affect the long-term outcomes of IHF patients undergoing CABG by significantly increasing the overall incidence of MACCE, though the long-term survival does not show a significant difference between the DM and non-DM patients.     

不同血运重建方式对冠心病合并非重度左心功能不全患者预后的影响

目的 比较经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)和冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)对冠心病合并非重度左心功能不全患者预后的影响.方法 选择2011年1月至2013年1月在首都医科大学宣武医院住院的冠心病合并非重度慢性心力衰竭行血运重建患者412例为研究对象,根据血运重建方式分为PCI组268例和CABG组144例.随访截止至2016年1月,随访主要终点事件为全因病死率,次要终点事件为非致死性心肌梗死、再次血运重建及主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生率,比较PCI组与CABG组长期预后的差别.结果 随访时间5(3,6)年,其中PCI组失访28例(10.4％),CABG组失访17例(11.8％).住院期间总MACE、死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、靶血管血运重建(TVR)发生率两组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);心功能变化比较,PCI组有效比例高于CABG组,无效比例PCI组低于CABG组(P＜0.05).随访期间,PCI组累积全因病死率低于CABG组(7.8％vs.19.4％,P＜0.05),总MACE发生率低于CABG组(38.1％vs.43.8％,P＜0.05);PCI组累积非致死性心肌梗死发生率、累积TVR率与CABG组的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).Cox模型多因素分析矫正后,PCI组总MACE发生率(HR=1.357,95％CI 1.105～1.729),全因病死率(HR=0.426,95％CI 0.121 ～ 0.753)仍低于CABG组(P＜0.05);TVR率、非致死性心肌梗死的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 冠心病合并非重度心功能不全患者行PCI安全有效,与CABG组相比心功能改善更明显,可降低全因病死率和MACE.     

Preferred Revascularization Strategies in Patients with Ischemic Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis

Clinically, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is generally used to treat patients with ischemic heart failure. However, the optimal treatment strategy remains unknown. This study examined the efficacy of the two coronary revascularization strategies for severe ischemic heart failure by using a meta-analysis. Studies comparing the efficacy of CABG and PCI were obtained from PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). The quality of each eligible article was evaluated by Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS), and the meta-analysis was performed using Stata version 12.0 software. Eventually, 12 studies involving 9248 patients (n=4872 in CABG group; n=4376 in PCI group) were subject to the meta-analysis for subsequent pooling calculation. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) [HR=0.83, 95% CI (0.76, 0.90), P<0.001; heterogeneity, P=0.218, I²=22.9%] of CABG compared with that of PCI revealed a statistical superiority of CABG to PCI in terms of the long-term mortality. Furthermore, CABG showed more advantages over PCI with respect to the incidence of myocardial infarction [HR=0.51, 95% CI (0.39, 0.67), P<0.001; heterogeneity, P=0.707, I²=0%] and repeat revascularization [HR=0.40, 95% CI (0.27, 0.59), P<0.001; heterogeneity, P<0.001, I²=80.1%]. It was concluded that CABG appears to be more advantageous than PCI for the treatment of ischemic heart failure in the given clinical setting.     

Repeated measures of body mass index and waist circumference in the assessment of mortality risk in patients with myocardial infarction

Abstract

Aims: Weight loss is recommended for myocardial infarction (MI) patients with overweight or obesity. It has, however, been suggested that obese patients have better prognosis than normal-weight patients have, but also that central obesity is harmful. The aim of this study was to examine associations between repeated measures of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), and all-cause mortality.

Methods and results: A total of 14,224?MI patients aged <75 years in Sweden between the years 2004 and 2013 had measurements of risk factors at hospital discharge. The patients’ BMI and WC were recorded in secondary prevention clinics two months and one year after hospital discharge. We collected mortality data up to 8.3 years after the last visit. There were 721 deaths. We used anthropometric measures at the two-month visit and the change from the two-month to the one-year visit. With adjustments for risk factors and the other anthropometric measure the hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation in a Cox proportional hazard regression model for mortality was 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56–0.74) for BMI and 1.55 (95% CI 1.34–1.79) for WC, and 1.43 (95% CI 1.17–1.74) for a BMI decrease from month two to one year of more than 0.6?kg/m². Low BMI and high WC were associated with the highest mortality.

Conclusion: High WC is harmful regardless of BMI in MI patients. Reduced BMI during the first year after MI is, however, associated with higher mortality, potentially being an indicator of deteriorated health.     

