经内镜胆道金属支架引流术治疗恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸

目的:探讨经内镜胆道金属支架引流术治疗恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸的疗效和安全性。方法:42例无法行手术根治性切除的恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸患者采用内镜下胆道金属支架引流术治疗。并观察血清胆红素水平及术后并发症情况,随访患者生存期和胆道支架维持通畅时间。结果:42例患者放置胆道金属支架均获成功,成功率为100.0%(42/42);术后2周内血清胆红素恢复正常30例(71.4%),明显减退12例(28.6%);2例(4.8%)发生胆管炎,3例(7.1%)发生急性轻型胰腺炎;平均支架维持通畅时间为9.6个月;6个月和1年生存率分别为64.3%(27/42)和19.0%(8/42)。结论:经内镜胆道金属支架引流术治疗恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸疗效较好,并发症少。     

射频消融导管联合支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内射频消融（RFA）联合支架介入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效及安全性。 方法纳入无法行手术切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者共13例,均接受经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内RFA联合支架植入术,观察手术并发症、黄疸缓解情况并密切随访术后1个月、3个月、6个月支架畅通情况及生存时期。 结果所有患者均成功接受手术治疗,术后无胆道穿孔、胆漏、胆汁性腹膜炎等严重并发症发生,术后1周患者血清总胆红素水平较术前显著降低（t=5.156,P<0.01）,黄疸缓解率为61.5%。随访术后1个月、3个月支架通畅率均为100%,6个月支架通畅率为80%（8/10）。1个月存活率为100%（13/13）,3个月存活率为92%（12/13）,6个月存活率为77%（10/13）,其中2例分别于65 d、132 d后死于晚期肿瘤严重消耗,1例97 d后死于弥散性血管内凝血。2例患者在术后4~5个月内黄疸复发,再次行RFA并重新放入金属支架。 结论射频消融导管联合支架植入治疗在短期内能有效且安全延长恶性梗阻性黄疸患者胆道支架通畅时间及无症状时间,其远期疗效尚需进一步探讨。      

经皮逆行胰胆管造影术或经皮经肝胆管引流术放置胆管支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸(附68例分析)

目的 探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)联合改良法经皮经肝胆管引流术(PTCD)治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的优越性.方法 68例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者先通过EKCP放置胆道支架,ERCP不成功则通过改良法PTCD窦道放置.观察其操作成功率、退黄效果、并发症发生情况、支架通畅期及患者生存期.结果 68例患者中58例通过ERCP成功置入内支架,8例行PTCD经窦道放入金属支架,2例均未能成功,成功率97.1%;所有患者术后瘙瘁、腹痛及发热等临床症状明显改善,肝功能各项转氨酶指标及胆红素水平迅速下降;7例患者支架再次阻塞,1例患者反复发作胆管炎,并发症发生率为11.8%;塑料支架通畅期平均为112 d;金属支架通畅期平均为212 d;患者生存期最短为68d,最长为540d,平均为238d.结论 ERCP及改良法PTCD创伤小,疗效好,可作为无法手术切除或不愿手术的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的首选治疗.     

经皮经肝胆道内支架置入术在恶性梗阻性黄疸中的应用

目的探讨经皮经肝胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效。方法对18例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行经皮、肝穿刺胆内支架置入治疗。结果 18例患者共成功置入支架20枚,术后梗阻胆道的通畅率100%,症状体征明显缓解,术后1周血清总胆红素水平较术前显著下降(P﹤0.05)。结论经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸可延长患者生存期,对失去外科手术机会的部分恶性梗阻性黄疸患者是一种较为理想的非手术方法。     

普通金属支架与~(125)I粒子支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效分析

目的比较普通金属支架与~(125)I粒子支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床疗效。方法选择31例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者为研究对象,其中16例采用普通金属支架共21枚进行治疗(普通支架组),15例采用~(125)I粒子支架共16枚进行治疗(~(125)I粒子支架组),同时给予吉西他滨、顺铂等化疗药物治疗。比较两组患者术前与术后血清总胆红素(TBIL)、血清肿瘤标志物糖类抗原199(CA199)的水平、支架通畅率及生存率。结果 31例患者均手术成功。术前,两组TBIL水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后2周和4周时,~(125)I粒子支架组血清TBIL均明显低于普通支架组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。~(125)I粒子支架组血清肿瘤标志物CA199在术后1个月和3个月的水平均低于术前(P0.05),两组术后CA199水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者术后6个月的支架通畅率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);~(125)I粒子支架组术后12个月的通畅率及生存率均明显高于普通支架组(P0.05)。结论 ~(125)I粒子支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸较普通金属支架植入治疗在黄疸消退、抑制肿瘤生长、改善症状及延长生存时间等方面明显具有一定优势,值得临床推广应用。     

