博乐市区2007-2009年游泳池水卫生监测结果分析

[目的]了解博乐市区游泳池水卫生状况,为进一步加强对游泳场所卫生监督管理提供技术参考。[方法]依照国标《公共场所卫生监测技术规范》、《公共场所卫生标准检验方法》、《游泳场所卫生标准》对游泳池水进行现场采样,2007-2009年共采101份样本,对卫生指标检测及结果判定评价。[结果]各项指标合格率:pH值100%、浑浊度100%、尿素43.8%、余氯0、细菌总数32.7%、大肠菌群49.5%。[结论]游泳池水余氯合格率为0,细菌总数、尿素和大肠菌群合格率都低于50%,今后应加强对池水消毒和余氯检测的监督管理,确保池水卫生安全。     

2009年北京市大兴区部分游泳池池水卫生状况分析

[目的]了解2009年北京市大兴区游泳场所游泳池池水的卫生状况,为监督管理提供依据。[方法]2009年对大兴区24家游泳池的72份池水水样pH值、浑浊度、尿素、游离性余氯、细菌总数、大肠菌群检测情况进行分析。[结果]检测72份水样,合格的57份,合格率为79.17%。小区附属游泳馆、宾馆饭店附属游泳馆、学校游泳馆水样合格率分别为84.85%、78.79%、3/6;pH值、游离性余氯、细菌总数、大肠菌群合格率分别为95.83%、91.67%、83.33%、95.83%,尿素和浑浊度均为100.0%。[结论]大兴区游泳池池水卫生状况较差。     

三明市区2005-2007年游泳池水卫生监测结果分析

[目的]了解三明市区游泳池水卫生状况,为进一步加强对游泳场所的卫生监督管理提供技术参考。[方法]依照《公共场所卫生监测技术规范》、《公共场所卫生标准检验方法》和《游泳场所卫生标准》对游泳池水进行现场采样、卫生指标检测及结果判定评价。[结果]6项卫生指标总合格率为13.8%;各项指标合格率分别为pH值95.6%、浑浊度100%、尿素79.8%、余氯21.2%、细菌总数93.1%和大肠菌群89.2%。[结论]游泳池水游离性余氯合格率低,今后应加强对池水消毒和余氯检测的监督管理;要求经营单位必须有池水循环净化装置,确保池水卫生安全。     

2007～2009年盘锦市室内游泳场所卫生状况调查

[目的]了解盘锦市2007～2009年游泳池水水质卫生状况及变化趋势,为进一步提高游泳池池水卫生质量提供科学依据。[方法]2007～2009年5～10月,按照GB/T 18204-2000《公共场所卫生标准检验方法》对盘锦市2家游泳池抽取144份水样,检测水温、pH值、游离性余氯、尿素、浑浊度、细菌总数、大肠菌群7项指标并进行评价。[结果]2007～2009年合计检测144份水样,合格的72份,合格率为50.00%。2007～2009年的合格率分别为39.58%、47.92%、62.50%(P<0.05),浑浊度、大肠菌群、游离性余氯、尿素、pH值、细菌总数合格率均为100.00%。[结论]盘锦市游泳池水水质卫生状况逐年趋好,卫生管理受到重视,今后务必继续加强卫生监督监测管理,进一步提高游泳池水质卫生质量,保障游泳者身心健康。     

石河子市室内游泳馆水质检测结果分析

室内游泳馆是一年四季休闲、健身健体的娱乐场所 ,对于大西北来说 ,冬季漫长 ,天寒地冻 ,室内游泳馆显得不可缺少 ,为了确保游泳者的安全、卫生与健康 ,我们根据GB9667-1996《人工游泳池水质卫生标准》、GB/T172 2 0 -1998《公共场所卫生监测技术规范》和《公共场所卫生标准检验方法》 ,于 1996～ 2 0 0 0年按月对石河子市金波港室内游泳馆的温度、水池水温、浑浊度、余氯、细菌总数、大肠菌群、致病菌进行了监测 ,5年平均合格率分别是浑浊度 10 0 0 %、余氯41 9%、细菌总数 64 5 %、大肠菌群 86 3 %、致病菌未检出 ,室内温度和水池内水…     

