北京地区儿童性别年龄别身体组成成分检测的意义

目的应用电阻抗法了解北京地区正常儿童性别年龄别身体组成成分。方法选择北京市西城区中、小学6~14岁、相对体质量在正常范围(80%~120%)内的健康儿童587名,排除慢性疾病。用电阻抗法测量和计算体脂肪(BF)率、体脂肪量、除脂肪量。结果除脂肪量和脂肪量在男、女童两组均随着年龄的增加而增加。男童组各年龄段除脂肪量高于女童组,体脂肪率低于女童组。当体质量指数(BMI)<20 kg/m2时,男、女童BF率显示一个高值状态。结论我国儿童体BF率比BMI预计的要高。     

0～14岁儿童血肥胖抑素含量及其意义

目的了解0～14岁儿童血肥胖抑素(Leptin) 水平.方法对154名(男 78名,女 76名)0～14岁健康非肥胖儿童(38例)和超重/肥胖儿童(39例)的Leptin分布、性别/年龄变化趋势、与人体测量学参数(腰围、腰臀比、瘦体重、全身体脂含量、体脂百分数、BMI/Kaup指数)和血胰岛素水平的相互关系进行了研究.结果 (1)健康非肥胖儿童Leptin值为1.01～29.92 (ng/ml),均值为2.99±2.13 (ng/ml).90%可信限范围,男童为1.36～14.21 (ng/ml),女童为1.74～21.17 (ng/ml).血浆与血清Leptin值差异无显著意义;(2)超重/肥胖儿童血Leptin值明显高于非肥胖儿童(P＜0.001).(3)Leptin性别差异有显著意义(P=0.023),在非肥胖儿童中更明显(P=0.004).多元回归分析表明,加入体脂因素后性别因素不再与Leptin 水平相关(P=0.138,0.241,0.990),而BMI、体脂含量和体脂百分数的影响差异有显著意义(P＜0.001);(4)Leptin值与年龄存在相关关系(P=0.005),超重/肥胖组更著,女性随年龄增长而升高的趋势更明显(P=0.001).青春期前期Leptin值开始上升,女性明显高于男性(P=0.045).不同年龄组其Leptin值明显不同(P＜0.001).(5)Leptin值与BMI、体脂含量和体脂百分数显著正相关、与瘦体重相关关系弱,男童与腰臀比不相关,女童存在相关关系.曲线回归方程(Quadatic)比直线相关方程更好的指示上述相关.(6)0～7岁儿童Leptin值与出生体重明显相关(P=0.001),自学龄期后无相关关系(P=0.456).(7)Leptin值与空腹胰岛素水平呈正相关(P＜0.001).结论儿童血Leptin值的发育与脂肪发育及重聚规律一致.     

苏州农村儿童肺功能正常值及其相关因素分析

目的获得农村及城市5～14岁健康儿童的肺通气功能指标,探讨其与性别、年龄、身高及体质量的相关性。方法筛选1 076名农村户籍5～14岁儿童,参照中国儿童正常身高、体质量范围等,选取605名健康儿童,男309名、女296名;同期以同样方法筛选城区户籍5～14岁儿童,选取540名健康儿童,男267名、女273名。采用肺功能仪测定1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最高呼气峰流速(PEF)指标,经多元线性回归,检测FEV1、PEF与儿童年龄、身高及体质量相关性。并比较同性别、同年龄组城区与农村儿童的肺功能正常值。结果 605名农村儿童与540名城区儿童肺功能检测均合格。随儿童年龄增加,FEV1、PEF均逐渐增加,在各年龄组间的差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。9～10岁、14～15岁组FEV1均为男童大于女童;7～8岁、13～14岁、14～15岁组PEF均为男童大于女童,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。经多元线性回归分析发现,身高对所有儿童FEV1的影响最为显著(β=0.532,P0.001)。男孩中FEV1、PEF均与身高、体质量呈正相关;女孩中FEV 1、PEF均与年龄、身高、体质量呈正相关,以身高影响较为显著。将各年龄段儿童农村与城区之间肺功能正常值进行比较发现仅6～7岁、8～9岁组城区男童FEV1大于农村;6～7岁、9～10岁组城区女童FEV1大于农村,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 FEV1、PEF分别与儿童的身高、体质量、年龄相关,其中身高影响最为显著,年龄影响最小。苏州城区与农村的肺功能正常值比较无明显差异。     

