臂丛神经根性撕脱伤的治疗

神经移位术是治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤的主要方法。臂丛丛外移位神经包括肋间神经(Tsuyama1969)、副神经(Kotani1970)、颈丛运动支(Brunelli1977)、膈神经(顾玉东1970)、健侧颈7神经根(顾玉东1986)等。其中，健侧颈7根移位神经纤维数量最多，安全有效，已被国内外广泛应用。近年来，胸腔镜下超长切取膈神经，有效缩短了神经再生时间。对颈5、6根性撕脱伤，改良的Oberlin术式——臂丛丛内部分尺神经或正中神经移位修复肌皮神经肱二头肌支，手术简单，屈肘功能疗效肯定；同侧颈7根移位术有效且能恢复多组肌肉功能。对颈8胸1根性撕脱伤，肌皮神经肱肌肌支移位修复正中神经屈指肌束或骨间前神经以恢复屈指功能。对全臂丛根性撕脱伤，改良的Doi术式——双股薄肌移位联合神经移位较好恢复了手握持功能；肢体短缩，健侧颈7移位直接修复正中、尺神经，能恢复屈拇屈指功能，但手内肌功能仍无恢复。如何重建手内肌仍需作进一步探索。     

膈神经移位治疗臂丛损伤的临床应用和早期疗效

目的探讨膈神经移位至肌皮神经重建屈肘功能的临床应用及早期疗效。方法对8例臂丛根性撕脱伤行膈神经移位术，膈神经与上干前股的肌皮神经束直接吻合5例，膈神经通过神经移植桥接至肌皮神经3例，术后随访评定其屈肘功能。结果8例经10月-2年随访，肱二头肌肌力在2级以上5例，有效率62．5％。结论膈神经移位术是治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤的理想术式，重视术前和术中膈神经功能的评估、神经移位时吻合方法的合理选择和术后综合康复锻炼是提高手术疗效关键。     

同侧颈7神经根移位治疗臂丛上千根性撕脱伤的实验研究

目的 实验性比较同侧C7神经根全根移位与其他3种方法治疗臂丛上千根性撕脱伤的疗效.方法 120只SD大鼠建立上千根性撕脱伤模型后随机等分为4组,每组30只.(1)A组:同侧C7移位至上千+副神经至肩胛上神经;(2)B组:Oberlin手术(尺神经一束移位至肱二头肌支)+副神经至肩胛上神经+桡神经肱三头肌长头支至腋神经前支;(3)C组:膈神经移位至上千前股+副神经至肩胛上神经+颈丛运动支至上千后股;(4)D组:膈神经移位至上千前股+副神经至肩胛上神经,不作腋神经修复.术后3、6和12周每组取10只大鼠作Ochiai评分、Barth足错步试验、Terzis梳头试验及神经再生指标的榆测.结果 术后3周,A组3项行为学检测指标与3个对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.017),腋神经电生理指标均显著优于3个对照组,其余各项腋神经及三角肌组织学指标均显著优于C组和D组,但与B组比较差异无统计学意义.A组除肌皮神经再生有髓神经纤维通过率显著优于C组外,其余肌皮神经及肱二头肌的电牛理与组织学检测指标与3个对照组比较差异无统计学意义.12周时,A组各项行为学观察、几乎全部腋神经和三角肌的电生理与组织学检测以及部分肌皮神经和肱二头肌的电生理与组织学检测指标均已显著优于3个对照组.结论 同侧C7神经根移位对治疗臂丛上千根性撕脱伤的实验性疗效显著.     

肌皮神经与尺神经端侧缝合重建屈肘功能的实验研究

目的 研究周围神经端侧缝合后侧支发芽再生能力及用于臂丛上干撕脱伤重建屈肘功能的可行性.方法 选用24只Wistar大鼠.左前肢为实验侧:于距肱二头肌入肌点12mm处切断肌皮神经,远断与外膜开窗1.0mm×0.5mm的尺神经做端侧缝合.右前肢为对照侧:切断1/2尺神经束,近端与肌皮神经远断端做端端外膜缝合.按取材时间随机分为A、B、C三个时间组,每组8只,分别于术后3、6、12周取材,进行大体观察.神经组织学、电生理、肱二头肌收缩力和肌湿重、辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)示踪检测.结果A组实验侧再生纤维数目和B组实验侧动作电位振幅、潜伏期与对照例相比有显著性差异(P<0.01),实验侧均低于对照例.随术后时间的延长,其余各项指标无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 肌皮神经与尺神经端侧缝合后确实存在侧支发芽能力,并获得部分神经肌肉功能恢复,为临床治疗臂丛神经上干撕脱伤重建屈肘功能提供了新思路.     