心脏瓣膜钙化对维持性血液透析患者心血管预后的影响

目的探讨心脏瓣膜钙化（HVC）对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者心血管预后的影响。方法入组2009~2011年302例MHD 患者（其中99例伴HVC）,所有患者随访2年,采用生存曲线分析心血管终点事件,Cox回归分析心脏瓣膜钙化对心血管预后的 影响。结果患者初始透析的平均年龄为58.2岁,男性占53.6%。随访2年,HVC与非HVC组患者全因死亡、心血管死亡和新 发心血管事件发生率分别为30.3% vs 16.3%、22.2% vs 6.9%和48.5% vs 25.6%（P<0.05）。生存曲线分析显示两组在全因死亡率 （Log Rank P=0.006）、心血管死亡（P<0.001）和新发心血管事件（P<0.001）方面均存在统计学差异。Cox回归分析显示,校正后 HVC 仍然显著增加患者全因死亡[HR 1,88,95%CI：（1.11-3.19）]、心血管死亡[3.47（1.76-6.84）]和新发心血事件风险[1.64 （1.09-2.47）]。结论HVC是MHD患者心血管死亡及新发心血管事件的独立危险因素。     

血清胱抑素c与缺血性心衰患者及其近期预后关系的探讨

目的探讨血清胱抑素C（CysC）水平与缺血性心力衰竭（心衰）患者及近期预后的关系。方法收集并测定95例缺血性心衰患者及80例冠心病无心衰患者血清胱抑素、肌酐等指标,比较两组患者血清CysC水平;将心衰患者分为高CysC组及低CvsC组,比较两组患者3个月心血管事件、病死率和再人院率情况差异;分析心衰组患者胱抑素与BNP、肌酐、C反应蛋白等的相关性。结果缺血性心衰患者较无心衰患者胱抑素C水平升高明显,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;高血清CysC组患者3个月心血管事件、病死率和再人院率明显增加,与低血清CysC组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;相关分析显示血清CysC与肌酐、脑钠肽（BNP）呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。结论缺血性心衰患者血清CysC水平明显高于非心衰患者,血清CysC水平有可能成为诊断缺血性心衰的一标志物;CysC水平与缺血性心衰患者近期预后有密切的关系．血清CvsC可能成为为缺血性心衰患者近期预后的预测因子。     

Dipyridamole-thallium scanning in patients undergoing vascular surgery. Optimizing preoperative evaluation of cardiac risk

Dipyridamole-thallium imaging has been suggested as a method of preoperatively assessing cardiac risk in patients undergoing major surgery. To define more clearly its proper role in preoperative assessment, we prospectively evaluated 111 patients undergoing vascular surgery. In the first set of 61 patients, our data confirmed the value of preoperative dipyridamole-thallium scanning in identifying the patients who suffered postoperative ischemic events. Events occurred in eight of 18 patients with reversible defects on preoperative imaging, compared with no events in 43 patients with no thallium redistribution (confidence interval for the risk difference: 0.624, 0.256). The results also suggested that clinical factors might allow identification of a low-risk subset of patients. To test the hypothesis that patients with no evidence of congestive heart failure, angina, prior myocardial infarction, or diabetes do not require further preoperative testing, we evaluated an additional 50 patients having vascular procedures. None of the 23 without the clinical markers had untoward outcomes, while ten of 27 patients with one or more of these clinical markers suffered postoperative ischemic events (confidence interval for the risk difference: 0.592, 0.148). In the clinical high-risk subset, further risk stratification is achieved with dipyridamole-thallium scanning.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术危险因素的预测

目的　对冠状动脉旁路移植手术 (CABG)的危险因素进行预测。方法　总结了 10 8例接受CABG病人的临床资料 ,把术前、术中及术后各因素作分级处理及统计分析 ,预测与术后并发症和死亡率相关的术前和术中危险因素。结果　影响术后心功能衰竭发生的各因素为术前心功能分级 (NYHA)Ⅲ、Ⅳ级、体外循环时间 (CPBT)和主动脉阻断时间 (ACCT)延长 ;与术后呼吸功能衰竭发生有关的因素为CPBT和ACCT ;与术后死亡率有关的因素为体表面积 <1.80m2 ,NYHAⅢ、Ⅳ级、近期心肌梗死 (RMI)、CPBT和ACCT ;与术后并发症和死亡率 (MM)发生有关的各因素为心绞痛分级Ⅲ、Ⅳ级 ,RMI,CPBT和低温体外循环。经Logistic多元逐步回归分析 ,影响术后死亡率发生的决定因素按OR值大小依次为CCSⅢ、Ⅳ级 (OR :4.16 ,P =0 .0 4) ,低温体外循环 (OR :3.6 8,P =0 .0 2 )以及CPBT(OR :1.2 8,P =0 .0 3)。结论　冠心病病人术前心功能和术中手术操作是CABG最重要的因素。     