深圳市6～12岁正常儿童超声骨密度测定及分析

目的　了解深圳地区儿童超声骨密度状况 ,建立深圳市儿童超声骨密度正常参考值。方法　选择 6～ 12岁深圳居住的正常儿童 6 97例为检测对象 ,用定量超声骨密度仪测定受检者足跟部骨密度 (BMD)值 ,同时测量受检者体重、身高。结果　 6～ 12岁儿童BMD正常参考值 (g/cm2 )分别为 6岁 :0 4 4 5± 0 16 6、7岁 :0 5 0 9±0 15 1、8岁 :0 5 10± 0 133、9岁 :0 5 19± 0 132、10岁 :0 5 2 0± 0 15 3、11岁 :0 5 30± 0 175、12岁 :0 5 4 5± 0 2 0 6。男童与女童之间BMD存在差别但经体重较正后无显著性差别 (P >0 0 5 )。男童与女童BMD随年龄增加呈线性增长 (男 r=0 72 2 ,P <0 0 0 1;女 r=0 785 ,P <0 0 0 1) ,并与体重显著相关 (r=0 984 ,P <0 0 0 1)。结论　 6～ 12岁儿童足跟部BMD与性别无关 ,而与年龄增加呈线性增长 ,这种增长与体重显著相关。     

儿童保健

890908 赤峰市儿童体格体脂发育调查(摘要)/孔繁明…∥内蒙古医学杂志。-1989,9(1).-44 作者对11个旗县区随机抽样调查0～7岁儿童17418人,其中城区2382人,男1190人,女1192人;农区15036人,男7731人,女7305人。结果城、农区男女童体重、身高、坐高、胸围、头围的平均值随年龄增加呈增长趋势。儿童期随年龄越小生长速度越快,随年龄增长逐渐减慢生长速度。男女童体重、身高比较,男童高于女童。城区儿童初生时胸、头围接近,     

贫困地区6～14岁儿童血清瘦素水平的变化

目的研究贫困地区儿童在营养状况相对较差时血清瘦素水平及与生长发育指标的关系。方法将研究对象分为≤9岁男童组、≤9岁女童组、>9岁男童组和>9岁女童组4组。调查其年龄、体质量、身高并计算体质量指数(BMI)、体脂百分量(BF%)及体脂含量(FM),使用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测瘦素浓度,比较各组间瘦素浓度的差异,同时分析各组瘦素与各指标间的相关性。结果男童:瘦素浓度>9岁组较≤9岁组高,但无显著性差异(P>0.05);女童:瘦素浓度9岁组较≤9岁组明显高(P<0.01);≤9岁组女童瘦素浓度较男童高,但无显著性差异(P>0.05);>9岁女童组瘦素浓度较男童明显高,且有显著性差异(P<0.01)。Pearson相关分析表明各组瘦素浓度均与BF%和BMI呈明显正相关(P均<0.01),≤9岁组男童瘦素与身高呈明显负相关(P<0.05);≤9岁组女童与FM呈显著性相关(P<0.05);>9岁组男童瘦素与其他指标无明显相关(P>0.05);≤9岁组女童瘦素与所有其他指标呈显著性相关(P均<0.01)。结论在营养状况相对较差的农村,6～14岁儿童中瘦素在女童青春期发育中起重要作用;不论性别和年龄,瘦素均与BF%和BMI密切相关。     

健康儿童血清性激素水平测定的意义

目的建立健康儿童血清性激素的正常参考值范围,评价健康儿童生长发育情况及判断儿童性早熟。方法收集462名健康儿童(年龄1个月~14岁;男257名,女205名)血清,应用化学发光方法分别测定其睾酮(T)和雌二醇(E2)水平,最终得出其分组正常值。结果1~12个月婴儿中E2在不同性别间无显著性差异,但T在不同性别间有显著差异。男童性发育落后于女童。男童青春前期和青春期E2测定结果年龄差异无显著性,T的测定结果年龄差异显著。结论随着检测方法的改进,健康儿童血清性激素正常参考值也在发生改变。建立T、E2正常参考值能更好地指导临床对性早熟的诊断。     