2006年北京市西城区27家游泳池水质检测分析

[目的]了解游泳池水质卫生状况，找出存在的问题和原因，提供有效的处理措施，保障游泳池水质卫生，保护游泳者的健康。[方法]2006年对北京市西城区27家游泳馆游泳池水进行检测，采集游泳池水样81份，依据《游泳场所卫生标准》（GB9667—1996）进行不同指标合格情况的分析。[结果]游泳池水不合格的项目有pH值、尿素、游离性余氯、细菌总数、大肠菌群，其合格率分别是98．77％、55．56％、88．89％、95．06％，和96．30％。仅有1份水样pH值超过标准，但69．14％的水样pH值大于7．6，偏碱性。尿素合格率低于国内其他地区。细菌总数和大肠菌群的不合格水样均来自宾馆饭店附属游泳馆，细菌总数最高为多不可计，大肠菌群超标严重达到230MPN／L。[结论]针对不同项目超标情况进行改进，加强对游泳池水的监督和管理工作，保障水质卫生状况。建议对pH值制订更安全的正常值范围，以满足人民健康需要。     

北京市西城区(南)游泳场馆空气与泳池水卫生现状分析

目的了解北京市西城(南)区游泳场馆空气质量与泳池水质卫生状况,并为加强游泳池的卫生管理提供科学依据。方法对西城(南)区14家游泳场馆共采集180件空气样品、180件池水样品检测卫生学指标。结果游泳馆空气卫生指标中,相对湿度、风速、二氧化碳、空气细菌数4项指标的合格率比较高,分别为90.0%、99.4%、99.4%和100.0%;游泳池水的卫生指标中,pH值、浑浊度、细菌总数、大肠菌群4项指标的合格率较高,分别为100%、100%、96.1%和100%,然而泳池的池水温度、尿素、游离性余氯、浸脚池游离性余氯4项指标的合格率较低,分别为19.4%、71.7%、33.3%和41.1%。结论北京市西城(南)区游泳场馆的卫生质量存在一些问题,今后应加强对游泳场馆的卫生监管工作,强化游泳池水的消毒工作,同时须注意定时补充新水和定期换水,保证广大游泳者的身体健康。     

游泳池水质卫生相关因素与管理探讨

对浙江省164个游泳场所的换水方式、使用的消毒药剂种类、池水自测制度的调查及池水中余氯、细菌总数、大肠菌群、浑浊度的监测,显示游泳池水质的细菌总数合格率为76.8%,大肠菌群合格率为92.1%.影响水质细菌指标合格率的因素主要是池水中的游离性余氯和浑浊度.建立池水自测制度是确保游泳池水质卫生的有效措施.     

2006～2009年佛山市顺德区游泳池水水质监测分析

[目的]了解顺德区2006~2009年游泳池水水质卫生状况及变化趋势,为进一步提高游泳池池水卫生质量提供科学依据。[方法]按照GB/T 18204-2000《公共场所卫生标准检验方法》对顺德区51家游泳池抽取1 039份水样,检测pH值、游离性余氯、尿素、浑浊度、细菌总数、大肠菌群6项指标并进行检验评价。[结果]2006~2009年合计检测1 039份水样,合格的850份,合格率为81.81%。各年的合格率分别为71.49%、78.07%、86.55%和90.76%。不同年份间合格率的差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。[结论]顺德区游泳池水水质卫生状况逐年趋好,卫生管理受到重视,今后务必继续加强卫生监督监测管理,进一步提高游泳池水质卫生质量,保障游泳者身心健康。     

2006-2009年佛山市顺德区游泳池水水质监测分析

[目的]了解顺德区2006～2009年游泳池水水质卫生状况2变化趋势,为进一步提高游泳池池水卫生质量提供科学依据。[方法]按照GB／T18204—2000《公共场所卫生标准检验方法》对顺德区51家游泳池抽取1039份水样,检测pH值、游离性余氯、尿素、浑浊度、细菌总数、大肠菌群6项指标并进行检验评价。[结果]2006～2009年合计检测1039份水样．合格的850份,合格率为81．81％。各年的合格率分别为71．49％、78．07％、86．55％和90．76％。不同年份间合格率的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。[结论]顺德区游泳池水水,卫生状况逐年趋好。卫生管理受到重视,今后务必继续加强卫生监督监测管理,进一步提高游泳池水质卫生质量,保障游泳者身心健康。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.