不同喂养方式对婴儿肠道菌群及湿疹的影响

目的探讨不同喂养方式对婴儿肠道双歧杆菌、大肠杆菌菌群的影响以及导致婴儿湿疹之间的关系。方法对到东莞市妇幼保健院儿童保健科进行健康体检的儿童中选取6月龄内尚未添加辅助食品的纯母乳喂养儿,以及6月龄内完全人工喂养的患湿疹的婴儿作为研究组;选取6月龄内尚未添加辅助食品的纯母乳喂养儿,以及6月龄内完全人工喂养的婴儿作为对照组。通过检测其在不同喂养方式下研究对象的肠道双歧杆菌、大肠杆菌水平,分析不同喂养方式对婴儿的肠道菌群的影响。同时通过分析婴儿湿疹与肠道菌群的关系发现其联系。结果纯母乳喂养婴儿肠道双歧杆菌数量比人工喂养婴儿高,湿疹的发生率低于人工喂养儿,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论母乳喂养方式对婴儿肠道益生菌的定殖有积极的影响,提倡纯母乳喂养有利于预防婴儿湿疹。     

益生菌预防婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻及对肠道菌群的影响

【目的】探讨益生菌对婴幼儿期感染性疾病患儿抗生素应用中腹泻的预防作用及肠道菌群的变化。【方法】89例应用抗生素治疗的下呼吸道感染患儿随机分成两组,一组(益生菌组)同时服用双歧杆菌三联活菌,另一组不用任何微生态制剂为对照组,比较两组腹泻的发生率。分别在抗生素给药前及给药后第3、6 d采集粪便,用荧光定量PCR的方法检测肠道菌群的变化。【结果】44例益生菌组患腹泻5例(发生率为11.3%),45例对照组患儿患腹泻21例(发生率为46.6%)。益生菌组患儿腹泻平均时间(1.30±0.24)d,对照组患儿腹泻平均病程(2.10±0.33)d。抗生素治疗过程中,肠道菌群出现明显改变,益生菌组抗生素治疗后双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌及大肠杆菌数量较稳定,明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。【结论】益生菌能通过稳定肠道菌群而预防婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻。     

不同喂养方式对极低出生体重儿喂养及肠道菌群的影响

目的研究不同喂养方式对极低出生体重儿喂养状况和肠道菌群的影响。方法选择60例符合条件的住院早产儿并随机分为两组,分别为母乳喂养组(母乳组)及早产儿配方奶喂养组(配方奶组),在生后记录喂养状况,并于3、14及28天时分别留取患儿大便标本,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测标本中的肠道乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌。结果母乳组喂养不耐受的发生率为5例(16.7%),配方奶组为13例(43.3%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。母乳组在14天时肠道乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量分别为(8.62±1.35)cfu/g、(9.10±1.33)cfu/g,配方奶组分别为(7.32±0.80)cfu/g、(7.62±1.22)cfu/g,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。母乳组在28天时肠道乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量分别为(9.43±0.26)cfu/g、(9.97±0.54)cfu/g,配方奶组分别为(8.31±0.58)cfu/g、(8.54±0.53)cfu/g,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论喂养方式对极低出生体重早产儿喂养及肠道菌群的形成有明显影响。母乳喂养组患儿肠道的双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量高于早产儿配方奶喂养组,同时喂养不耐受发生率低于早产儿配方奶喂养组。     

婴幼儿肠道菌群与辅食添加状况的相关性研究

目的 探讨辅食添加种类及摄入营养素对耍幼儿肠道菌群及定植抗力的影响.方法 通过整群抽样对336名婴幼儿分5组进行3日膳食调查,并随机抽取55名母乳喂养儿进行粪便中双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌、拟杆菌、肠道杆菌培养测定;菌群定植抗力用粪便中双歧杆菌与肠杆菌数量的比值(B/E)表示.结果 婴幼儿肠道菌群总量在109cfu/g以上,拟杆菌属数量最高,其次为双歧杆菌属、肠杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌、乳酸菌属.肠道B/E值平均大于1.与肠道菌群及定植抗力有显著相关性或被多因素分析选入方程的膳食因素有辅食添加的豆类、蛋类、水果类食物及摄入的营养素辅食纤维、维生素、脂肪、碘、锰等,它们对提高肠道有益菌数量,促进肠道菌群平衡有很重要的作用.结论 应及时给婴儿添加优质的辅食,有利于促进儿童肠道有益菌的繁殖与菌群平衡.     

