CT辅助山羊腰椎解剖测量及与人体腰椎的对比研究

目的:通过对山羊腰椎的解剖测量以及与人体腰椎的对比研究,为腰椎假体的动物模型建立奠定基础。方法:通过计算机辅助软件Mimics 16.0对波尔山羊新鲜腰椎标本及健康成人腰椎的椎体、椎弓根、椎间盘等部位的解剖参数进行采集,最终运用统计学软件对两者腰椎解剖特点进行对比研究。结果:山羊椎体前高中高后高,最大值分别为(38.7±2.9)、(40.1±2.6)、(40.7±2.7)mm。其终板宽度大于其深度,整体呈心形或肾形外观。山羊上终板向外凸出,下终板凹陷较小,最大值为(1.6±0.6)mm。山羊椎弓根高自L1至L6不断增大,最大值为(30.5±1.9)mm;其椎弓根宽与夹角随着椎体序列的增加先减小后增大,最小值分别为(6.7±0.4)mm与(45.9±2.6)°。山羊椎间盘前高中高后高,三者随着椎间隙的变化数值波动较小;其椎间孔高与宽亦变化较小,分别在(12.9±0.3)~(14.3±1.0)mm与(5.7±1.0)~(6.7±0.9)mm波动。对比结果显示山羊腰椎椎体高、椎弓根高及夹角明显大于人类(P0.05),而其终板宽与深、椎间盘高等明显小于人类(P0.05)。此外,两者某些结构如椎弓根高、椎间盘高等随着椎体序数的增加亦呈现出不同变化规律。结论:山羊腰椎虽然在某些方面如终板及椎间孔形态等与人体存在相似性,但是在诸多方面仍存在较大差异。掌握山羊腰椎的解剖特点及与人体之间的差异对于腰椎假体及相关技术的山羊动物研究具有重要的指导意义。     

Clinical predictors of lumbar provocation discography: a study of clinical predictors of lumbar provocation discography

Discography is the only available method of directly challenging the discs for pain sensitivity. However, it is invasive, expensive and there is a debate about its clinical value. There is a need to identify clinical signs that may indicate the need for a discography examination. Pain centralization (retreat of referred pain to towards the spinal midline) has been associated with positive discography and possesses specificity between 80 and 100% depending on levels of disablement and psychosocial distress. Less than half of positive discography patients reports centralization and there is a need to identify other potentially valuable predictors. This study estimated the diagnostic accuracy of clinical variables in relation to provocation discography. In a blinded, prospective reference standard design in a private interventional radiology clinic, chronic low back patients received a detailed clinical examination followed by discography. Patients were typically disabled with high levels of psychosocial distress. Logistic regression modelling identified potentially useful clinical variables, and sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios were calculated for promising specific variables and combinations of variables. Of 118 consecutive discography cases, 107 had unconfounded data on discography results. History of persistent pain between acute episodes, a significant loss of extension and a subjective report of ‘vulnerability’ in what is termed as the ‘neutral zone’ had specificities of 83–92% and likelihood ratios between 2.0 and 4.1. Two combinations of variables were highly specific to positive discography, but no suitable screening test useful for ruling out positive discography was established. Three clinical variables have modest predictive power in relation to lumbar discography results and two combinations of variables were highly specific to positive discography.     

A critical evaluation of discography in patients with lumbar intervertebral disc disease