选择性颈_7神经根移位与膈神经移位术疗效比较的实验研究

目的　以大鼠为动物模型 ,比较选择性颈 7神经根移位术与膈神经移位术的疗效。　方法　 SD大鼠 12 0只 ,随机分成 2组。 A组 :肌皮神经与膈神经缝合 ;B组 :肌皮神经与同侧颈 7神经根的前股前外侧束组缝合。术后肱二头肌电生理学、组织学、肌生理功能检测评价两组疗效。　结果　术后各时间组 ,选择性颈7神经根移位与膈神经移位各检测指标相比 ,差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,但前者在多项指标上优于后者。　结论　选择性颈 7神经根移位术与膈神经移位术疗效无明显差异 ,在臂丛上干根性撕脱伤合并膈神经损伤时 ,前者是较为理想的可选方法。     

部分正中神经尺神经束移位修复臂丛损伤

目的：采用部分神经束移位治疗臂丛神经C5－7或中上干撕脱伤,评价其疗效。方法：将自1997年以来采用部分神经束移位治疗臂丛神经C5－7或中上干撕脱伤的11例与以往采用膈神经,副神经移位治疗臂丛损伤的11例疗效进行随访对比。结果：部分神经束移位组的肱二头肌肌力恢复的优良率最高,但有效率和三角肌肌力恢复两组无差异。结论：采用部分正中神经束移位吻接肌皮神经肌支,所恢复的肌力比以往采用膈神经,副神经移位方法的效果更接近正常。     

神经移位治疗臂丛上干根性撕脱伤

目的 阐明神经移位治疗臂丛上干根性撕脱伤的疗效。方法 1990年3月至1998年2月,对14例臂丛干根性撕脱伤患者,将同侧胸前外侧神经直接移位于腑神经,胸背神经直接移位于肌皮神经,以重建三角肌、肱三头肌功能。结果 术后随访1年以上,三角肌肌力8例恢复至M4,4例M3,2例为M3－;肱二头肌肌力14例均恢复至M4。结论 运用同侧胸前外侧神经、胸背神经移闰的方法治疗臂丛上干根性撕脱伤,疗效较好;对原有的臂丛中、下干神经的主要功能无明显影响。     

移植神经长度对膈神经移位肌皮神经疗效的影响

目的 探讨移植神经长度对膈神经移位肌皮神经治疗臂丛神经根性撕脱伤疗效的影响.方法 对2007年至2010年于我院行膈神经移位肌皮神经治疗臂丛损伤的患者进行临床随访,其中17例需要做神经移植.通过检测肱二头肌肌力与体重指数(BMI)评定手术疗效.结果 17例患者的总体有效率82.4％,移植神经长度以及BMI与屈肘功能恢复无明显相关性.结论 臂丛损伤患者尤其是全臂丛损伤患者中,膈神经移位肌皮神经的临床疗效不受移植神经长度以及BMI的影响.     

全长膈神经移位重建屈指功能的临床报告

目的 探讨在胸腔镜视下切取全长膈神经直接移位至正中神经内侧头重建全臂丛撕脱伤后屈指功能的可行性,为全臂丛根性撕脱伤后屈指功能的恢复提供新思路.方法 对3例全臂丛根性撕脱伤的患者,采用胸腔镜视下游离胸腔内的全长膈神经,于入膈肌处切断膈神经,将全长膈神经直接移位于正中神经内侧头,术后每3个月随访肺功能和临床功能恢复情况.结果 3例患者随访时间均超过3年,拇长屈肌及2～5指指浅屈肌肌力均恢复至3～4级,掌长肌肌力2例为2级,1例为1级;桡侧腕屈肌、旋前圆肌、鱼际肌肌力为0级.肺功能显示患者在术后6个月内有不同程度的肺功能降低,但在1年内都恢复到术前水平.结论 胸腔镜视下切取全长膈神经直接移位至正中神经内侧头重建全臂丛撕脱伤后的屈指功能是一种可行的新术式.     