初乳对新生儿肠道双歧杆菌和肠杆菌的影响

目的 探讨初乳对新生儿肠道双歧杆菌和肠杆菌生长的作用.方法 采用厌氧菌培养技术,对5～7天的32名初乳喂养儿和24名人工喂养儿的粪便做双歧杆菌和肠杆菌定量培养.结果 初乳喂养儿粪便双歧杆菌的数量明显高于肠杆菌;人工喂养儿粪便肠杆菌的数量高于双歧杆菌.结论 初乳对早期新生儿肠道菌群演替发挥了重要作用,它促进双歧杆菌生长,抑制肠杆菌生长.     

初乳对新生儿肠道双歧杆菌和肠杆菌的影响

目的 探讨初乳对新生儿肠道双歧杆菌和肠杆菌生长的作用。方法 采用厌氧菌培养技术，对５－７天的３２名初乳喂养儿和２４名人工喂养的儿的粪便做双歧杆菌和直菌定量培养。结果 初乳喂养儿粪便双歧杆菌的数量明显高于肠杆菌；人工喂养儿粪便直菌的数量高于双歧杆菌。结论 初乳对早期新生儿肠道菌群替发挥 发作用，它促进双歧杆菌生长，、抑帛杆菌生长。     

陕西农村母乳喂养儿肠道菌群定植抗力的研究

目的 研究陕西农村母乳喂养婴幼儿的肠道定植抗力状况.方法 采取随机抽样的方法对55名0～18个月健康婴幼儿进行粪便双歧杆菌及肠杆菌的定量检测,计算肠道双歧杆菌与肠杆菌数量的比值.菌群检测采用细菌培养法.结果 婴幼儿肠道平均双歧杆菌与肠杆菌数量的比值大于1,在10个月前基本保持平稳,在10个月～组最高接近于2,13个月后下降,但仍高于10个月前,各年龄组间肠道双歧杆菌与肠杆菌数量的比值经方差分析无显著性差异.有36.36%婴幼儿的肠道双歧杆菌与肠杆菌数量的比值小于1.结论 部分婴幼儿需要调节肠道菌群,提高其肠道菌群定植抗力,以促进婴幼儿的健康成长.     

婴儿肠道双歧杆菌的影响因素研究

[目地]分析影响肠道双歧杆菌水平的可疑因素,为维持婴儿肠道的双歧杆菌优势提供线索.[方法]采集152例进行食物过敏诊断试验的婴儿大便,运用平板活菌计数培养法和PCR鉴定法计数大便双歧杆菌,其影响因素的分析采用Spearman等级相关、单因素和多元线形回归分析.[结果]配方奶喂养儿、食物过敏儿或引入其他食物的婴儿的大便双歧杆菌计数分别较母乳喂养儿、非食物过敏儿或未引入其他食物的婴儿的大便双歧杆菌计数显著降低,且婴儿喂养方式、是否食物过敏、有无其他食物的引入对婴儿肠道双歧杆菌数量的影响作用逐级减弱.[结论]母乳喂养、适时引入其它食物将有利于婴儿肠道双歧杆菌优势的维持和食物过敏的预防。     

姜黄素对高脂饲料喂养大鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的研究姜黄素对高脂饲料喂养大鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法将雄性SD大鼠30只随机分为正常对照组、模型组、姜黄素组,每组10只。对照组和模型组给予高脂饲料喂养16周,姜黄素组于高脂喂养8周后,给予姜黄素灌胃200 mg·kg-1·d-1,每日1次,共8周。光镜观察肝脏病理学变化;检测血丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、脂多糖(LPS)、空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹血浆胰岛素(FINS)水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);实时荧光定量PCR检测肠道大肠杆菌、双歧杆菌及乳酸杆菌拷贝数。结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠血ALT、AST、LPS、FBG、FINS及HOMA-IR均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);姜黄素组与模型组相比,大鼠血ALT、AST、LPS、FBG、FINS及HOMA-IR均下降(P0.05)。模型组大鼠盲肠大肠杆菌较对照组升高(P0.05),而乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌较对照组下降(P0.05);姜黄素组大鼠盲肠大肠杆菌较模型组降低(P0.05),乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量较模型组升高(P0.05)。结论姜黄素能够改善高脂喂养大鼠肠道菌群失调。     