STUDY DESIGN: The study is a prospective observational study of 48 continuous patients with symptomatic lumbar degenerative disk disease. Each patient underwent discography, MRI, and a biochemical analysis of disk lavage fluid. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to correlate concordant pain on discography with MRI grade and biochemical markers of inflammation in a clinical setting. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The pathophysiology of degenerative disk disease is complex. Discography is used to differentiate symptomatic from asymptomatic levels. MRI is used to image changes in disk water content. Biochemical assays have identified molecular markers of inflammation. To date, no study has correlated concordant pain on discography with MRI findings and biochemical markers. METHODS: Forty-eight (48) continuous patients with symptomatic lumbar degenerative disk disease gave informed consent for study entry. Patient sex, age, insurance, work status and visual analog score (VAS) were recorded. MRI was obtained and Pfirrmann grading was performed by a single spine surgeon. Discography with disc lavage was performed by a single anesthesiologist. Lavage samples were tested for inflammatory markers with high resolution multi-plex bead immunoassays and ELISA with >5 pg/ml resolution. RESULTS: None of demographic variables was significantly related to concordant pain on discogram by chi-squared tests and Mann-Whitney U-test. The Pfirrmann score was significantly different for patients with and without concordant pain at L3-L4 (p<0.001), but was insignificant at other levels after multitest correction. Pfirrmann scores were significantly different at any level in patients with and without concordant pain. VAS scores were not significantly correlated with opening pressures at any level. Despite the presence of serum proteins in the disk lavage fluid, none of the tested inflammatory mediators was identified by multi-plex bead immunoassays and ELISA. CONCLUSIONS: There are only weak correlations between demographic, discogram, and radiographic variables. Response to discogram cannot be predicted by non-invasive means. The disk lavage method was unable to identify the presence of specific inflammatory peptides with multi-plex immunoassays and ELISA.     

CT scanning of lumbar discography. A useful diagnostic adjunct

Twenty-two patients with continued, undiagnosed symptoms of low back and sciatic pain for an average of 14 months were assessed. Patients studied had prior negative evaluations, including EMG, CT scanning, and/or metrizamide myelography. Three-level, posterolateral, extradural discography was performed on the side opposite the sciatica. One to 6-hours after discography, CT scanning was performed on all injected discs: 91% demonstrated abnormal discograms at one/more levels. CT imaging demonstrated contrast tracking to the periphery of the disc in 82%. Discography reproduced the patient's symptoms in 77%. The direction of contrast tracking seen on scanning correlated with clinical symptoms in 73% and with symptoms at discography in 82%. CT scanning was thought to be a useful adjunct to lumbar discography in patients with prior negative evaluations.     

Percutaneous discography: comparison of low-dose CT, fluoroscopy and MRI in the diagnosis of lumbar disc disruption

Aim: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of low-dose computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluoroscopy in percutaneous discography in patients scheduled for lumbar spondylodesis. Material and methods: Within a prospective pilot study, 18 disc segments of 11 patients with radicular or pseudoradicular pain prior to anteroposterior spondylodesis were evaluated. After injection of a mixture of non-ionic iodine-containing contrast agent and gadolinium-based contrast medium into the disc spaces, all patients underwent conventional fluoroscopy, as well as low-dose CT and MRI. The occurrence of memory pain during contrast injection was recorded. CT, MRI and fluoroscopic images were analyzed independently by two readers blinded to the clinical findings. Results: There was 100% agreement between CT and MRI discography in the detection, localization and grading of degenerative changes. In contrast, conventional fluoroscopy identified only 9 of the 12 abnormal segments. Memory pain following puncture was identified in 3 of the 12 affected segments. Summary: Low-dose CT and MRI discography have a similar accuracy in the assessment of disc disruption and they are superior to fluoroscopic discography.     

Comparison of high-resolution computed tomography with discography in the evaluation of lumbar disc herniations

After failure of conservative treatment, 100 patients with symptoms suggestive of lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) but without objective deficits were investigated both by high-resolution CT (without intravenous or intrathecal contrast) and by discography. The L4-L5 and L5-S1 discs were investigated by both techniques in all patients. In addition, the L3-L4 disc was investigated in 20 patients. The 220 investigated discs were sorted out into 6 CT categories according to morphologic and technical criteria. They were also classified into 3 discographic groups according to morphologic and clinical criteria. Based on morphologic considerations alone, the false-negative CT rates varied from 0 to 64% and the false-positive rates varied from 0 to 19%, depending on the category under consideration. Based on both morphologic and clinical consideration, the false-negative CT rates varied from 34 to 57% and the false-positive CT rates varied from 23 to 50%. Thus, high-resolution CT does not constitute an adequate means of investigation for this category of patients and discography appears justified before considering any form of radical therapy.     