神经移位寄养法结合神经根回植术治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤的实验研究

目的研究神经根回植术结合运动神经移位寄养法治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤的疗效。方法 36只健康成年SD大鼠,随机分成2组:单纯回植组(A组):颈后路显露并根性撕脱C5、C6、C7神经根,C6前根回植入脊髓前外侧,再经前路将其他加入肌皮神经及从C6发出到其他的分支切断,使回植C6与肌皮神经单一联系。运动神经持续寄养组(B组):在单纯回植组的基础上经前路将加行胸内侧神经与肌皮神经端侧缝合,左侧上肢为实验侧,右侧为对照侧。术后1、2、3个月分别观察比较左上肢屈肘功能恢复情况、肱二头肌肌肉运动诱发电位、肱二头肌肌肉湿重称量、肱二头肌肌肉肌纤维横截面积,比较2组间各项指标恢复率的差别情况。结果 C6前根回植术后1、2、3个月,加行胸内侧神经持续寄养的实验组其肌肉湿重、肌肉纤维横截面积、肌肉运动诱发电位恢复率均高于单纯回植组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论运动神经端侧寄养法能有效预防骨骼肌失神经肌萎缩,促进脊髓神经根回植后的臂丛神经功能恢复。     

Phrenic nerve end-to-side neurotization in treating brachial plexus avulsion: an experimental study in rats

The aim of this study was to extend the clinical application of phrenic nerve neurotization in treating brachial plexus avulsion injury, reducing the possible damage on the diaphragm function. Fifty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats and 9 transgenic rats were used in this study. Evaluations including behavioral observation, histology, and electrophysiology study were performed postoperatively. The functional recovery of rats with the end-to-side neurorrhaphy reached 80% of those with end-to-end neurorrhaphy, and the function of diaphragm was preserved. The fluorescence study revealed abundant collateral sprouting of the phrenic nerve axons through the coaptation site in all the experimental groups. The study showed that the end-to-side neurorrhaphy in a helicoid manner and the standard end-to-side neurorrhaphy were effective in the treatment of brachial plexus root avulsion injury with little harm to the function of diaphragm. This will extend the clinical application of phrenic nerve neurotization in treating brachial plexus avulsion injury.     

Phrenic nerve neurotization of the musculocutaneous nerve with end-to-side neurorrhaphy: a short report in a rabbit model

This experimental study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of end-to-side coaptation between the musculocutaneous nerve and the phrenic nerve for brachial plexus injuries with nerve-root avulsions. In an experimental rabbit model, neurotization of the musculocutaneous nerve with the phrenic nerve was compared using end-to-end and end-to-side neurorrhaphy. Preliminary results from electrophysiologic and histologic examinations indicate that end-to-side neurotization of the musculocutaneous nerve with the phrenic nerve is an effective means for musculocutaneous nerve repair. The effectiveness of the phrenic nerve is attributed to its large number of motor axons.     

Direct repair (nerve grafting), neurotization, and end-to-side neurorrhaphy in the treatment of brachial plexus injury

OBJECT: The authors present the long-term results of nerve grafting and neurotization procedures in their group of patients with brachial plexus injuries and compare the results of "classic" methods of nerve repair with those of end-to-side neurorrhaphy. METHODS: Between 1994 and 2006, direct repair (nerve grafting), neurotization, and end-to-side neurorrhaphy were performed in 168 patients, 95 of whom were followed up for at least 2 years after surgery. Successful results were achieved in 79% of cases after direct repair and in 56% of cases after end-to-end neurotization. The results of neurotization depended on the type of the donor nerve used. In patients who underwent neurotization of the axillary and the musculocutaneous nerves, the use of intraplexal nerves (motor branches of the brachial plexus) as donors of motor fibers was associated with a significantly higher success rate than the use of extraplexal nerves (81% compared with 49%, respectively, p = 0.003). Because of poor functional results of axillary nerve neurotization using extraplexal nerves (success rate 47.4%), the authors used end-to-side neurorrhaphy in 14 cases of incomplete avulsion. The success rate for end-to-side neurorrhaphy using the axillary nerve as a recipient was 64.3%, similar to that for neurotization using intraplexal nerves (68.4%) and better than that achieved using extraplexal nerves (47.4%, p = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: End-to-side neurorrhaphy offers an advantage over classic neurotization in not requiring sacrifice of any of the surrounding nerves or the fascicles of the ulnar nerve. Typical synkinesis of muscle contraction innervated by the recipient nerve with contraction of muscles innervated by the donor was observed in patients after end-to-side neurorrhaphy.     

