硬质胆道镜联合腹腔镜保胆取石治疗胆囊结石、胆囊息肉的78例疗效观察

目的观察硬质胆道镜联合腹腔镜保胆取石治疗胆囊结石、胆囊息肉的临床疗效。方法 48例胆囊结石与30例胆囊息肉患者行硬质胆道镜保留胆囊、取净结石和息肉手术,术后定期复查腹部彩超。结果 78例患者中1例(1.28%)因结石位于胆囊颈且嵌顿中转行胆囊切除,其余均顺利手术;1例(1.28%)术后2月发现胆囊颈内残余结石,行腹腔镜胆囊切除术;胆囊息肉术后病理检查均为良性息肉。结论硬质胆道镜取石、取息肉术方法简单、安全、可行,是保留胆囊功能的有效方法。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜在保胆取石（息肉切除）术中的应用

[目的]探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆取石（息肉切除）术的临床应用价值.[方法]将本院2008年12月至2009年11月行腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆取石（息肉切除）术并有完整随访资料的149例患者分为胆囊结石组（A组）、胆囊结石合并息肉组（B组）、胆囊息肉组（C组）;并对临床资料进行回顾性分析.[结果]全部病例均顺利行腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆取石（息肉切除）术,术后1例患者出现腹壁蜂窝织炎,经治疗后痊愈.1例患者出现右下肢深静脉血栓,经保守治疗而愈.术后随访52～63个月,A组内单发结石与多发结石分别复发1例（3.33％）、18例（23.68％）,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）.A组结石复发19例（17.92％）,B组结石复发7例（43.75％）,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）.B组息肉复发1例（6.25％）,C组息肉复发1例（3.70％）,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.[结论]腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆取石（息肉切除）术安全、微创、有效;胆囊结石合并息肉不推荐行保胆取石（息肉切除）术.     

完全腹腔镜结合胆道硬镜保胆取石术和取息肉术

目的 探讨完全腹腔镜结合胆道硬镜保胆取石和取息肉的手术方法 和应用价值.方法 总结2009年1月～2009年4月91例完全腹腔镜下保胆取石(或息肉)术的经验,其中胆囊结石67例,胆色素结石36例,胆固醇结石26例,混合性结石5例.在胆囊结石中合并有胆囊壁问结石23例,占34.33%,行胆囊切开胆道硬镜取石术;胆囊息肉24例患者中,22例胆固醇性息肉,2例为胆囊腺瘤样息肉,用胆道镜取尽息肉.结果 91例保胆患者手术均获成功.手术时间80～190(109±33)min,术后住院4～7(6.0±0.8)d,术后排气时间6～30(14.3±4.2)h,所有患者均治愈.因术后时间短,无随访结论 .结论 完全腹腔镜结合胆道硬镜保胆取石(或息肉)术对于保留胆囊及胆囊的功能具有重要的意义.     

硬质胆道镜在保胆手术中的应用

目的 探讨硬质胆道镜在保胆手术中的应用的价值.方法 2007年1月～2012年11月在完全腹腔镜下利用硬质胆道镜碎石取石,摘除胆囊息肉、保留胆囊共计169例,总结分析其疗效.结果 全部患者治愈,结石取净率100％,无出血、胆漏等并发症.术中分别因粘连严重、胆囊管堵塞、息肉重度不典型增生中转为腹腔镜胆囊切除共9例.结论 硬质胆道镜保胆取石、取息肉,操作方便、手术快捷、微创、效果好,有临床推广价值.     

硬性胆道镜下胆囊结石(或息肉)保胆手术200例临床研究

目的 探讨胆囊结石及胆囊息肉经硬性胆道镜下微创保胆取石(或息肉)手术的适应证以及预防结石术后复发.方法 采用WOLF新式硬性胆道镜完成保胆取石手术200例.其中2例急性胆囊炎、8例萎缩性胆囊炎均行保胆取石术,利用气压弹道碎石技术13例,45例采取腔内电凝导丝电凝止血.保胆取石术后患者常规服用步长胆石利通片,防止胆汁胆固醇饱和,防止结石复发.结果 200例患者平均手术时间(55±5)min、平均住院时间5 d,其中放置胆囊造瘘管9例.除1例保胆失败最终选择切胆手术、3例保胆取石术后发现胆囊内沉积物外,其余患者均获得近期较为理想的疗效.结论 硬性胆道镜下微创保胆取石(息肉)手术安全、可行、疗效满意.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆取石治疗胆囊结石术式探讨(附65例报告)

目的 探讨腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜保胆取石治疗胆囊结石的手术方式.方法 回顾分析采用腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜保胆取石术治疗65例胆囊结石患者的临床资料.结果 63例均成功取尽结石.行腹腔镜下腹腔外胆道镜保胆取石术46例,平均手术时间65 min,平均住院时间5 d;行腹腔镜下腹腔内胆道镜取石术17例,平均手术时间96min,平均住院时间6.5 d;腹腔镜胆囊切除术2例.结石最大直径约3 cm,无出血、胆漏、伤口感染、脂肪液化及心肺等并发症发生.对56例患者随访1～30个月,2例复发.结论 腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜保胆取石术是根据术中探查情况,对各种保胆取石术式取长补短,尽最大可能既使手术安全、操作简单、微创、手术时间短、术后并发症少,又尽可能保留了胆囊的功能,值得临床推广应用.     