Long-term cardiac prognosis following noncardiac surgery. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group.

OBJECTIVE--To determine the long-term (2-year) cardiac prognosis of high-risk patients undergoing noncardiac surgery and to determine the predictors of long-term adverse cardiac outcome. DESIGN--Prospective cohort study. Historical, clinical, and laboratory data were collected during the in-hospital period, and at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years following surgery. Data were analyzed using proportional hazards models. SETTING--University-affiliated Veterans Affairs medical center. POPULATION--A consecutive sample of 444 patients with or at high risk for coronary artery disease who had undergone elective noncardiac surgery and were discharged from the hospital in stable condition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Cardiac death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, progressive angina requiring coronary artery bypass graft surgery or coronary angioplasty, and new unstable angina requiring hospitalization. RESULTS--Forty-seven patients (11%) had major cardiovascular complications during a 728-day (median) follow-up period: 24 had cardiac death; 11, nonfatal myocardial infarction; six, progressive angina requiring coronary artery bypass graft surgery or coronary angioplasty; and six, new unstable angina requiring hospitalization. Thirty percent of outcomes occurred within 6 months of surgery and 64% within 1 year. Five independent predictors of long-term outcome were identified. Three predictors reflected the preexisting chronic disease state: (1) the presence of known vascular disease (hazard ratio, 6.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5 to 15.0; P less than .0001); (2) a history of congestive heart failure (hazard ratio, 5.0; 95% CI, 2.0 to 12.0; P less than .0005); and (3) known coronary artery disease (hazard ratio, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.7 to 8.0; P less than .0007). Two predictors reflected acute postoperative ischemic events: (1) myocardial infarction/unstable angina (hazard ratio, 20; 95% CI, 7.5 to 53.0; P less than .0001) and (2) myocardial ischemia (hazard ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1 to 4.3; P less than .03). Patients surviving a postoperative in-hospital myocardial infarction had a 28-fold increase in the rate of subsequent cardiac complications within 6 months following surgery, a 15-fold increase within 1 year, and a 14-fold increase within 2 years (95% CI, 5.8 to 32; P less than .00001). Seventy percent of all long-term adverse outcomes were preceded by in-hospital postoperative ischemia that occurred at least 30 days (median, 282 days) before the long-term event. The development of congestive heart failure or ventricular tachycardia (without ischemia) during hospitalization was not associated with adverse long-term outcome. CONCLUSIONS--The incidence of long-term adverse cardiac outcomes following noncardiac surgery is substantial. At increased risk are patients with chronic cardiovascular disease; at highest risk are patients with acute perioperative ischemic events. We conclude that survivors of in-hospital perioperative ischemic events, specifically myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and postoperative ischemia, warrant more aggressive long-term follow-up and treatment than is currently practiced.     

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention on older patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: analysis of its risk factors

Objective： The aim of the present study was to assess the early clinical outcome and risk factors in old patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） following primary percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. Methods： A total of 136 patients older than 60 years with STEMI who received successful PCI were included in this study. The patients were classified in 2 age groups： patients 〉75 years and 〈75 years of age. The extent of coronary artery lesions was measured by quantitative coronary artery angiography （QCA）. Subjects were tracked for subsequent cardiovascular events： cardiac death, myocardial infarction, heart failure, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass and stroke. Results： Though the older group had a higher prevalence of adverse baseline characteristics and lower final TIMI flow than patients〈75y （P〈0.05）, the procedural success did not make difference between the two groups. In 12 months follow-up of 136 study participants, there occurred 39 CV events ： cardiac death （five patients）, heart failure （nineteen patients）, and stroke （six patients）. Three patients received coronary bypass grafts and six patients underwent PCI. Heart failure and overall cardiovascular event rates were higher in older patients compared with those in patients〈75y. The main adverse clinical events （MACE） for the old group were a little higher comparing with the younger in 12-month follow-up （P=-0.029 6 and P=-0.043 4）. Multivariate cox analysis identified that a diagnosis of diabetes （HR 2.495, 95%CI 1.224 to 5.083, P= 0.011 8） and time from symptom（HR 1.450, 95%CI 1.143 to 1.841, P= 0.008 2） to PCI as independent predictors of CV events after adjustment of all entered baseline variables. Conclusion： Our study suggests that drug-eluting stent implantation in older patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction has high initial procedural success rates despite having more severe baseline risk characteristics, and to shorten the time from symptom onset to PCI may decrease cardiovascular events in old patients following PCI.     

