Tei指数在新生儿窒息后心肌损害中的临床应用价值

目的探讨Tei指数评价新生儿窒息后心肌损害患儿心脏功能及其临床意义。方法行常规超声心动图检查测量正常足月新生儿60例、重度窒息和轻度窒息后心肌损害足月新生儿生后24-48h内各40例的左心室射血分数（EF）、二尖瓣口舒张期血流E峰、A峰及E／A比值、左心室Tel指数。结果Tel指数重度窒息组较轻度窒息组及正常对照组明显增高（P均〈0．01）,轻度窒息组较正常对照组明显增高（P〈0．01）;重度窒息组、轻度窒息组及正常对照组的EF、E峰、A峰及E／A值比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论Tei指数能简便、敏感地检测新生儿窒息后心肌损害患儿左心室的整体收缩与舒张功能。     

窒息新生儿QT离散度与心肌肌钙蛋白I的变化

目的：探讨窒息新生儿QT离散度（QTcd）和心肌肌钙蛋白I（CTnI）的动态变化及相关性。方法：分别采用标准12导联心电图和免疫组化法对46例窒息新生儿出生后48h内和治疗7d后的QTcd和CTnI值进行检测，同时检测20例无窒息新生儿QTcd和CTnI值，分别进行比较。结果：发病48h内与对照组比较，窒息新生儿各组QTcd和CTnI值显著上升（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。与轻度窒息组比较，重度窒息组QTcd和CTnI值显著上升（P〈0．01）。治疗后，轻度窒息组QTcd和CTnI值均呈显著下降，与治疗前比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。重度窒息组治疗前后比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。QTcd和CTnI呈正相关（r=0．68，P〈0．01）。结论：窒息新生儿QTcd和CTnI有显著变化，二者的监测有利于心肌受累程度的全面评价，对判断患儿预后有重要意义     

围生期窒息复苏后新生儿脑组织氧饱和度的监测及护理

目的探讨围生期窒息复苏后新生儿脑组织氧饱和度（regional cerebral oxygen saturation，rSO2）的变化及相应的护理措施。方法收集围生期轻度窒息新生儿30例，重度窒息新生儿14例，健康对照新生儿28例，分别于出生后第1、2．3、5、7天行rSO2监测，同时测定经皮脉搏氧饱和度（pulse oxygen saturation，SpO2），并对3组新生儿监测数据进行比较。结果轻度窒息组新生儿出生后各时点rSO2、SpO2监测值与健康对照组比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；重度窒息组新生儿出生后第1—3天rSO2与健康对照组、轻度窒息组比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），第5天rSO2监测值与健康对照组及轻度窒息组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），第7天rSO2监测值与健康对照组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），与轻度窒息组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；重度窒息组新生儿SpO2各时点监测值与健康对照组及轻度窒息组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论重度窒息新生儿出生后第5、7天的rSO2明显下降；SpO2不能反映rSO2的变化；对窒息复苏后新生儿严密监护、保持呼吸道通畅、氧疗、减少身体的耗氧量具有重要的临床意义。     

新生儿血糖与窒息程度的关系探讨

目的探讨新生儿窒息后血糖异常变化与窒息临床分度的关系。方法分析126例新生儿窒息患儿入院治疗前后的资料。结果轻度窒息患儿血糖异常以低血糖为主（占32．0％），血糖异常能很快恢复正常；重度窒息患儿血糖异常以高血糖为主（占64．7％），血糖恢复所需时间较长。随着窒息程度的加重，高血糖发生率增加，轻度窒息与重度窒息患儿高血糖发生率差异有显著性（6．6%vs64．7％，P〈0．01）。结论窒息可以引起新生儿血糖出现异常变化；对新生儿窒息患儿应常规检测血糖．出现异常及时纠正。     

窒息新生儿的血糖变化及护理对策

目的　研究窒息新生儿 72h内血糖的变化情况和相应的护理对策。方法　采用微量血糖计对实验组 58例窒息新生儿和对照组 58例正常新生儿 ,在出生 72h内分 4个时间段分别测量两组新生儿的血糖。结果　窒息新生儿在 0～ 6h内血糖值为 9.2 2mmol/L ,在 1 3～ 2 4h内为 1 .86mmol/L ,血糖值变动较大分别表现为高血糖和低血糖症状 ,在 7～ 1 2h和 2 5～ 72h内血糖值与正常新生儿无差别。结论　针对窒息新生儿不同时间段血糖变化的特点 ,要采取①加强对血糖的监测 ,尤其是在 72h内 ,必要时可 q2h测血糖。②由于在临床中低血糖与高血糖均无特征性的表现 ,所以要加强对窒息新生儿的病情观察。③在复苏时推注高浓度的葡萄糖 ,对复苏无益 ,反而增加内环境的紊乱 ,应予摒弃。在输液时应严格控制输液速度 ,一般不超过 6～ 8ml/kg .min。④及早喂奶。⑤去除病因 ,纠正缺氧及水、电解质的平衡紊乱等措施     

