强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折的手术方法选择

目的 探讨手术治疗强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折的不同术式及治疗结果,总结术式选择的经验和依据. 方法 回顾性分析2005-2011年收治的获得完整随访资料的强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折患者19例,其中前后联合入路手术(联合组)9例,单纯后路手术(后路组)7例,单纯前路手术(前路组)3例.总结患者临床资料、随访资料及影像学结果. 结果 患者均获随访12 ～20个月(平均14个月).联合组术后4～6个月骨折愈合,1例发生喉返神经麻痹,术后3个月恢复,7例脊髓不全损伤患者脊髓功能按照美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)分级标准改善多于1级,内固定位置维持良好无松动移位.后路组术后4～6个月骨折愈合,未发生手术相关并发症,内固定无松动及移位,5例脊髓不全损伤者均获得神经功能改善多于1级.前路组1例术后4周发生内固定松动进行二次手术,2例术后4个月及5个月骨折愈合,内固定无松动. 结论 强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折手术选择前后联合入路为主,对骨折局部存在缺损或骨折端分离的患者,可选择前后联合入路固定手术,术后不需要外固定.对骨折经过椎体、无骨缺损、骨折端间隙小、无移位或轻度移位的患者,可选择单纯后路复位固定术,术后需要外固定.单纯前路存在内固定失败的风险,术后需要外固定.     

单纯后方入路治疗合并强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折

目的 总结采取单纯后方入路治疗合并强直性脊柱炎下颈椎骨折的特点及治疗效果.方法 分析2003年6月-2008年6月住院治疗的合并强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折患者26例,分析受伤机制、损伤严蕈程度、救治过程、手术记录、术后随访记录和康复过程,评价术后神经功能恢复程度及骨折愈合情况.结果 有6例患者采取单纯后方人路手术治疗,脊髓损伤按美国脊髓损伤学会(ASIA)分级:A级2例,B级1例,C级2例,D级1例.所有患者均采取后路复位侧块固定融合手术,2例A级患者分别于术后2,3个月因呼吸功能衰竭死亡.其余4例随访37个月(12～54个月),骨折均愈合,愈合时间平均3.8个月(3～5个月),神经功能显著改善.1例患者因发生硬脊膜外血肿症状加重至B级,术后达到D级,C级及D级患者均恢复到损伤前水平,2例A级损伤患者发生低钠血症.本组患者均未发生内固定相关并发症.结论 合并强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折在骨折端无骨缺损时,复位后对位对线良好者可通过单纯后方入路完成固定融合手术,并可实现骨折稳定愈合.     

Post-traumatic spinal hematoma in ankylosing spondylitis

Emergency Radiology - The purpose of this study is to examine the incidence, location, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) and spinal subdural hematoma...     

Imaging manifestations of spinal fractures in ankylosing spondylitis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spinal fractures in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) were difficult to diagnose before CT and MR imaging were available. The purpose of our investigation was to characterize spinal fractures and determine the value of different imaging modalities in AS. METHODS: Twelve successive cases of spinal fractures were identified in MR imaging files of AS patients. Conventional radiographs were available for 12, CT scans for 7, and 3D-CT scans for 4. We carefully reviewed clinical histories and imaging presentations. RESULTS: Fractures were found in the cervical spine in 3 patients and in the thoracolumbar spine in 9. The 3 columns of the spine were involved in 11 patients. A routine 4-mm axial CT was not enough to demonstrate all fractures and ligament tears. The sensitivities of 3D-CT scans for demonstration of the following problems were similar to that of MR imaging and were better than that of conventional radiographs: tearing of the posterior longitudinal ligament, the thoracic spinous process fracture, and the facet fracture. MR imaging depicted these following findings that usually were not shown on conventional radiographs or 3D-CT scans: cord deformity, soft tissue disruption, and ligament tears in the posterior column. MR imaging also showed avascular necrosis and occult fractures better than conventional radiographs or CT scans. CONCLUSIONS: MR imaging shows abnormalities in AS that may not be clear or even detectable by using other imaging methods. With the capability to show lesions in the posterior column, MR imaging can serve to evaluate AS patients with spinal fracture for the possibility of 3-column involvement.     