CT辅助腰椎终板形态学研究

目的：通过计算机断层扫描技术对健康成人腰椎终板结构进行解剖测量与研究,为腰椎假体的优化设计与临床应用提供有益指导。方法：有偿征集60名健康成人（男女均等）,签署知情同意书后于西安交通大学第二附属医院影像科行全腰段CT扫描。将扫描数据导入计算机辅助软件Mimics 16.0进行三维重建及测量。采集指标包括正中矢状径、最大冠状径,凹陷深度、正中矢状面凹陷角,冠状面凹陷角等共9项,最后利用统计学软件对采集数据进行统计学分析。结果：上下终板的正中矢状径与最大冠状径不但具有性别差异（P<0.05）,而且随着腰椎序列的增加呈增大趋势。上下终板凹陷深度无性别差异（P>0.05）,自L₁至L₅变化较小,分别在1.5~2.0 mm与2.2~3.9 mm波动;同一序列男性下终板凹陷深度大于上终板且差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而女性上下终板凹陷深度比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。上下终板矢状面凹陷角与冠状面凹陷角随着椎体序数的增加整体变化较小而且绝大部分椎体序列上矢状面与冠状面凹陷角均无性别差异（P>0.05）。统计学显示靠近尾侧腰椎终板最大凹陷处位于终板平面偏背侧。结论：人体腰椎终板解剖结构比较复杂,熟悉掌握终板解剖参数以及术前充分利用CT辅助测量对于腰椎假体的研制及临床应用具有重要意义。     

Significance of tangential views in lumbar discography

In 64 patients with 69 herniated lumbar discs, craniocaudal or caudocranial tangential views were made in addition to conventional posteroanterior (PA) and lateral views in lumbar discography. Tangential views more clearly demonstrated details of annular tears and herniated discs in comparison with conventional views. The advantages of tangential views are as follows: precise demonstration of position, width, and shape of the hernial opening (main annular tear); precise demonstration of position and shape of the herniated mass; and a topographic display of disc degeneration. Dermal radiation absorbed during tangential views is less than that of computerized tomographic (CT) scans of discography. In addition, tangential views can be readily made at any hospital. The disadvantages of tangential views are that the X-ray tube direction must be chosen for each individual depending on whether there is a cranially or caudally migrated disc herniation; there is a tendency toward decreased sharpness of the exposure, especially when there are advanced degenerative discs; and, absorbed doses of gonadal radiation are higher during caudocranial tangential views than during CT discography in women.     

椎间盘造影在腰椎多节段退变性疾病诊治中的应用探讨

目的初步探讨椎间盘造影术在腰椎多节段退变性疾病临床诊疗中的应用价值。方法 2006年9月～2010年4月,行手术治疗的伴有明显腰痛症状的腰椎多节段退变性疾病患者143例,分为2组：椎间盘造影组69例,术前对MRI检查提示椎间盘退变的椎间节段进一步行椎间盘造影检查,根据常规影像学检查以及椎间盘造影检查结果选择手术干预节段;常规诊疗组74例,术前仅根据常规影像学检查结果选择手术干预节段。对所有手术干预节段行改良经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术。随访并比较2组患者术前及术后3个月、6个月、12个月Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index,ODI）及疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分。结果椎间盘造影组及常规诊疗组分别有64例、71例患者完成了至少12个月的系统随访。2组患者术后3个月、6个月及12个月的ODI、VAS评分较术前均有好转;但椎间盘造影组术后3个月、6个月及12个月ODI、VAS评分明显优于常规诊疗组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论对伴有明显腰痛症状的腰椎多节段退变性疾病患者,椎间盘造影术具有良好的临床应用价值;在良好掌握临床适用范围及操作技术的基础上,不失为常规影像学检查的一种有益补充。     