Preoperative beta-blocker use and mortality and morbidity following CABG surgery in North America

CONTEXT: beta-Blockade therapy has recently been shown to convey a survival benefit in preoperative noncardiac vascular surgical settings. The effect of preoperative beta-blocker therapy on coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) outcomes has not been assessed. OBJECTIVES: To examine patterns of use of preoperative beta-blockers in patients undergoing isolated CABG and to determine whether use of beta-blockers is associated with lower operative mortality and morbidity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Observational study using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Adult Cardiac Surgery Database (NCD) to assess beta-blocker use and outcomes among 629 877 patients undergoing isolated CABG between 1996 and 1999 at 497 US and Canadian sites. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Influence of beta-blockers on operative mortality, examined using both direct risk adjustment and a matched-pairs analysis based on propensity for preoperative beta-blocker therapy. RESULTS: From 1996 to 1999, overall use of preoperative beta-blockers increased from 50% to 60% in the NCD (P<.001 for time trend). Major predictors of use included recent myocardial infarction; hypertension; worse angina; younger age; better left ventricular systolic function; and absence of congestive heart failure, chronic lung disease, and diabetes. Patients who received beta-blockers had lower mortality than those who did not (unadjusted 30-day mortality, 2.8% vs 3.4%; odds ratio [OR], 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-0.82). Preoperative beta-blocker use remained associated with slightly lower mortality after adjusting for patient risk and center effects using both risk adjustment (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91-0.97) and treatment propensity matching (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.93-1.00). Procedural complications also tended to be lower among treated patients. This treatment advantage was seen among the majority of patient subgroups, including women; elderly persons; and those with chronic lung disease, diabetes, or moderately depressed ventricular function. Among patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 30%, however, preoperative beta-blocker therapy was associated with a trend toward a higher mortality rate (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.96-1.33; P =.23). CONCLUSIONS: In this large North American observational analysis, preoperative beta-blocker therapy was associated with a small but consistent survival benefit for patients undergoing CABG, except among patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 30%. This analysis further suggests that preoperative beta-blocker therapy may be a useful process measure for CABG quality improvement assessment.     

Prognostic value of Doppler transmitral filling patterns in patients with chronic heart failure

Background Chronic heart failure is a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study tested the hypothesis that restrictive filling pattern may provide useful prognostic data for identifying patients with chronic heart failure at high risk of all-cause cardiac death. Methods Ninety patients with chronic heart failure ［70 men and 20 women, mean age （58.1±11.6） years］ were investigated and followed for (18.8±7.9) months. During this period, 14 patients died of progressive pump failure, 12 patients underwent heart transplantation, 5 patients died suddenly, and 2 patients died of acute myocardial infarction. A new criterion, the restrictive filling index (RFI), was designed to subgroup patients into a restrictive and a nonrestrictive group. Results Patients with restrictive filling pattern had a more severe left ventricular dysfunction and a higher cardiac mortality. Analysis by the Kaplan-Meier method revealed that patients in the RFI≥1 and RFI&lt;1 groups had a cardiac events-free survival rate of 52% versus 94% at 1 year, and 27.5% versus 92% at 2 years, respectively. The multivariate Cox proportional hazard model selected RFI as the most powerful prognostic factor (χ2=8.8017, P=0.0030) for all-cause cardiac death.Conclusion These results indicate that RFI is a simple, noninvasive, and specific clinical predictor for adult chronic heart failure patients who are at a high risk for all-cause cardiac death.     

