难治性病毒感染和原发噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症相关基因突变研究

目的 研究难治性病毒感染或噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(HLH)中免疫基因突变的发生率、类型及其临床特征.方法 采用基因测序方法 检测难治性病毒感染或HLH患者是否有原发性HLH相关的PRF1、UNC13D、STX11、STXBP2、SH2D1A和XIAP基因突变,并追踪其临床特点及转归.结果 共25例难治性病毒感染性疾病或HLH患者接受了基因突变筛查,其中13例检测到上述基因突变:PRF1突变6例,UNC13D突变3例,STX11、STXBP2、SH2D1A、XIAP突变各1例;其中6例起病表现为病毒相关性HLH,1例为原因不明HLH,4例为慢性活动性EB病毒(EBV)感染(CAEBV),2例为EBV相关性淋巴瘤.12例未检测出基因突变的患者中,4例为EBV相关HLH,其中1例发展为外周T细胞淋巴瘤,另8例为CAEBV.结论 原发性HLH相关免疫基因突变是难治性病毒感染或HLH的重要原因,大部分表现为HLH,部分患者以CAEBV或EBV相关淋巴瘤起病.基因检测是明确此类疾病诊断的有力证据.

Abstract：

Objective To study the type and corresponding clinical characteristics of primary hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis (HLH) associated immune gene mutations in the refractory virus infection or HLH of unknown causes. Methods From December 2009 to July 2010, the patients with refractory virus infection or HLH of unknown causes were screened for the primary HLH associated immune genes mutations by DNA sequence analysis, including PRF1, UNC13D, STX11, STXBP2, SH2D1A and XIAP. The clinical characteristics and outcomes were followed up. Results Totally 25 patients with refractory virus infection or HLH of unknown causes were investigated for the 6 genes and 13 cases were found carrying gene mutations, composing of 6 of PRF1 mutation, 3 of UNC13D, and each one of STX11,XIAP, SH2D1A and STXBP2, respectively. Among the 13 cases with gene mutations, 5 suffered from Epstein-Barr virus associated HLH( EBV-HLH), 1 human herpes virus 7 associated HLH (HHV7-HLH),1 HLH without causes, 4 chronic activated EB virus infection (CAEBV) with 1 progressing to Hodgkin's lymphoma carrying abnormal chromosome of t ( 15; 17 ) (q22; q25 ) and hyperdiploid, 2 EBV associated lymphoma. Among the other 12 patients without gene mutation, 4 suffered from EBV-HLH with 1 progressing to peripheral T lymphoma, 8 suffered from CAEBV. Conclusions Primary HLH associated immune gene mutations are critical causes of refractory virus infection of unknown causes, most patients manifest as HLH,some cases appear in CAEBV and EBV associated lymphoma. DNA sequence analysis is helpful to early diagnosis and correct decision-making for treatment.     

单倍型异基因造血干细胞移植治疗PRF1基因突变成人原发性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症一例

患者,男,19岁,因"反复发热1年余"于2014年4月入院.患者于2013年4月无明显诱因出现发热,体温最高达40. 2℃,伴畏寒,无寒战,伴乏力、全身肌肉关节酸痛.就诊于外院,查血常规示WBC计数3. 07 × 109/L(3. 5～9. 5 × 109/L,括号内为正常参考值范围,以下相同),Hb 133 g/L(...     

产后相关噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症1例

正首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院血液科     

继发性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症57例患者的早期诊断和临床分析

目的 探讨NK细胞活性、可溶性白细胞介素-2受体(sCD25)及糖化铁蛋白在继发性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(HLH)早期诊断中的意义.方法 收集2005年6月至2008年5月继发性HLH疑似病例57例,根据HLH-2004诊断标准分为初诊确诊组、复诊确诊组及排除组,另有正常健康人员25例为正常对照组.采用乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测外周血NK细胞活件,酶联免疫吸附试验检测血sCD25的水平,植物血凝素吸附法检测血糖化铁蛋白水平,比较上述指标在各组中的差异,并比较各项诊断指标在疾病确诊前后的阳性发生率情况.结果 NK细胞活性在初诊确诊组(18.3±5.6)%,复诊确诊组(16.7±6.7)%,明显低于排除组(33.4±6.8)%及对照组(36.6±5.0)%.糖化铁蛋白中位百分比在初诊确诊组(15.4±2.0)%及复诊确诊组(16.9±3.4)%明显低于排除组(40.4±3.0)%和对照组(45.2±2.2)%.而sCD25水平在初诊确诊组(12 916±4328)ng/L、复诊确诊组(12 117±5465)ng/L,明显高于排除组(4728±1482)ng/L及对照组(3841±993)ng/L.初诊确诊组及复诊确诊组患者的NK细胞活性、sCD25、糖化铁蛋白比例在疾病早期即100%出现异常.结论 NK细胞活性减低、糖化铁蛋白比例降低及sCD25水平升高在早期诊断继发性HLH中具有重要意义.     

噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症的诊断

噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis,HLH)又称噬血细胞综合征(hemophagocytic syndrome,HS),是由多种致病因素导致淋巴细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞系统异常激活、增殖,分泌大量炎性细胞因子引起的严重甚至致命的炎症状态[1]。其本身并非独立的疾病,而是并发于各种基础疾病,表现为同一高炎症反应的表型。     

利什曼原虫感染致噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症

患者:男,19岁,主因"反复发热伴外周血3系减低5个月"入院。患者入院5个月前出现发热,于当地医院就诊,查血常规示白细胞2.51×109/L,中性粒细胞0.749,血红蛋白70 g/L,血小板63×109/L。生化乳酸脱氢酶1 093 U/L,天冬氨酸转氨酶103.6 U/L,丙氨酸转氨酶133 U/L,三酰甘油(TG)1.41 mmol/L。凝血功能:血纤蛋白原1.547 g/L,铁蛋白1 069.9μg/L。腹部超声及腹部CT示脾肿大。骨髓     

12例继发性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症疾病再活动患者临床分析

目的:探讨继发性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(sHLH)疾病再活动患者的临床特点。方法:对12例sHLH疾病再活动患者进行回顾性分析。结果:12例sHLH患者疾病再活动后临床表现及实验室检查指标主要表现为再次出现初诊时的异常。挽救治疗则采用个体化治疗方案。sHLH患者疾病再活动主要发生在初始治疗后6周左右。4例患者存活,平均生存时间为(182.50±40.52)d;8例患者死亡,总体病死率为67%,死亡组患者的平均生存时间为(14.25±7.09)d。结论:sHLH患者疾病再活动后病情进展迅速,病死率高。患者病情再活动后需重新进行全面的病情评估,再次提高激素用量可能是有效的治疗方法之一。     

药物诱发噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症的诊断及治疗

噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症又称噬血细胞综合征,是一种威胁生命的严重疾病,通常伴有发热、血细胞减少、肝脾肿大等临床特征。近年来,随着新的治疗药物的临床使用,尤其是嵌合抗原受体T细胞免疫疗法、免疫检查点抑制剂等,药物诱发噬血细胞综合征逐渐引起临床医生的重视。文章总结了几类药物诱发噬血细胞综合征的诊断及治疗,包括免疫治疗药物、化疗药物、抗生素等。其中,嵌合抗原受体T细胞免疫疗法诱发噬血细胞综合征具有较明确的诊疗标准,其他药物诱发噬血细胞综合征的诊疗标准仍有待完善。     

脾切除术对噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症患者红细胞输注无效的影响

目的:回顾性分析脾切除术对改善噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(HLH)患者红细胞输注无效的效果。方法:选取2013年1月1日至2021年6月31日HLH患者16例,收集脾切除术前后输注红细胞的人数、次数以及每次输注红细胞的数量,查询输注红细胞前后血红蛋白(Hb)值;计算输注红细胞后Hb(g/L)值变化(△Hb),以及判断输血疗效,计算红细胞输注无效次数。结果:脾切除术前9例患者28次共输注59 U红细胞,△Hb为7.89,红细胞输注无效次数为9次;脾切除术后5例患者10次共输注19 U红细胞,△Hb为12.82,红细胞输注无效次数为0次。行脾切除术后,输注红细胞数量减少、次数下降、疗效上升,红细胞输注无效次数下降。结论:脾切除术可显著降低红细胞输注数量和次数,显著提高红细胞输注疗效,特别对于降低红细胞输注无效有明显作用。     

Successful father-to-son stem cell transplantation in a child with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis using a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen

OBJECTIVE: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an uncommon disorder, usually lethal without allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report a 9-month-old boy, the first child of consanguineous parents, diagnosed with HLH and neurological involvement demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), who received an allogeneic SCT from his HLA genetically matched father. Transplant was performed after a reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, and melphalan. Graft vs. host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis included cyclosporine a and methotrexate. RESULTS: An absolute neutrophil count of 0.5 x 10(9)/L was documented on day +20 and a platelet count >20 x 10(9)/L was shown by day 33. Full donor chimerism was showed on day +175. A follow-up brain MRI was reported normal. Twenty months after SCT, the child shows no evidence of HLH or GVHD activity, and has a normal psychomotor development. CONCLUSION: Given the reduced toxicity of SCT with RIC, it could represent an attractive transplant method for children with HLH, in whom myeloablation plays no role in disease eradication, and in whom mixed chimerism may be enough to cure the disease.     