椎间盘造影结合经皮穿刺激光减压术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

经皮穿刺腰椎间盘激光气化减压术(percutaneous laserdisc decompression,PLDD)作为一种微创手术,在临床应用方面取得了良好的疗效。本院于2004年10月至2006年2月将椎间盘造影(discography)与PLDD相结合,进一步提高了整体疗效。1资料和方法1.1病例选择纳入标准:①临床表现为典型的放射性腰腿痛,患肢感觉和运动功能障碍,伴肌肉萎缩。②体检有相应节段椎间隙的压痛或叩击痛,直腿抬高试验阳性,膝、踝反射减弱或消失。③经6周以上保守治疗无效或疗效不理想。④CT或MRI显示L4,5或L5S1单节段椎间盘突出,有明显的神经根或硬膜囊受压,椎间隙…     

诱发疼痛与椎间盘的病理变化：腰腿痛的CT椎间盘造影

作者对７３例腰腿痛患者进行了ＣＴＭ间盘造影检查，共１４６个间盘，其中突出５１个，退变９５个。根据造影中出现诱发疼痛与否，可分为无痛、非类似疼痛、类似疼痛和疼痛再现４类。椎间盘突出中６８． ９％有类似疼痛和疼痛再现。突出不合并或合并轻度退变时容易出现疼痛再现，合并严重退变则疼痛再现明显减少。无退变间盘常常是无痛的，退变间盘常有非类似疼痛。椎间盘造影诱发出的不同性质的疼痛有辅助诊断价值。疼痛的病理机制仍有待探讨。     

Clinical relevance of discography combined with CT scanning. A study of 100 patients

Two different classifications of discograms have been used in a prospective study of 279 injected discs in 100 patients. The five-stage classification of Adams, Dolan and Hutton (1986) showed increased degeneration in the lower lumbar discs and more degenerative changes in men than in women. Exact reproduction of the patient's pain on injection was more common in fissured or ruptured discs than in less degenerate discs, with 81% sensitivity and 64% specificity of the discogram for pain. The additional information obtained by comparing computerised tomography (CT) with discograms was minimal. Discography was found to be useful in the evaluation of chronic low back pain in patients whose ordinary CT scans, myelograms and flexion-extension radiographs were normal. In spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, discography can disclose whether fusion needs to be extended above the lytic level, and it may show if the pain in patients who have had posterolateral fusion is discogenic. Thus, discography gives information which is useful in deciding whether to operate on patients with chronic low back pain.     

The relationship of pain provocation to lumbar disc deterioration as seen by CT/discography

The CT/discographic findings from 225 discs in 91 low-back pain patients were compared to the pain provocation during the injection of contrast into the disc. The radiographic appearance of disc deterioration demonstrating disc degeneration and annular disruption of each disc was classified separately using a fourpoint scale: normal, slight, moderate, or severe. Pain reaction to the discogram at each level was recorded as follows: no pain, dissimilar pain, similar pain, or exact reproduction of the patient's clinical pain. This more precise analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between pain and deterioration of discs. The CT/discogram presents an axial view of the disc that allows a subgrouping of disc deterioration that can discriminate between peripheral deterioration (degeneration) and internal deterioration (disruption). The disruption supposedly occurs earlier and is more likely to be the source of exact pain reproduction.     