Associations between urinary kidney injury biomarkers and cardiovascular mortality risk in elderly men with diabetes

Aim: Three urinary biomarkers, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and cystatin C, have been suggested as clinically relevant highly specific biomarkers of acute kidney tubular damage. Yet, the utility of these biomarkers in the prognostication of diabetic nephropathy has been less studied. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between these urinary biomarkers and cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes.

Methods: The study sample consisted of participants with diabetes in the community-based Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (n?=?91; mean age 77.8 years). During follow-up (median 8.3 years, interval 0.7–13.4 years), 33 participants died of cardiovascular causes.

Results: In a multivariable Cox regression model adjusting for age, glomerular filtration rate, and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, higher urinary KIM-1/creatinine was associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular mortality (HR per SD increase 1.51, 95% confidence intervals 1.03–2.24, P?=?0.03). Neither urinary NGAL/creatinine nor urinary cystatin C/creatinine were independently associated with an increased cardiovascular mortality risk.

Conclusion: In elderly men with diabetes, higher urinary KIM-1/creatinine was associated with an increased long-term risk of cardiovascular mortality independently of established markers of diabetic nephropathy. Our data provide support for kidney tubular damage as an important aspect of diabetic nephropathy that merits further investigation.     

空腹血糖水平对初发急性心肌梗死患者预后的影响

目的 探讨空腹血糖(FBG)水平与初发急性心肌梗死患者近期和远期预后的关系及临床意义.方法 668例初发急性心肌梗死患者根据有无糖尿病病史和人院次日FBG浓度分为糖尿病组(n=177)、高FBG组(n=351)和正常FBG组(n=140).分别记录各组患者近期心血管事件发生情况和随访期间死亡情况,并对相关因素进行统计学分析.结果 Logistic和Cox回归分析表明,FBG是初发急性心肌梗死患者近期发生恶性心律失常(比值比OR=1.106,P=0.001)、充血性心力衰竭(OR=1.060,P=0.037)、心源性休克(0R=1.084,P=0.018)和心源性死亡(OR=1.068,P=0.028)的独立危险因子和远期死亡的独立预测因子(OR=1.043,P=0.004).Cox回归分析显示,高FBG组FBG>8.52 mmol/L和糖尿病组FBG>10.65 mmoL/L患者的死亡风险是正常FBG组患者的3倍(风险比值HR=3.087,P=0.007;HR=3.456,P=0.002).结论 FBG是初发急性心肌梗死患者近期心血管事件和远期死亡的独立影响因素.     

二尖瓣环成形术在左室成形术合并CABG手术中的应用

为寻求一种有效治疗继发于缺血性心肌病的缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全 (IMR)的外科治疗方法 ,对 46例术前诊断为陈旧性心肌梗死合并缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全的患者〔43例 (93 % )患者因出现心衰而手术治疗 ;心功能(NYHA)Ⅳ级者 2 5例 ,占 5 4% ,二尖瓣中重度关闭不全者 3 2例 ,占 70 %〕在进行二尖瓣成形术的同时行左室成形术及冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG)。手术方法 :完成冠状动脉移植远端吻合后切开室壁瘤 ,经左心室途径在心室面行二尖瓣环成形术 ,之后以Dor手术方式行左心室成形术 ,最后完成冠状动脉移植物的近端吻合。结果 :围手术期总病死率为 1 5 .2 % ;EF(射血分数 ) <3 0 %的患者病死率为 2 0 .0 % ,而EF≥ 3 0 %者病死率为 1 1 .5 %。术后左室收缩末期及舒张末期容积均显著降低 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,肺动脉压亦显著下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。 85 %的患者术后二尖瓣关闭不全 (MR)消失或极轻 ;晚期病死率为 1 5 % ;中期存活率为 71 %。结果提示 :虽然这种复杂手术的病死率较高 ,但疗效尚令人满意。     