长期过量饮用不同品质浓香型白酒对大鼠肠道正常菌群影响的研究

目的应用实时荧光定量PCR法研究大鼠肠道正常菌群的变化,揭示长期过量饮用高浓度不同品质浓香型白酒对大鼠肠道正常菌群的影响。方法采用48.0%乙醇溶液作为对照组,以12周灌胃的方式分别给予SD大鼠两种不同浓香型白酒,收集大鼠粪便,提取细菌基因组DNA。应用实时荧光定量PCR法分别测定双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌群、拟杆菌、肠杆菌、拟杆菌门菌、硬壁菌门菌、肠球菌及全肠道菌群的数量,采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计学分析。结果各组大鼠粪便样品中乳酸杆菌、拟杆菌、肠杆菌、拟杆菌门菌、硬壁菌门菌、肠球菌及全肠道菌群的数量有统计学差异(P0.05),硬壁菌门菌/拟杆菌含量比值仅乙醇组低于空白组,而产气荚膜梭菌群及双歧杆菌的数量差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论长期过量饮用酒精会导致肠道益生菌减少,饮用白酒与相同度数乙醇对肠道菌群的影响存在差异,高品质白酒对机体肠道菌群影响更小,更利于维护肠道微生态平衡。     

Randomised placebo controlled double blind study on the effect of prebiotic oligosaccharides on intestinal flora in healthy infants

AIM: Effects of supplementing prebiotic oligosaccharides to formula for healthy infants were studied in this placebo controlled, randomised, double blind study. METHODS: Ninety-seven infants were included into the study; among them 42 breast-fed infants, 14 infants fed formula supplemented with 0.4 g/100ml oligosaccharides (9 to 1 mixture of galacto- and fructooligosaccharides) and 13 infants fed control formula were followed-up throughout the 12-week-long study period. The groups receiving formula were compared with statistical methods, whereas data of breast-fed infants served as reference values. RESULTS: Infants fed the two formulae did not differ in nutrient intakes, growth, occurrence rate of feeding difficulties and atopic manifestations, or in calcium excretion. The intestinal flora did not differ between the two formula fed groups at the beginning of the study. In contrast, numbers of Bifidobacteriae were significantly higher in infants receiving the formula supplemented with prebiotic oligosaccharides both at the 14th day (9 x 1011 versus 5 x 1010, colony forming units/g faeces, median, p < 0.05) and 28th day (9 x 1012 versus 5 x 1010, p < 0.05) of the study. CONCLUSION: In this study, supplementation of infant formula with prebiotic oligosaccharides resulted in ameliorating the difference in intestinal flora between formula fed and breast-fed healthy infants.     

不同喂养方式对早产儿生长发育的影响

目的:探讨早产儿住院期间开奶时间及出院后喂养方式对其生长发育的影响。方法:选择张掖市人民医院102例早产儿,其中7天内禁食者45例,生后72 h经母乳喂养或早期微量喂养者67例,出院后纯母乳喂养者64例,早产配方奶喂养3月者13例,生后即足月配方奶喂养25例。所有早产儿出院后3月、1岁、3岁分别测量体重、身高、头围3项生长指标,按7日内开始喂养、7日后开始喂养和母乳喂养、早产配方奶喂养、足月配方奶喂养分类进行统计分析,观察不同开始喂养时间和不同喂养方式对早产儿体格发育的影响。结果:住院期间7日内开始喂养的早产儿出院后3月时的体重、身高和头围明显高于住院期间7日后开始喂养的早产儿(P<0.05);出院后采用早产儿配方奶、母乳喂养和足月配方奶喂养的早产儿,其3月及1岁时的体重、身高和头围依次降低,3组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),q检验进一步显示,早产儿配方奶、母乳喂养和足月配方奶喂养者体重、身高、头围比较有统计学差异(P<0.01),3组3岁时体格生长指标比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:对住院的早产儿,开始喂养时间早,可以促进3月内的婴儿的体格生长,出院后的用早产儿配方奶能促进1岁内的体格生长,优于母乳喂养,而母乳喂养优于足月配方奶喂养,出院后首选早产儿配方奶或母乳喂养。     

不同喂养方式对早产小于胎龄儿骨密度的影响

目的 研究不同喂养方式对早产小于胎龄儿（ SGA）骨密度的影响。方法 将215例小于胎龄儿按照喂养方式分为5组：早产儿出院后配方奶喂养组、母乳喂养组、足月儿配方奶喂养组、母乳＋早产儿出院后配方奶喂养组、母乳＋足月儿配方奶喂养组,比较各组在生后第6月、12月骨密度值。结果 5组小于胎龄儿的骨密度数值从高到低依次为：母乳＋早产儿出院后配方奶喂养组、母乳喂养组、早产儿出院后配方奶喂养组、母乳＋足月儿配方奶组、足月儿配方奶喂养组,差异具有统计学意义（6月龄时：F男＝2．845,F女＝2．570;12月龄时：F男＝2．737,F女＝7．461,均P＜0．05）。结论 对早产小于胎龄儿童进行母乳喂养或强化母乳喂养能改善其骨密度情况,适用于早产儿。     

Beta-glucuronidase and hyperbilirubinemia in breast-fed versus formula-fed babies.