腹腔镜辅助腰椎前路椎间融合术治疗腰椎退变性疾病

 目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助腰椎前路椎间融合术治疗腰椎退变性疾病的疗效。方法 2006年 1月至 2009年 6月腰椎退变性疾病患者 37例行腹腔镜辅助腰椎前路椎间融合, 男 22例, 女 15例;年龄 16~55岁, 平均 43.7岁。全部病例行血管造影三维 CT检查、17例行椎间盘造影检查, 确定责任椎间盘为 L5S1 21例, L4-5 11例, L3-4 2例, L2-3 2例, L1-2 1例。 29例经腹腔入路、8例经腹膜后入路行椎间盘切除及椎间融合器融合, 3例以骨盆重建钛板固定。术后 3、6、12个月通过 X线或 CT观察植骨融合情况, 3个月时采用中华医学会骨科学分会脊柱学组腰背痛手术评分评价疗效。结果手术时间 60~140 min, 平均 100 min;术中出血 50~300 ml, 平均 120 ml;住: 时间 7~12d, 平均 8d。 2例经腹腔入路患者出现麻痹性肠梗阻。全部病例随访 6~35个月, 平均 18.7个月。疗效为优 23例、良 11例、差 3例, 优良率 91.9%(34/37)。 23例于术后 3个月、12例于术后 6个月植骨融合;2例术后 6个月时椎间前缘高度丢失 1.3 mm和 1.9 mm, 无明显不适症状, 术后 12个月植骨融合。无内植物松动、脱落等并发症。结论腹腔镜辅助腰椎前路椎间融合术创伤小、卧床时间短、并发症少。经腹腔入路术后肠梗阻相对多见。在选择手术入路时应考虑术者经验和下腰椎前方大血管的解剖位置。     

A comparison of CT/discography, pain response and radiographic disc height

CT/discograms of 107 low-back patients were classified by annular degeneration, annular disruption, and pain response. These parameters were compared with the heights of the corresponding discs. Disc height correlated significantly with degenerative annular changes. Comparison of the painless and exact reproduction groups at the L5-S1 level showed a significant increase in exact pain reproduction in narrow discs compared with normal discs. Discs demonstrating slight degenerative changes were often painful but narrowing was detected only when degeneration increased to moderate or severe levels. Some severely degenerated discs were painless and only part of the severe group was narrow. Measuring disc height is a poor method for detecting early, painful degeneration changes.     

腰椎间盘造影对人工椎间盘置换术的意义

目的：探讨椎间盘造影在人工腰椎间盘置换节段选择中的作用及意义。方法：对17例多节段或一般影像检查不能明确的腰椎退行性变患者的34个椎间隙行椎间盘造影检查，根据注入造影剂的量、注入时阻力、是否诱发出患者原有症状等确定责任椎间盘，并对相应节段行人工腰椎间盘置换术。结果：34个椎间隙造影中注入量大于2ml 17个间隙，推注时阻力减低者17个间隙，诱发出患者原有症状19个间隙，无与造影相关的并发症。对19个诱发出患者原有症状的椎间盘进行了置换术。随访16～42个月，平均30.4个月，术前患者JOA评分7～17分，平均9．9分，术后JOA评分20～29分，平均26．6分，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论：椎间盘造影对准确选择人工腰椎间盘置换节段能够提供重要的指导作用。     

An analysis of radiating pain at lumbar discography

This study aimed to identify the morphological abnormalities of the intervertebral disc, as demonstrated by lumbar discography, that are associated with pain radiation to the hip, groin, buttock or lower limb. We carried out a retrospective review of 99 consecutive lumbar discogram reports. The association of disc degeneration, annular tears (partial or full thickness) and the level of disc injected was determined with respect to the presence and pattern of radiating pain. A total of 260 discs were injected, of which 179 were considered abnormal. Posterior annular tears were demonstrated in 84 discs, anterior annular tears in 15 discs and 45 discs had both anterior and posterior tears. A significant association was identified between isolated posterior tears and the production of concordant radiating pain (P = 0.0041). No difference was identified between partial thickness posterior tears and full thickness posterior tears associated with leak of contrast medium, with regard to radiating pain. Similarly, there was no significant association between disc level injected and the pattern of pain radiation. The results indicate that pain experienced in the buttock, hip, groin or lower limb can arise from the posterior annulus of the intervertebral disc without direct involvement of the nerve root. Received: 29 November 1997 Revised: 20 March 1998 Accepted: 6 April 1998