中晚期强直性脊柱炎伴脊柱骨折的损伤机制及影像学特点

目的：探讨强直性脊柱炎(AS)伴发脊柱骨折的损伤机制及影像学特点,减少漏诊、误诊。方法回顾15例 AS伴脊柱骨折患者的影像和临床资料,及37例普通脊柱骨折患者的资料,并对其进行分析。结果在 AS患者中,有明确外伤史的11例,影像学上表现为三柱骨折的9例,可见明确椎管受压或脊髓损伤的7例,骨折经过椎间部位的6例;在普通脊柱骨折患者中,有明确外伤史的36例,影像学上表现为三柱骨折的4例,可见明确椎管受压或脊髓损伤的5例,无骨折经过椎间部位。统计分析发现：AS伴脊柱骨折患者与普通脊柱骨折患者相比,无外伤原因所占比率差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.565,P<0.05),患者发生三柱骨折的比率差异有统计学意义(χ2=11.274,P<0.05),骨折导致椎管受压或脊髓损伤的比率差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.873,P<0.05),骨折经过椎间部位发生的比率差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.041,P<0.05)。结论 AS伴发脊柱骨折与普通脊柱骨折损伤机制有明显的差异,X线、CT和 MRI在显示 AS伴脊柱骨折方面各有优势,有效地运用这些差异以及选用合适的影像检查将有助于减少漏、误诊。     

强直性脊柱炎并发脊柱骨折影像学诊断（附5例分析）

强直性脊柱炎（ankylosing spondylitis,AS）为常见病,但并发脊柱骨折及假关节形成者少见。本文报告5例经手术病理证实的病例,并结合文献进行回顾性分析研究其X线平片、CT及MR表现,以期提高术前对本病诊断的正确率。1材料与方法1.1一般资料5例患者中,男性4例,女性1例,年龄29~45岁,平均年龄38.6岁。AS病程10~20年,平均12.6年。     

Cervical fracture in ankylosing spondylitis: value of multidimensional imaging.

Ankylosing spondylitis creates a rigid spinal column that cannot easily accommodate to altered or increased forces. Fractures or fracture-subluxation may be seen following apparently trivial injury. Assessment of the lower cervical and cervicothoracic spine can be limited in the kyphotic, ankylosed spine. However, reformatted computed tomography (CT) data can be manipulated to provide true orthogonal (sagittal, coronal) planar images of the obliqued spine, and can be used to provide a three-dimensional overview of anatomy prior to treatment. One such case is presented.     

Focal spinal abnormalities on bone scans in ankylosing spondylitis: a clue to the presence of fracture or pseudarthrosis

Four cases of ankylosing spondylitis are presented in which radionuclide bone studies indicated focal abnormalities of the spine. In three patients, the area of abnormal nuclide uptake corresponded to a site of pseudarthrosis, and in the fourth an acute fracture was present. As such focal lesions on bone scans are unusual in cases of chronic ankylosing spondylitis in which a complication is not apparent, their presence can be a useful finding.     

Spinal pseudarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis

Spinal pseudarthrosis is an important mechanical complication in longstanding ankylosing spondylitis. Thirty-five patients with 40 lesions were studied. Three lesions through vertebral bodies resulted from complete fractures. The rest occurred at interspaces, more common at the lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments. Double pseudarthrotic lesions were observed in 5 patients. Progressive osteolysis of the anterior elements was prominent, with variable sclerosis, osteophytes, vacuum phenomenon, subluxation and fragmentation. A posterior element weak link, as a bony break or facet joint non-fusion, was an essential component in every lesion, playing an initiating or perpetuating role in its pathogenesis. Mechanical derangement from trauma, severe round kyphosis, spondylodiscitis, hip disease, spinal operation and unusual activities may be contributing factors. Initial treatment is conservative, but 16 patients required operative stabilisation.     