彩色多普勒超声对窒息新生脑血流动力学检测的研究

目的探讨窒息新生儿脑血流动力学的状况,以早期诊断脑损伤性疾病。方法应用彩色多普勒超声对40例窒息新生儿和25例正常新生儿的大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉收缩期峰值速度（Vs）、舒张末期速度（Vd）和阻力指数（RI）进行检测。结果轻度窒息新生儿大脑中动脉和大脑前动脉的Vs、Vd均低于正常对照组,RI高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。重度窒息组Vs、Vd明显低于正常对照组,也低于轻度窒息组（P〈0．05）,RI异常增高;与正常对照组和轻度窒息组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。结论窒息后脑血流动力学改变对判断新生儿有否缺血缺氧性脑病及其程度具有重要的参考价值,有助于脑损伤的诊断和治疗。     

重度窒息新生儿输注葡萄糖速度的探讨

目的 严格控制重度窒息新生儿输注葡萄糖速度,维持机体正常恒定的血糖水平,提高治愈率.方法 106例入院时血糖异常的重度窒息新生儿(Apgar评分0～3分)根据其血糖值分为低血糖、高血糖组,组内又随机分为两组,分别给予不同速度输注葡萄糖,并监测输注葡萄糖后24 h、72 h血糖值.结果 低血糖组输注葡萄糖速度应控制在5～6 nag·kg-1·min-1,高血糖组应控制在3～4mg·kg-1·min-1.结论 重度窒息新生儿输注葡萄糖速度应根据其血糖值来控制.     

N末端脑钠肽前体水平对预测窒息新生儿心肌损害的价值探讨

目的：探讨血浆N末端脑钠肽前体（NT‐proBNP）水平对窒息新生儿心肌损害及心功能的预测价值。方法选择该院住院治疗的窒息新生患儿36例作为观察组,其中23例轻度窒息,13例重度窒息;并选取同时期该院出生的36例健康新生儿作为健康对照组。对入选的儿童在其降生后72h内采集静脉血测定其血浆肌酸激酶同工酶（CK‐MB）、肌红蛋白（Mb）和肌钙蛋白T（TnT）水平,同时测定NT‐proBNP水平,对其进行对比分析。结果观察组中的重度窒息组患儿NT‐proBNP、CK‐MB、Mb、TnT各指标水平均明显高于轻度窒息组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。观察组中各项指标水平变化随着窒息程度的增加而呈现递增趋势,且水平明显高于健康对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论NT‐proBNP水平对窒息新生儿心肌损害的预测具有明显的临床价值。     

尿激活素A对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病诊断及病情判断的价值

目的观察窒息新生儿尿激活素A含量的变化,探讨尿激活素A与新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（hypoxic—ischemic encephalopathy;HIE）的关系,为HIE的诊断及病情判断提供重要依据。方法选择50例窒息足月新生儿为观察组,随机选择48例同期出生正常足月新生儿为正常对照组。生后7d内根据新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病诊断标准和临床分度,将50例窒息新生儿分成轻度HIE组30例、中重度HIE组20例。采用ELISA方法检测两组新生儿生后不同时间（2、12、24、48、72h）尿激活素A的含量。结果中重度HIE组尿激活素A含量显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）和轻度HIE组（P〈0．01）;正常对照组和轻度HIE组尿激活素A含量无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。以尿激活素A含量〉70ng／L为临界值判断中重度HIE发生,2h尿激活素A含量的敏感度为82％、特异度为99％;12—72h尿激活素A含量的敏感度为100％、特异度为98％。结论尿激活素A含量与HIE病情程度呈正相关,对判断中重度HIE的发生有高度的敏感性及特异性,为诊断中重度HIE提供重要依据。     

新生儿窒息与血糖水平的临床分析

选取2014年5月~2015年5月我院收治的90窒息新生儿设为窒息组,选择同期50例正常新生儿为对照组。抽取两组患儿的拇指(趾)血进行血糖监测,比较两组患儿血糖异常率,并比较不同窒息程度患儿间血糖的变化情况。窒息组血糖异常率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),重度窒息新生儿血糖异常率显著高于轻度窒息新生儿(P<0.05);窒息新生儿中重度窒息患儿在入院即可和入院6h后的血糖水平显著高于轻度窒息患儿(P<0.05),入院24h后中毒窒息患儿和轻度窒息患儿血糖水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。窒息新生儿存在明显的血糖异常,且窒息程度越严重血糖异常越明显,血糖监测对预测新生儿预后意义重大。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.