Characterization of PRF1, STX11 and UNC13D genotype-phenotype correlations in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a rare autosomal recessive lethal condition characterized by fever, cytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly and hemophagocytosis. The hallmark of FHL is defect apoptosis triggering and lymphocyte cellular cytotoxicity. Thus far three disease-causing genes (PRF1, UNC13D, STX11) have been identified. We performed a genotype-phenotype study in a large, multi-ethnic cohort of 76 FHL patients originating from 65 unrelated families. Biallelic mutations in PRF1, UNC13D and STX11 were demonstrated in 13/74 (18%), 6/61 (10%) and 14/70 (20%) patients, respectively. In 27/60 (45%) patients analyzed for all three genes, no molecular diagnosis was established. STX11 mutations were most common in Turkish families (7/28, 25%), whereas in Middle East families, PRF1 mutations were most frequent (6/13, 46%). No biallelic mutation was identified in most families of Nordic origin (13/14, 93%). Patients carrying PRF1 mutations had higher risk of early onset (age <6 months) compared to patients carrying STX11 mutations [adjusted odds ratio 8.23 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20-56.40), P = 0.032]. Moreover, patients without identified mutations had increased risk of pathological cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at diagnosis compared to patients with STX11 mutations [adjusted odds ratio 26.37 (CI = 1.90-366.82), P = 0.015]. These results indicate that the disease-causing mutations in FHL have different phenotypes with regard to ethnic origin, age at onset, and pathological CSF at diagnosis.     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗原发性噬血细胞综合征合并中枢神经系统病变一例报告及文献复习

目的 探讨原发性噬血细胞综合征（HLH）合并中枢神经系统病变诊断要点以及异基因造血干细胞移植（Allo-HSCT）治疗情况。 方法：对1例根据HLH-2004诊断标准确诊的原发性HLH合并中枢神经系统病变的病例临床特点进行分析,完善基因测序、免疫学指标检测和家系调查,进行Allo-HSCT。 结果：确诊11岁男性病例1例,表现为反复发热、全血细胞减少,脾大、骨髓中可见噬血现象,NK细胞活性下降（10.39%）。基因检测和家系调查显示患者携带分别来自父系和母系的PRF1基因的复杂杂合改变,两位胞姐各自携带不同突变位点;全家成员穿孔素蛋白表达量均有不同程度下降。病程中出现癫痫,头颅核磁共振提 示多发病变。确诊原发性HLH合并中枢神经系统病变。给予HLH-2004方案治疗后,接受胞姐HLA 5/10相合Allo-HSCT。目前移植后14个月,一般情况良好。 结论 对于合并中枢神经系统病变的原发性HLH,尽早进行Allo-HSCT是获得长期生存及治愈的唯一方法。     

Successful engraftment and stable full donor chimerism after myeloablation with thiotepa,fludarabine, and melphalan and CD34-selected peripheral allogeneic stem cell transplantation in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) represents the only curative option for primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a rare disease of infants and young children, characterized by recurrent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and cytopenia. We report a case of successful engraftment and stable full-donor chimerism in a patient with HLH who underwent peripheral allogeneic CD34-selected HSCT. The donor was his 1-antigen-HLA-mismatched grandmother. After a conditioning regimen based on the combination of thiotepa, fludarabine, melphalan, and rabbit antilymphocyte serum, the patient received a megadose of 26.3 x 10(6)/kg of CD34(+) peripheral blood cells. Neutrophil (>0.5 x 10(9)/L) and platelet (>50 x 10(9)/L) engraftment was observed on days +16 and +12, respectively, and the patient was discharged home on day +24. No acute or chronic GVHD was observed. Infectious complications were the main causes of re-hospitalization in the first year after transplantation, but no significant morbidity was observed thereafter. Thirty-two months after HSCT, the patient is alive and well, still in complete clinical remission of his underlying disease with a durable engraftment, normal NK activity and full donor chimerism. This case suggests that a fludarabine-based conditioning regimen and CD34-selected peripheral allogeneic HSCT may be a feasible option in case of unavailability of a fully HLA-matched related or unrelated donor.     