可膨式金属胆道支架在肝门部胆管癌的临床应用及疗效

目的探讨可膨式金属胆道支架对肝门部胆管癌的疗效及影响因素。方法32例肝门部胆管癌患者先通过内镜下逆行胰胆管造影（E1KCP）放置可膨式金属胆道支架，E1KCP不成功则通过经皮经肝胆道引流（PTCD）窦道放置。观察其操作成功率、退黄效果、并发症发生情况、支架通畅期及患者生存期。结果32例患者中28例均成功通过E1KCP置入可膨式金属支架，3例改行PTCD后再经窦道放入金属支架，成功率96．88％。1例行两种处理方法均未能成功；所有患者术后黄疸明显减退；3例患者支架再次阻塞，1例患者反复发作胆管炎。并发症发生率为12．5％；支架平均通畅期为213d，患者平均生存期为235d。结论可膨式金属胆道支架创伤小，通畅性能好，可作为无法手术切除或不愿手术的肝门部胆管癌患者的首选治疗方法。     

胆道内射频消融及支架治疗高位恶性梗阻性黄疸的护理

目的观察胆道内射频消融及支架治疗高位恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床疗效及护理。方法选取2012年2月~2014年10月我院诊治的高位恶性梗阻性黄疸患者30例为观察组,采用经皮肝穿胆道内射频消融联合胆道内支架置入方法。选择2009年1月~2010年12月我院诊治的高位恶性梗阻性黄疸患者30例为对照组,采用介入方法治疗。比较两组治疗后的临床效果。结果两组治疗前血清胆红素水平比较无显著性差异(P0.05),治疗后7天,观察组血清胆红素水平明显低于对照组(P0.05),治疗后30天两组血清胆红素水平均继续下降,观察组较对照组明显(P0.05)。两组并发症发生率比较无显著性差异(P0.05);观察组1年内支架通畅29例(96.67%),明显高于对照组21例(70.0%),两组比较有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论胆道内射频消融及支架治疗高位恶性梗阻性黄疸疗效确切,可应用于临床。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸支架置入术337例围术期护理

目的:探讨胆道支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的手术护理配合方法及效果.方法:对337例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者在B超定位及X线引导下行胆道支架置入术,做好术前访视、介入器械准备、术中配合及术后病情观察.结果:本组支架置入成功325例,成功率为96.4%;12例导丝不能通过狭窄段,留置外引流管.术后1～2周复查血清总胆红素和间接胆红素下降.术后随访6个月,胆道造影示支架扩张良好,通畅无移位.发生并发症74例,其中3例术后1个月内死亡,其余经积极治疗均缓解.结论:经皮肝穿刺胆道引流与支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸效果满意,积极的围术期护理可缩短操作时间、提高成功率、减少并发症的发生、减轻患者痛苦,值得临床推广.     

自膨胀式支架在梗阻性黄疸治疗中的应用

目的　评价自膨胀式支架在梗阻性黄疸姑息性治疗中的价值。方法　我们对 18例梗阻性黄疸患者 ,实施了经皮肝穿 ,胆道内自膨胀式支架植入术。对其中 17例患者进行了 2～ 44周随访。结果　 18例内支架均成功植入 ,除 1例外 ,术后 2周内血清胆红素及碱性磷酸酶都显著降低 ,胆道梗阻引起的症状缓解。 3例 (17% )发生支架堵塞 ,平均支架通畅时间 18周。结论　自膨胀式内支架植入 ,是姑息性治疗梗阻性黄疸的安全有效手段。     

金属内支架在恶性胆道梗阻合并十二指肠梗阻治疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨经内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)与经皮肝穿刺置入胆道支架,后经口置入十二指肠支架的方法,评价金属支架在治疗恶性胆道合并十二指肠梗阻的作用.方法 恶性梗阻性黄疸合并十二指肠梗阻病例16例经ERCP方法先置入胆道金属支架11例,经皮肝穿刺置入胆道金属支架4例,后经口置入16个十二指肠金属支架,单纯置入胆道外引流1例.结果 14例患者一次同时成功放置胆道和十二指肠金属支架,其中4例胆道支架是经皮肝胆管造影(PTC)方法置入,1例放置胆道支架后2个月因十二指肠梗阻,再置入十二指肠金属支架.1例导丝不能通过胆道阻塞段,仅放置胆道外引流管.随访期间,除1例仅能进流质外其余患者能正常饮食或进半流质,黄疸基本消退,疗效满意,无严重的并发症发生.结论 运用内镜或介入置入金属内支架是一种简单、有效的治疗方法,时不能手术治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸合并十二指肠梗阻有很好的缓解作用.     