强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折的临床特征分析和诊断

目的探讨强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折或脱位的临床特征和诊断中应该注意的问题。方法回顾性分析1986年4月-2004年4月手术治疗累及颈椎的强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎骨折或脱位12例，采用美国脊柱损伤学会（ASIA）神经功能障碍评分评价神经功能，总结临床特征和诊断。结果（1）损伤原因及特征：12例骨折中只有1例为严重外力所致；均为单个运动节段的损伤，其中发生在C6-7之间者为50％；累及前中柱的患者中，经过椎间盘的损伤7例，既经过椎间盘又经过椎体的损伤2例，经过椎体的损伤2例。12例患者中，稳定型损伤3例，不稳定型损伤9例。合并脊髓损伤9例，其中不完全性脊髓损伤7例，完全性脊髓损伤2例，均为治疗过程中颈椎固定不可靠所致的继发损伤。（2）正确诊断率：发生在C6-7水平者X线平片的正确诊断率为17％，C5-6水平者50％，以上者100％；CT100％，MRI 92％。仅有1例合并后纵韧带骨化。结论强直性脊柱炎累及颈椎时颈椎发生骨折和脱位的可能性较大，致伤外力较小；如果发生骨与关节的损伤，多数为不稳定型损伤，神经损伤的可能性较大，容易造成继发损伤。骨与关节损伤多数位于C6-7水平，普通X线平片容易漏诊，骨折脱位一旦漏诊，可能由于随之而来的继发性神经损伤使脊髓损伤出现或加重，导致严重后果。     

Traumatic cervical injuries in ankylosing spondylitis

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the importance of magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of cervical traumas in patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eleven patients with advanced ankylosing spondylitis were admitted to neurosurgical treatment after trauma to the neck region. All had neurological symptoms and were evaluated with plain X-ray, CT, and MR. RESULTS: CT with reformation sagittal and coronal plane was superior to plain X-ray films in demonstrating fractures and dislocations. MR was considered mandatory when evaluating changes in medulla and epidural hematomas, which were detected in 4 patients. The clinical outcome was poor in 5 patients and good in 6. The poorest outcome was seen in patients with cord contusion and epidural hematoma. CONCLUSION: We conclude that plain X-ray is of no greater importance in the acute phase of highest value in follow-up evaluation of the healing process and final position of the fractured vertebrae. Our protocol in the acute phase in traumatized ankylopoetic patients consists of lateral conventional X-ray, CT with reformatted images, and MR, the last-mentioned being important in detecting epidural hematoma that reduces the clinical outcome further if not removed. In our opinion, MR must be part of the radiological protocol following neck traumas in all patients with ankylosing spondylitis.     

Tracheobronchomegaly in association with ankylosing spondylitis

We present a case of tracheobronchomegaly seen in association with ankylosing spondylitis. To the authors' knowledge this combination has not been previously described. A review of the chest radiographs of 30 other patients with ankylosing spondylitis revealed no evidence of tracheal dilatation.     

强直性脊柱炎的影像学诊断

目的:研究强直性脊柱炎所致骶髂关节改变的X线及CT表现,探讨其早期征像,比较X线与CT对AS诊断的价值。方法:临床确诊的50例强直性脊柱炎患者,摄取骶髂关节正侧位平片,其中30例患者做骶髂关节CT扫描,总结其影像学表现与病理分级及临床分期的关系,并对两种检查方法所示结果进行比较分析。结果:AS早期骶髂关节改变影像学表现为:骨质侵蚀、虫蚀样破坏,囊变、周围骨硬化等,对于病变征像,X线与CT显示基本相同,X线为首选方法,但是CT对细微结构显示清楚,能更直观的反映病变的范围及关节间隙的改变,对早期病变显示优于X线平片,对Ⅲ、Ⅳ级病变,如仅满足诊断要求,CT扫描并非必需,对需观察病变及评价疗效者,CT是一种理想的检查方法。结论:骶髂关节骨质侵蚀、破坏、囊变、骨质硬化是AS的早期征像,CT对病变细节显示更清楚对早期病变更具敏感性,对疗效观察更为有利。