Effect of ipsilateral C7 nerve root transfer on restoration of rat upper trunk muscle and nerve function after brachial plexus root avulsion

The effects of ipsilateral cervical nerve root transfer on the restoration of the rat upper trunk muscle and nerve brachial plexus root avulsion were studied. After simulated root avulsion of the upper trunk brachial plexus, 120 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: (A) ipsilateral C7 root transfer group; (B) Oberlin group; (C) phrenic nerve group; and (D) no axillary nerve restoration group. At 3, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively, Ochiai score, Barth feet overreaching test, Terzis grooming test, and indices of neurotization were determined in 10 rats from each group. Twelve weeks postoperatively, nearly all the behavioral, neuroelectrophysiological, and histological outcomes of the axillary nerve and deltoid muscle and some of the indices of musculocutaneous nerve and biceps brachii function in the ipsilateral C7 group were superior to those in the other 3 groups. No significant difference was found between the ipsilateral C7 group and the other 3 groups in recovery rate of wet biceps muscle weight. No significant difference was found between the ipsilateral C7 group and the Oberlin group in the recovery of the axillary nerve compound muscle action potential and biceps brachii cell size. No significant difference was found between the ipsilateral C7 group and the phrenic nerve and no axillary nerve restoration groups in amplitude recovery rate of musculocutaneous nerve compound muscle action potential. No significant difference was found between the ipsilateral C7 and the Oberlin groups in the early recovery of musculocutaneous nerve compound muscle action potential, but recovery was significantly better in the ipsilateral C7 group at 12 weeks. Ipsilateral C7 root transfer can improve the quality of restoration of muscle and nerve function in the rat upper trunk after brachial plexus root avulsion.     

荧光逆行示踪法定位神经端侧缝合后再生来源的实验研究

目的 应用荧光逆行示踪法研究神经端.侧缝合修复臂丛神经损伤的有效性及再生神经的脊髓定位.方法 雌性SD大鼠24只,随机分为4组,造成臂丛神经上干损伤模型,分别以膈神经、同侧颈,神经根为供体神经,按照端.侧和端.端两种缝合方式修复肌皮神经.术后3个月,对大鼠肌皮神经和供体神经分别采用真蓝和双脒基黄进行逆行示踪.3、7、14 d后进行灌注固定,取颈段脊髓连续切片,荧光显微镜观察.结果 各观察点背根节及脊髓前角均出现荧光标记细胞,并逐渐增多.以同侧颈,为供体神经组,标记细胞仅出现在该节段,而以膈神经为供体神经组,标记细胞出现在颈_(3-5)节段.端一侧缝合组在相应脊髓前角或背根神经节出现,同时具有两种荧光剂的双标细胞或在同一脊髓节段同时出现分别以两种荧光剂标记的单标细胞.结论 采用不同供体神经进行端.侧缝合联合神经移植修复臂丛神经可使神经再生,荧光逆行示踪可以准确定位端.侧缝合后再生神经的来源.     

An experimental study of the treatment of root avulsion of brachial plexus using contralateral C7 nerve neurotization (nerve transfer)]

This study compared the functional results of contralateral C7 root neurotization with homolateral phrenic nerve transfer for repairing root avulsion of brachial plexus in rats. It was found that in the C7 nerve root group all the parameters of evoked muscle potential amplitude (EMPA), regenerating axon count, biceps weight and muscle fibre area, and muscular maximal tetanus tension were statistically superior (P < 0.05-0.01) to those in the phrenic nerve group; while there were no significant differences between these two groups in motor nerve latency regenerating axon area and persisting time of muscular maximal tetanus tension (P > 0.05). The reasons why C7 root neurotization is superior to phrenic nerve transfer were also discussed.     