Percutaneous insertion of Zilver stent in malignant biliary obstruction

Background We evaluated the clinical efficacy and technical feasibility of the percutaneously inserted self-expandable nitinol stent (Zilver stent) for palliation of malignant biliary obstruction. Methods Seventeen patients with malignant tumors involving the intra- or extrahepatic bile duct who presented with obstructive jaundice underwent percutaneous insertion of a self-expandable nitinol stent. We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of patients and evaluated the technical feasibility on stent placement, complications, patient survival, and duration of stent patency. Results Percutaneous biliary stenting with 27 Zilver stents was performed in 17 patients with malignant biliary obstruction. Technical success was 95%. Malposition of the stent was encountered in one patient. Minor technical problems were encountered in two patients: the introducer tip was broken during stent insertion, so endoscopic removal was done. Mean follow-up period for the 17 patients was 182 days (range 29–485 days): nine patients died of progressive disease at a mean follow-up of 151 days (range 61–371days) after stent insertion and eight patients remained alive at the final follow-up of 216 days (range 29–485 days). The median survival period for all patients was 277 days. The stent occlusion rate was 26% and the mean patency period was 280 days. In five patients, seven stents were obstructed by tumor ingrowth and overgrowth. Stent patency rates were 100%, 100%, 75%, 61%, and 41% at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. A late complication, erosive bleeding of the hepatic artery by the stent, developed in one patient. Conclusion Percutaneous biliary stenting using the nitinol stent is technically feasible and safe and clinically efficacious treatment for malignant biliary obstruction, even with a minor technical problem during stent insertion.     

Diamond stents for palliation of malignant bile duct obstruction: a prospective multicenter evaluation

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Various types of self-expandable metal stents have been introduced for biliary drainage in patients with malignant jaundice, showing prolonged patency compared with plastic endoprostheses. However, there has only been prolonged experience with a meaningful number of patients using the Wallstent. We evaluated the Diamond stent, a self-expanding uncoated biliary metal stent, in a prospective uncontrolled multicenter setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The eligibility criterion was obstructive jaundice due to inoperable malignant disease. Between August 1995 and January 2000, 126 patients, who received a total of 134 Diamond stents in four European centers, were followed prospectively. RESULTS: Technical and clinical success rates were 96 % and 98 %, respectively. No major procedure-related complications occurred. The 30-day mortality rate was 13 %. Stent occlusion occurred in 28 patients (22 %). Overall median stent patency was 477 days; overall median survival was 173 days. Stent occlusion, confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, was successfully treated with plastic stents in all patients. Cost analysis revealed estimated costs of 3440 euros per patient for palliative treatment with the Diamond stent. CONCLUSIONS: The Diamond stent compares favorably with other biliary metal stents for patients requiring biliary drainage of malignant jaundice.     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for distal malignant biliary stricture

Endoscopic biliary stent placement is widely accepted as palliation for malignant biliary obstruction or as a treatment of benign biliary stricture. Although various biliary stent designs have become available since self-expandable metallic stents were introduced, no single ideal stent has been developed. An ideal stent should be patent until death, or surgery, in patients with resectable malignant biliary obstruction. Fewer complications, maneuverability, cost-effectiveness, and removability are also important factors. Alternatively, should we develop a novel method for biliary drainage other than biliary stenting via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography? This article reviews the current status of biliary stenting for malignant biliary obstructions.     

A prospective, randomized multicenter trial comparing DoubleLayer and polyethylene stents for malignant distal common bile duct strictures

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic biliary stenting is an established treatment for malignant obstructive jaundice. Stent clogging continues to be a major problem with plastic stents. The aim of this study was to carry out a prospective comparison of two stents with different materials and shapes: the Olympus DoubleLayer stent (DLS; perfluoro alkoxy, without sideholes) and the standard polyethylene (PE) stent (with sideholes). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 120 patients (70 women; mean age 71, range 36 - 91) with jaundice due to malignant strictures of the middle to distal third of the common bile duct were randomly assigned to receive either DLS (n = 60) or PE (n = 60) biliary stents. Patients with cholangitis, hemobilia, previous biliary drainage, hilar stricture, or ampullary cancer were excluded. RESULTS: In all, 28 DLS patients (47 %) and 17 PE stent patients (29 %) died without clinical evidence of stent occlusion after a mean of 114 and 105 days, respectively ( P < 0.05). Twenty-six DLS patients (43 %) and 38 PE stent patients (63 %) had symptoms of stent clogging after a mean of 144 and 99 days, respectively ( P < 0.05). Stent dysfunction (stent orifice impacted on the bile duct or duodenal wall, stent migration) was recorded in six DLS patients (10 %) and five PE patients (8 %) (n. s.). Kaplan-Meier analysis of DLS and PE stent clogging-free survival showed a significantly longer patency period with the DLS stents (P = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that DoubleLayer stents have a longer patency period than PE stents. Patients who received PE stents had a higher risk of stent occlusion (relative risk 3.05; 95 % CI, 1.57 - 5.89) before death than DLS patients.     

胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效分析

目的 探讨经皮肝胆道内支架置入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效及并发症。方法 对32例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者经皮肝穿胆道内行支架置入术,其中28例为内涵管,4例为金属内支架。随访35－376天,观察近中期疗效和并发症。结果 经皮肝胆道内支架置入术技术成功率为100％,置入术后1周血总胆红素水平较置入前明显下降（P＜0.001)。开通时间平均为101天,半年开通率为56.25%,并发症发生率24.98%,为主要包括胰腺炎和逆行胆道感染等。结论 经皮肝胆管内架置入术疗效可靠,是一种安全,可作为恶性胆管阻塞介入治疗的一种姑息性疗法。     

Endoscopic palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction using self-expandable metallic stents: results of a multicenter study

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Gastric outlet obstruction is a late event in the natural history of biliopancreatic tumours. Metallic self-expanding stents inserted under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance can be used for palliation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and complications of endoscopic duodenal stenting in patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between August 1998 and November 2001, 63 patients (31 women, 32 men; mean age 73 +/- 12) presenting with clinical symptoms of duodenal obstruction underwent endoscopic stenting with large metallic prostheses. Complications and clinical outcome were assessed both retrospectively and prospectively. RESULTS: Of the patients, 58 needed one duodenal stent and two overlapping stents were required in five patients. Stenting was immediately successful in 60/63 patients (95%). At the time of the duodenal procedure, 25 previously inserted biliary stents were still patent; biliary stenting was attempted during the same procedure in 18 patients; and 20 patients had no biliary stricture. There was no procedure-related mortality. There were complications in 30 % of patients: 13 stent obstructions, 4 stent migrations and 2 duodenal perforations (treated surgically). For 44 patients (70%) there were no minor or major digestive problem during their remaining lifetime. An exclusively peroral diet was possible in 58 patients (92%), but was considered satisfactory (solid or soft) in 46/63 patients (73%). Of the patients, 53 (84 %) died between 1 and 64 weeks after the duodenal stenting (median survival 7 weeks).CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic stenting for the palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction is feasible and well-tolerated in most patients. Most dysfunctions can be managed endoscopically.     

Similar performance but higher cholecystitis rate with covered biliary stents: results from a prospective multicenter evaluation

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic biliary stenting is now a well-established treatment method in patients with unresectable malignant biliary obstruction. Despite advances with metal stents, the problem of stent occlusion has not yet been resolved. Covered metal stents could reduce the occlusion rate by preventing tumor ingrowth, but have not been well evaluated. A prospective multicenter study was therefore conducted to evaluate the efficacy and disadvantages of covered Wallstents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Covered Wallstents were implanted endoscopically in 62 patients with inoperable distal malignant biliary obstruction. Complications, stent patency, and patient survival were analyzed. RESULTS: Stent insertion was achieved in 61 of the 62 patients (98.4 %). Procedure-related complications were observed in four patients, consisting of minor pancreatitis (n = 2) and abdominal pain due to stent expansion (n = 2). There was no procedure-related mortality. Seven patients died too early for proper assessment, so that a total of 54 patients were ultimately evaluated. Stent dysfunction occurred in 17 of the 54 patients (31.5 %). The reasons for dysfunction were proximal tumor overgrowth (n = 5), migration (n = 3), lithiasis or food impaction (n = 3), cholangitis without the need for a repeat biliary intervention (n = 5), and unknown (n = 1). The median period of stent patency was 142 days. No tumor ingrowth was observed. Acute cholecystitis was diagnosed in five patients (10 %) and was responsible for one death. Three stents were successfully removed. CONCLUSIONS: Covered biliary metal stents are effective for the drainage of distal malignant biliary obstruction, with a dysfunction rate apparently similar to that of uncovered stents. However, the risk of acute cholecystitis appears to be a major concern with this type of stent in patients with gallbladder in situ. Further comparative studies are needed.     