完全腹腔镜保胆取石术和息肉切除术(附68例报告)

目的 探讨完全腹腔镜下保胆取石和取息肉的手术方法 和应用价值.方法 总结2006年3月～2008年8月68例完全腹腔镜下保胆取石和取息肉术的经验,胆石症患者63例,其中单纯胆囊结石51例,行胆囊切开结合胆道镜取石,3-0可吸收线双层缝合胆囊;胆囊颈部结石嵌顿5例,行颈部切开取石成型术,用3-0可吸收线间断全层、单层缝合胆囊颈部,若颈部不扩张为预防狭窄则纵切横缝,针距、边距1.5 mm;胆囊结合并胆总管结石7例,胆囊切开取石后行胆总管切开取石术.胆囊息肉5例,3例胆固醇性息肉用胆道镜取尽息肉;2例为胆囊腺瘤样息肉,行胆囊部分切除术.结果 68例保胆患者手术均获成功,有1例合并胆总管结石的患者因胆总管取石困难中转开腹.胆漏2例,术后每天10 mL,共2 d,术后4 d拔除腹腔引流管.手术时间80～240(109±33)min(包括胆总管切开取石术).术后住院4～10(6.0±0.8)d,所有患者均治愈.获随访患者58例,随访时间1～29个月,结石复发1例,占1.59%.结论 完全腹腔镜下保胆取石和取息肉术对于保留胆囊及胆囊功能具有重要的意义,特别是胆囊部分切除术、胆囊颈部成型术对于治疗胆囊腺瘤样息肉、胆囊颈部结石嵌顿是一种新的保胆术式和方法 .     

腹腔镜、胆道镜联合微创保胆手术16例的护理

目的：探讨腹腔镜辅助切开胆囊、经胆道镜取胆囊结石或息肉的护理经验。方法：分析2007一01／2008—07期间16例腹腔镜辅助切开胆囊、经胆道镜取胆囊结石或息肉患者的护理过程。结果：1例患者术中转行腹腔镜胆囊切除术;15例患者手术顺利,其中1例术后B超复查胆囊残余结石;余14例未发生并发症,术后B超复查未发现残余结石;平均住院7d,术后住院4d。结论：腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆手术是安全有效的,围手术期的细心护理对手术的成功和减少术后并发症、增强患者对手术的信心以及减少医疗纠纷有重要的作用。     

双镜联合治疗胆囊造瘘术后残余结石

目的探讨输尿管镜联合胆道镜在胆囊造瘘后残余结石中的作用。方法回顾性分析该院2003年3月-2013年7月收治的37例因胆囊结石行胆囊造瘘术患者的临床资料。造瘘管均采用16 F导尿管,6周后行取石术。37例应用输尿管镜和胆道镜取石及碎石,5例患者另行胆囊去黏膜化治疗,观察取石后胆囊结石复发及胆囊积液情况。结果 33例1次取净结石,3例2次取净结石,1例3次取净结石。随访6~12个月,胆囊结石复发6例,3例有疼痛症状,3例随访期间无症状。去胆囊黏膜化的5例患者中,4例随访未见胆囊腔积液,1例术后2个月超声提示胆囊腔积液。结论联合应用输尿管镜和胆道镜能取净胆囊造瘘术后胆囊内残余结石,创伤小,减少了胆囊切除手术的可能。对于胆囊管堵塞的患者,取石后去黏膜化能达到胆囊切除的类似效果。     

透明帽辅助胆道镜在内镜保胆取石术中的应用研究*

目的研究透明帽辅助胆道镜在内镜保胆取石术中的作用及意义。方法回顾性分析2018年1月-2018年9月因胆囊结石于该院住院行内镜保胆取石术的100例患者,按是否应用透明帽分为接受腹腔镜联合胆道镜手术组与腹腔镜联合透明帽辅助胆道镜治疗手术组,对比两组在胆囊探查时间、手术并发症发生率、不良反应发生率及术后3个月内结石复发情况等方面的差异。结果两组患者均完成保胆取石手术,其中腹腔镜联合透明帽辅助胆道镜组出现1例患者术后胆漏。两组均未发现因胆道镜操作引起胆囊、胆囊管出血和胆总管损伤等并发症。接受腹腔镜联合胆道镜行保胆取石术患者,平均胆囊探查时间为(27.96±12.24)min,术后出现不良反应2例,术后3个月内随访B超检查胆囊结石患者8例;接受腹腔镜联合透明帽辅助胆道镜治疗的患者,平均胆囊探查时间为(12.04±6.01)min,术后出现不良反应2例,术后3个月内随访B超检查胆囊结石患者1例。腹腔镜联合透明帽辅助胆道镜组的胆囊探查时间及术后3个月内胆囊结石患者人数均明显低于腹腔镜联合胆道镜组。两组患者手术并发症发生率和患者不良反应发生率未见明显差异。结论在腹腔镜联合胆道镜实施保胆取石术中,透明帽辅助胆道镜具有明显优势,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.