Immunophenotypic analysis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected CD8(+) T cells in a patient with EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a severe and often fatal condition characterized by uncontrolled activation of T cells and macrophages. In Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated HLH (EBV-HLH), the pathogenic roles of ectopic EBV infection in the T-cell population and of clonal proliferation of EBV-infected T cells has been described. However, the immunophenotype of EBV-infected T cells has not been fully characterized. Here we describe a case of EBV-HLH presenting with a massive clonal proliferation of CD8(+) T cells with TCR VB14. Analysis of in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded small RNA1 showed that only CD8(+) T cells harbored EBV in this patient. The EBV-infected TCR VB14(+) CD8(+) T cells exhibited unique immunophenotypic features including lacked CD5 expression and a markedly bright expression of HLA-DR. After initiation of treatment with prednisolone, etoposide, and cyclosporin A, the percentage of infected cells declined progressively in parallel with other serum markers such as ferritin. These findings suggest that lacking expression of CD5 on CD8(+) T cells with specific TCR VB may serve as a useful marker of dysregulated T-cell activation and proliferation in EBV-HLH.     

自体造血干细胞移植治疗1型糖尿病--附一例报告

目的初步探讨自体非清髓性造血干细胞移植（AHST）治疗1型糖尿病（T1DM）的有效性与安全性。方法首先，环磷酰胺及粒细胞集落刺激因子动员造血干细胞至外周血，采用白细胞分离术分离、处理造血干细胞并予以冻存；其次，采用环磷酰胺＋兔抗胸腺细胞球蛋白方案预处理后，经静脉回输造血干细胞。观察移植前后胰岛素注射剂量、HbA1c水平、胰岛功能、胰岛自身抗体滴度等变化；记录治疗过程中及治疗后的不良反应。结果自回输干细胞后，（1）患者已停用胰岛素达15月余；（2）HbA1c降至7.0%以下；（3）胰岛功能较前明显改善；（4）未出现骨髓抑制、出血性膀胱炎等严重不良反应。结论AHST治疗T1DM一例，初步显示出一定的临床有效性，但仍需大样本量前瞻性研究，以进一步评估此疗法的远期疗效与安全性。     

Treatment of rare co‐occurrence of Epstein–Barr virus‐driven post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation

In both conditions, post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), infection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a key mechanism: almost all PTLD in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is caused by EBV‐related neoplastic lymphoproliferation, and secondary HLH is most frequently triggered by EBV infection. Therefore, concomitant EBV‐driven PTLD and HLH early after alloSCT require an approach to eliminate EBV and balance immune activation simultaneously. We report on a patient who developed simultaneous PTLD and signs of HLH on day 64 after alloSCT. Treatment was comprised of stopping cyclosporine, short‐course dexamethasone, and 3 courses of rituximab. The patient showed full recovery and complete remission of lymphadenopathy. This result indicates that immediate reduction in EBV‐carrying B cells by rituximab, suppression of general inflammation, and parallel support of reconstitution of long‐term T‐cell function, might be an appropriate therapeutic approach in this rare situation.     

Successful treatment of hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with T cell lymphoma,EBV infection,and bone marrow necrosis: A case report

Rationale:Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is associated with a high mortality rate, and Epstein–Barr virus infection and hematological malignancies, especially T/natural killer cell lymphomas, are the most common causes; however, due to the complexity of clinical manifestations, the diagnosis is usually delayed. There are few reports of lymphoma-associated HPS (LAPS) in combination with bone marrow necrosis, and there is still no standard treatment for LAPS.Patient concerns:A 64-year-old man developed a fever, mild jaundice, fatigue, and bone pain. Positron emission tomography and bone marrow biopsy with immunohistochemistry were performed.Diagnosis:Imaging analysis and bone marrow examinations were compatible with HPS, T-cell lymphoma, and bone marrow necrosis.Interventions:The patient received combination therapy of rituximab and Cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, vincristine, glucocorticoid, etoposide.Outcomes:The patient achieved complete remission and a disease-free survival of 52 months.Lessons:HPS and its potential diseases should be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible. Clinicians should be aware of the presence of lymphoma in patients with HPS. Rituximab plays an important role in the prognosis of HPS, particularly Epstein–Barr virus positivity. Cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, vincristine, glucocorticoid remains an effective regimen for the treatment of T-cell LAPS. This study provides a better understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of LAPS.