Breast milk and formula milk and the corresponding serum samples from 20 breast-fed babies, 20 formula-fed babies, and their mothers were examined at 3 days of age for beta-glucuronidase enzyme. Serum indirect bilirubin levels were also examined for all the infants. Serum indirect bilirubin concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in breast-fed (4.87 +/- 2.4 mg/dl) than in formula-fed infants (1.04 +/- 0.5 mg/dl). beta-glucuronidase activity in formula milk was negligible, while that in human milk was considerable (468.26 +/- 220.8 Sigma units/ml) and was correlated (p < 0.05) with that in the serum of the breast-fed (66.13 +/- 18.1 Sigma units/ml) than in formula fed infants (52.08 +/- 11.9 Sigma units/ml) and a significant (p < 0.05) correlation was found between its serum level and serum indirect bilirubin in both breast and formula fed infants. Also in breast-fed infants serum bilirubin concentrations were related to beta-glucuronidase activity in breast milk (p < 0.05): Breast milk beta-glucuronidase--by facilitating intestinal reabsorption of bilirubin--seems to be an important factor in the neonatal hyperbilirubinemia of breast-fed babies.     

含益生元配方奶粉对婴儿肠道微生态的影响

目的 通过观察健康婴儿纯母乳及含益生元配方奶粉两种喂养方式下婴儿肠道常见细菌数量,探讨含益生元配方奶粉对婴儿肠道微生态的影响。方法 以足月健康婴儿311例为研究对象,奶粉喂养组250例给与含益生元配方奶粉喂养,母乳喂养组61例给与纯母乳喂养。试验连续给与90 d,分别在试验前3 d、试验第30、60、90 d及试验结束后6个月采集婴儿72 h全部粪便标本,经传统方法培养后计数乳酸杆菌、肠球菌、肠杆菌、拟杆菌、双歧杆菌菌落拷贝数,以Log₁₀对数值统计数据比较分析。结果 试验前几种细菌拷贝数Log₁₀对数值在两组组间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);利用重复测量方差分析,两组在试验各时间点几种细菌拷贝数Log₁₀对数值无显著差异(P＞0.05)。结论 在调节婴儿肠道微生态促进肠道健康方面,含益生元配方奶粉喂养与纯母乳喂养可以起到相似的效果。     

不同喂养方式对早产儿的影响

【目的】 探讨不同喂养方式对出院后早产儿体格发育及生化指标的影响,为临床早产儿合理喂养指导提供依据。 【方法】 早产儿91例,出生体重均在1 500 g以上。按喂养方式分为5组:1组为早产儿配方,2组为足月儿配方;3组为早产儿配方+母乳;4组为母乳;5组为足月儿配方+母乳。在矫正月龄4~6个月时测量身长、体重,计算身长、体重的Z值,测定血清总蛋白、白蛋白、微量元素等指标。 【结果】 4组身长Z值为负值,体重Z值亦低于其他各组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);其余各组体重和身长的Z值均为正值,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。4组血清尿素氮低于其余各组(P<0.05),2组血清尿素氮显著高于3、4、5组(P<0.05),和1组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.126);1组和5组的白蛋白水平之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.947),但均明显高于3组和4组(P<0.05)。其余各血清学指标之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 【结论】 1)纯母乳喂养儿体格发育和血清白蛋白水平较其他喂养方式低,提示单纯母乳不能完全满足早产儿早期生长发育需要;2)足月儿配方奶喂养的早产儿血清尿素氮偏高,其机制和远期影响有待进一步探讨。     

The impact of milk and weaning diet on gastrointestinal permeability in English and Gambian infants

To test the hypothesis that cow's milk formula and weaning diet may damage the gut mucosa, the gastrointestinal permeability of 77 healthy English and Gambian infants was measured from the urinary recovery of the markers lactulose and mannitol included in feeds. All infants were born at term and studied at 6, 12 and 18 weeks of age. No infant developed diarrhoea or failed to thrive. Infants fed on cow's milk formula had higher urinary lactulose: mannitol excretion ratios than breast-fed infants at 6 weeks of life (P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference in the urinary marker excretion ratios of English formula-fed and Gambian breast-fed infants at 12 weeks. An increase in urinary lactulose: mannitol excretion ratios was seen in all infants at 18 weeks. This was more probably due to increasing age than to the introduction of weaning diet. Cow's milk formula feeding was associated with greater intestinal permeability than breast feeding in infants aged 6 weeks. The introduction of weaning diet after 6 weeks did not appear to have an impact on the gastrointestinal permeability of healthy growing infants born in either England or rural Gambia.     