空腹血糖水平对初发急性心肌梗死患者预后的影响

目的 探讨空腹血糖（FBG）水平与初发急性心肌梗死患者近期和远期预后的关系及临床意义.方法 668例初发急性心肌梗死患者根据有无糖尿病病史和人院次日FBG浓度分为糖尿病组（n=177）、高FBG组（n=351）和正常FBG组（n=140）.分别记录各组患者近期心血管事件发生情况和随访期间死亡情况,并对相关因素进行统计学分析.结果 Logistic和Cox回归分析表明,FBG是初发急性心肌梗死患者近期发生恶性心律失常（比值比OR=1.106,P=0.001）、充血性心力衰竭（OR=1.060,P=0.037）、心源性休克（0R=1.084,P=0.018）和心源性死亡（OR=1.068,P=0.028）的独立危险因子和远期死亡的独立预测因子（OR=1.043,P=0.004）.Cox回归分析显示,高FBG组FBG〉8.52 mmol/L和糖尿病组FBG〉10.65 mmoL/L患者的死亡风险是正常FBG组患者的3倍（风险比值HR=3.087,P=0.007;HR=3.456,P=0.002）.结论 FBG是初发急性心肌梗死患者近期心血管事件和远期死亡的独立影响因素.     

冠心病患者血管重建后吸烟状态对临床预后的影响

目的 探讨冠心病患者血管重建后吸烟状态对其长期临床预后的影响.方法 将893例冠心病患者根据血管重建术前及术后的吸烟状态分为3组:不吸烟组(n=458)、戒烟组(n=287)及吸烟组(n=148),详细记录随访时主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)的发生情况.Kaplan-Meier生存分析描述术后累计生存率,并比较吸烟状态对全因性死亡及MACCE的影响,Cox多元逐步回归分析全因性死亡及MACCE的影响因素.结果 平均随访时间约为27个月,术后吸烟率较术前吸烟率明显降低(16.57％ vs.48.71％),且吸烟组患者较年轻(P＜0.0l);不吸烟组患者多为女性(P＜0.01),体质量指数(BMI)较小(P＜0.01).吸烟组全因性死亡(1.53％ vs.1.05％ vs.6.76％,P=0.002)和MACCE(4.37％ vs.5.23％ vs.15.54％,P=0.001)的发生率较高,Cox多元逐步回归分析显示,术后持续吸烟是导致全因性死亡[HR=2.753,95％CI(1.695～4.473),P＜0.01]和MACCE[HR=1.552,95％CI(1.049～1.754),P=0.001]发生的重要危险因素.结论 冠心病患者血管重建后持续吸烟是导致术后发生全因性死亡和MACCE的独立危险因素.     

Adult open heart surgery in New York State. An analysis of risk factors and hospital mortality rates

This study analyzes data from New York State's new Cardiac Surgery Reporting System, which contains information about cardiac preoperative risk factors, postoperative complications, and hospital discharge. The purposes of the study were to determine the set of significant clinical risk factors and to identify cardiac surgical centers most likely to have serious quality-of-care problems. Significant risk factors for in-hospital death were age, gender, ejection fraction, previous myocardial infarction, number of open heart operations in previous admissions, diabetes requiring medication, dialysis dependence, disasters (acute structural defect, renal failure, cardiogenic shock, gunshot), unstable angina, intractable congestive heart failure, left main trunk narrowed more than 90%, and type of operation performed. Four of the 28 hospitals had significantly higher mortality rates than expected, given the risk factors of their patients. Subsequent site visits and medical record reviews confirmed that these facilities had high percentages of quality-of-care problems among cases resulting in mortality.     

老年体位性低血压与心血管疾病风险的关系

目的 研究老年体位性低血压(OH)与心血管疾病风险及住院率的关系。方法 对长期居住广州的军队离退休老年人进行健康普查,选取65岁以上的1174人进行立卧位血压及心率的测量,其中男1122人,女52人。OH诊断标准：从卧位转为立位后3 min内收缩压下降≥20 mm Hg和（或）舒张压下降≥10 mm Hg;采用电话随访,观察OH与新发心血管事件及住院率的关系。结果 对上述人群平均(315.8±20.8)d的跟踪随方。OH发生率为25.6％（301例）;OH患者的全因再入院率及心血管相关性住院率均高于非OH患者（45.1％比32.5％;19.1％比7.4％）;OH组心绞痛、心肌梗死的发生率高于非OH组（7.5％比3.7％;4.8％比0.5％,P＜0.05）;Logistic回归校正年龄、坐位心率、卧位血压及既往心脑血管病史后,OH与心绞痛（HR:2.122,95％ CI:1.184～3.802）、心肌梗死（HR:8.995,95％ CI:2.909～27.819）的发生仍具有明显的相关性(P=0.011,P=0.000)。结论 OH可增加全因住院率及心血管相关性住院率;OH增加老年人心绞痛、心肌梗死发生的风险。