肥胖女童血清雌二醇、瘦素含量测定

目的　了解单纯性肥胖女童体内瘦素、雌二醇 (E2 )水平 ,分析瘦素对E2 分泌的影响 ,为儿童少年保健工作提供理论依据。方法　选定单纯性肥胖女童、体质量正常女童各 6 0例 ,年龄 8～ 15岁。放射免疫法测定血清瘦素、E2 含量 ;问卷法调查月经初潮年龄。结果　单纯性肥胖女童血清瘦素水平随年龄增长而升高 ;肥胖女童血清瘦素 [(34.2 0± 13.92 ) μg/L]显著高于体质量正常女童 [(9.0 0± 3.0 6 ) μg/L](P <0 .0 1) .肥胖女童血清E2 水平也随年龄增长而升高 ,但在青春期前高于正常组 ,而在青春期却低于正常组。瘦素与E2 含量呈负相关(r =- 0 .5 4　P <0 .0 1)。肥胖女童月经初潮年龄早于正常组。结论　肥胖女童血清瘦素水平偏高 ,E2 水平在青春期偏低 ,瘦素可能对卵巢分泌E2 的功能有抑制作用     

儿童保健

910959 广东省0～14岁儿童体格发育的速度及性别差异/吴梓梁…∥广州医学院学报。-1990,18(3)。-75～78 调查儿童3.14万名。结果:身高的增长速度是年龄越小,增长越快。在一岁内增长最迅速,男童稍快于女童。在4～5岁及6～9岁时,女童增长速度稍超过男童。青春前期,身高增长再     

5岁前6个时点的身高、体重数据对5岁时肥胖和正常男童影响的回顾性队列研究

目的比较5岁时肥胖和正常男童在0～5岁期间的体格发育情况,为早期识别及预防肥胖提供依据。方法儿童肥胖诊断采用WHO 2006年5～19岁儿童BMI标准,BMI≥均数(■)+1个标准差(SD)为超重,≥■+2SD为肥胖,■-2SD为营养不良,余为正常。同时符合以下条件儿童纳入分析:①2008年1月至2020年1月到重庆市妇幼保健院儿童保健科做体格测量时5岁的男童;②6、12、18、24、36、48和60月龄均行体格测量。5岁时达到儿童肥胖诊断标准者,排除内分泌疾病、药物、肿瘤引起的继发性肥胖。Z-score的计算公式=(儿童观察值-同年龄同性别儿童均值)/SD。结果研究期间符合本文纳入标准第1条的肥胖男童104例,正常男童864名;进入本文分析的肥胖男童58名,正常男童303名。符合本文纳入标准第1条的肥胖和正常男童与纳入分析的肥胖和正常男童在身高、体重和BMI差异均无统计学意义。肥胖男童的年龄别体重Z评分(WAZ)、年龄别体重指数Z评分(BMIZ)的均值从6月龄起持续高于正常男童,18月龄后差异有统计学意义;肥胖男童的年龄别身高的Z评分(HAZ)均值在18月龄后开始持续高于正常男童,36月龄后差异有统计学意义。肥胖男童ΔWt均数持续高于正常男童,12～18月龄之后的体重增加速度差异有统计学意义。肥胖男童ΔHt均数在12～18月龄后持续高于正常男童,在12～18月龄至36～48月龄较正常男童身高增加差异有统计学意义。肥胖男童ΔBMI均6～12月龄至24～36月龄组持续低于正常男童,36～48月龄和48～60月龄高于正常男童,18～24月龄以后差异有统计学意义。结论预防男童肥胖应在2岁前,12～18月龄是干预的第一个关键期。肥胖男童在短期内出现身高更高、身高增长加速,但48月龄后身高增长速度无优势。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.