Effectiveness of the Ultraflex Diamond stent for the palliation of malignant biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopically placed metallic biliary stents provide durable drainage for malignant biliary obstruction. The best-studied metal stent is the Wallstent, which has a greater duration of patency than polyethylene stents. Recently, the Ultraflex Diamond stent has been introduced, with reports from Europe which suggest efficacy similar to that of the Wallstent. We report our experience with this new metal stent and compare it with a historical cohort of Wallstent-treated patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between July 1997 and July 1998 all metal stents placed for malignant biliary obstruction were Diamond stents (10 mm diameter, 6 or 8 cm length). Prospective follow-up details with regard to patient death or stent occlusion were obtained. In total, 32 patients underwent stenting, but 11 patients were excluded because of the following: death from pre-existing cholangitis (2); placement of bilateral hilar stents (2); placement of stent through occluded metal stents (3); failure to palliate jaundice due to complex hilar stricture (2) or concomitant liver failure (1); or inability to obtain follow-up (1), leaving 21 patients for analysis. Occlusion rates and stent patency were also determined retrospectively for 19 patients with malignant biliary obstruction who had Wallstents (10 mm diameter, 6.8 cm length) placed during the preceding year and for whom accurate and complete follow-up details were available. RESULTS: In the Diamond stent group there were 14 men and seven women, mean age 73. In the Wallstent group there were 11 men and eight women, mean age 66. The types of cancer, level of stricture and percentage with prior polyethylene stenting were similar in both groups. Stent occlusion occurred in 9/21 (43%), Diamond stents at a mean of 74 +/- 43 days compared with 8/19 (42%) Wallstents at a mean of 178 +/- 138 days (P < 0.04). Mean time of stent patency was 110 +/- 89 days for Diamond stents and 253 +/- 218 days for Wallstents (P < 0.01). Analysis of occlusion-free survival using a Kaplan-Meier plot showed a trend favoring the Wallstent (P = 0.12; Wilcoxon test). CONCLUSIONS: The occlusion rate and patency of Diamond stents for malignant biliary obstruction appear to be inferior to those of Wallstents and similar to reported values for polyethylene stents. Prospective randomized comparisons of Wallstents and newer self-expanding metal stents are warranted.     

A prospective randomized study of hydrophilic polymer-coated polyurethane versus polyethylene stents in distal malignant biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Hydrophilic polymer-coated polyurethane (HPCP) stents have a low friction coefficient and a hydrophilic layer, which may reduce biofilm formation and increase the period of stent patency. We compared the patency rates with this new stent with the standard Amsterdam-type polyethylene (PE) stent in a prospective randomized trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred patients with an unresectable distal malignant bile duct stricture without a previous drainage procedure were randomly assigned to receive either a HPCP stent or a PE stent. The diameter (10 Fr), length (9 cm) and stent design (Amsterdam type) were similar in both stents. Nine patients were excluded. Forty-four patients received an HPCP stent and 47 patients a PE stent. The diagnoses included carcinoma of the pancreas (n = 78), papilla (n = 1), bile duct (n = 10), and metastases (n = 2). RESULTS: Stent insertion was successful in all patients. Stent dysfunction occurred in 27 of the HPCP stents and 20 of the PE stents, with median stent patency periods of 77 days (95 % CI, 53-101 days) for HPCP stents and 105 days (95 % CI, 42-168 days) for PE stents. The patency period was significantly longer for the PE stent (P = 0.04). Early complications occurred in four patients (4%), one in the HPCP group and three in the PE group. CONCLUSION: Hydrophilic polymer-coated polyurethane stents do not prolong the patency period of biliary stents. In fact, the current standard treatment using polyethylene stents in patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction showed a significantly longer patency period.     

Self-expandable metallic stents as palliative treatment for malignant colorectal obstruction

Background In recent years, stent placement for malignant colorectal obstruction has become an accepted alternative to surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of self-expandable metallic stents (SEMS) as palliative management for patients with unresectable malignant colorectal obstruction. Methods Twelve patients with unresectable malignant colorectal obstruction were treated with SEMS as palliative therapy. The sites of obstruction were located in the rectum (n = 9), the descending colon (n = 1), and the transverse colon (n = 2). All procedures were performed with combined endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance. We analyzed the technical and clinical success rates of stent placement and the complications associated with the procedure. Results The stents were successfully implanted and bowel obstruction was relieved in all cases; the technical and clinical success rates were 100%. Two complications occurred, including stent migration. There was no case requiring reintervention. All patients died of initial disease or another coexisting disease between 9 and 534 days (mean 133 ± 148 days) after stent placement. None of the patients with stent in position at death had clinical or radiologic signs of bowel obstruction. Conclusions SEMS placement in patients with malignant colorectal obstruction is technically feasible and safe, making it useful as a palliative treatment.