Attitudes toward breast-feeding and infant feeding among Iranian, Afghan, and Southeast Asian immigrant women in the United States: implications for health and nutrition education.

A nutritionist analyzed data on 150 immigrant mothers living in California but from Iran, Afghanistan, Vietnam, Cambodia, or Laos who had participated in or were eligible for WIC (Women, Infants, and Children), a US supplemental food program, to examine cultural and socioeconomic factors linked with breast feeding practices. 95% of the mothers had exclusively breast fed their infants in their countries compared to 32% after they arrived in the US In fact, 85% exclusively breast fed for at least 5 months in their countries whereas only 14% did so after coming to the US Further, after immigrating to the US, 38% fed their infants both breast milk and formula. Moreover 30% only offered their infants formula. In the US, 82% of Iranian mothers exclusively breast fed their infants compared to 42% of Afghan mothers, 14% of Vietnamese mothers, 19% of Laotian mothers, and 9% of Cambodian mothers (p.00001). Iranian mothers noted societal support for breast feeding in Iran by the postrevolutionary government, by the Moslem religion, and by support groups they formed in the US Mothers who exclusively breast fed their infants reported breast feeding to be more advantageous than the other groups (p.05). The cited advantages included bonding, best food for infant, protection against infection, and successful breast feeding in the past. Mothers who partially or exclusively used formula were more likely to have returned to school, had problems with the infant's presence, consider bottle feeding to be convenient, received free formula, and state economic reasons. Further those who exclusively breast fed were more likely to 1st breast feed their infant in the delivery room than were the other mothers (p.01). These results indicated that economic reasons were the main reason for not breast feeding. Besides US health care providers in the hospital or those involved in WIC did not provide substantial support for breast feeding. Sound recommendations concluded this report.     

西宁、西安地区回族婴儿母乳喂养状况调查研究

目的 了解西宁、西安两地回族婴儿母乳喂养状况, 为制定针对性的改善措施提供依据。方法 随机整群抽取西宁回族168例、汉族119例及西安回族114例、汉族101例6～24月健康婴幼儿及其主要喂养人作为研究对象, 调查其母乳喂养状况。结果 1)西宁4月内纯母乳喂养率(58.54%)高于西安(43.72%)(P＜0.05), 而6月内纯母乳喂养率(19.51%)低于西安(32.09%)(P＜0.05);2)西宁回族4月内纯母乳喂养率(58.33%)高于西安回族(39.47%)(P＜0.05);3)不能进行母乳喂养的主要原因为母亲自认母乳量分泌不足(76.25%);4)西宁辅食添加时间(4.48±1.60)月早于西安地区(5.67±1.59)月(P＜0.05);5)母乳喂养率与主要喂养人的文化程度呈正相关(P＜0.05)。结论 加强对喂养人科学喂养知识的宣传是提高西部地区婴儿母乳喂养率的关键。     

Effects of early breastfeeding on neonatal glucose levels of term infants born to women with gestational diabetes

Background:  Infants born to diabetic women are at higher risk for hypoglycaemia related to hyperinsulinism in response to maternal hyperglycaemia during pregnancy. As such, recommendations to prevent neonatal hypoglycaemia include infant feeding in the early postpartum period. The present study aimed to examine the effect of early breastfeeding and type of nutrition used for the first feed (human milk or formula) on glucose levels in infants born to women with gestational diabetes.
Methods:  The prospective pilot study of 84 infants born to gestational diabetic women examined the glycaemic levels of infants who were breastfed in the delivery room compared to glycaemic levels of those who were not. The study also compared the glycaemic levels of infants who breastfed with those who received formula for their first feed.
Results:  Infants who were breastfed in the delivery room had a significantly lower rate of borderline hypoglycaemia than those who were not breastfed in the early postpartum period (10% versus 28%; Fisher's exact test., P  = 0.05,). Likewise, infants breastfed in the delivery room had significantly higher mean blood glucose level compared to infants who were not breastfed in the delivery room (3.17 versus 2.86 mmol L⁻¹, P  = 0.03). Additionally, breastfed infants had a significantly higher mean blood glucose level compared to those who were formula fed for their first feed (3.20 versus 2.68 mmol L⁻¹, P  = 0.002).
Conclusions:  Early breastfeeding may facilitate glycaemic stability in infants born to women with gestational diabetes.