不同端-侧缝合方式修复周围神经的比较研究

目的 比较周围神经标准端-侧缝合方式与其他变体在修复效果上的差异.方法 SD大鼠126只,随机分为7组,将右侧肌皮神经切断,以同侧尺神经作为供体神经,按照端-端缝合组(end-to-end,E-E组)、端-侧缝合组(end-to-side,E-S组)、侧-侧缝合外膜开窗组(side-to-side,S-S组)、侧-侧缝合外膜不开窗组(side-to-side,S-S'组)、螺旋缠绕外膜去除组(spiral,Sp组)、螺旋缠绕外膜保留组(spiral,Sp'组)、阳性对照组(controlling group,CG组)制作模型,各组分别于术后1、2、3个月取材,进行神经电生理、病理组织学检测.结果 术后3个月,各端-侧缝合组均有明显神经再生现象,但效果均不及端-端缝合组,各种端-侧缝合术式的变体与标准端-侧缝合方式相比差异不明显(P＞O.05),保留神经外膜的两组为各组中效果最差.结论 神经外膜对端-侧缝合效果有影响,各种缝合方式差异无统计学意义,单纯通过手术方式提高神经端-侧缝合后神经再生能力的效果非常有限.     

Phrenic nerve transfer for brachial plexus motor neurotization

We report a series of 164 patients who underwent phrenic neurotization to elements of the brachial plexus with root avulsion injuries. Recipient nerves included musculocutaneous nerve in 125 patients (78 direct neurotizations and 48 with intervening autograft), median nerve in 10 patients, and a variety of other nerves in 28 patients. Sixty-five patients presented a follow-up period of 2 or more years. Of this group, 55 patients (84.6%) achieved a recovery of M-3 or better. We observed no long-term deleterious effects on respiratory function.     

End-to-side neurotization with the phrenic nerve in restoring the function of toe extension: an experimental study in a rat model

The phrenic nerve being transferred to the posterior division of the lower trunk with end-to-end neurorrhaphy is reported to be effective in restoring the function of digit extension in literature. However, the phrenic nerve is extremely important in respiration. We designed an animal experiment to discover whether the phrenic nerve being transferred to the posterior division of the lower trunk with end-to-side neurotization was feasible and provided the theoretical basis. A sum of 36 Sprague-Dawley rats was randomly assigned to one of two groups. In Group A, the phrenic nerve was transferred to the posterior division of the lower trunk with end-to-side neurotization. In Group B, the posterior division of the lower trunk was directly sutured. The results of behavioral assessment, electrophysiology, histology and nerve fiber count and muscle weight at 12 weeks postoperatively were recorded. In Group A, none of the rats experienced tachypnea. The motion of slight toe extension was observed. The results of electrophysiology, histology and nerve fiber count and muscle weight in Group A were not as well as those of Group B, but gradually improved with time. The phrenic nerve being transferred to the posterior division of lower trunk with end-to-side neurotization can partially restore the function of toe extension in a rat model. Whether the function of digit extension can be restored by the phrenic nerve with end-to-side neurotization in humans still needs more practice in clinic.     

Comparative experimental study on treatment outcome of nerve transfer, using selective C7 nerve root vs. phrenic nerve

The treatment outcome of nerve transfer using the C7 nerve root or phrenic nerve was compared in a rat experiment. One hundred and twenty SD rats were divided into two groups, one undergoing phrenic nerve transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve, and the other partial ipsilateral C7 (anteriolateral fascicles of the anterior division) to the musculocutaneous nerve. Neurotization outcomes of the two groups were evaluated by comparing the electrophysiologic, histologic, and myophysiologic changes of the biceps muscle. No significant differences were found between parameters from the phrenic nerve transfer group and those from the ipsilateral C7 nerve transfer group. This indicates that the treatment outcome of selective ipsilateral C7 transfer is comparable to that of phrenic nerve transfer. It is the surgery of choice in treating brachial plexus upper-trunk avulsion accompanied by phrenic nerve injury.