浅谈医学社团与公共卫生建设

医学社团拥有医学界的精英。它在加强公共卫生建设中不仅有重要的历史使命 ,而且具有很大的优势。为此 ,应发挥医学、社团的作用 ,加强公共卫生建设现状与趋势研究 ,加强对国际传染病防治的前瞻性研究与监测。加强全民健康教育 ,开展应时性传染病的继续医学教育 ,运用远程会诊网络 ,实施公开卫生事业的防治指导和利用优质人力资源进行联合攻关。     

Locating oneself in the past to influence the present: Impacts of Neolithic landscapes on mental health well-being

There are well-established links between mental health and the environment. Mental illness is a global issue, and international policies increasingly focus on promoting mental health well-being through community-based approaches, including non-clinical initiatives such as therapeutic landscapes and the use of heritage assets. However, the empirical evidence-base for the impact of such initiatives is limited. This innovative study, known as Human Henge, used a mixed-methods approach to investigate the impact of immersive experiences of prehistoric landscapes on the well-being of participants with mental health issues. Uniquely, the study followed participants for a year after their participation in the project to explore the long-term impact of their experiences on their mental well-being. Findings highlight that, overall, participants experienced improved mental health well-being from baseline to mid- and end-of programme (p = 0.01 & 0.003), as well as one-year post-programme (p = 0.03). Qualitative data indicated the reconnection of participants with local communities, and with other people, in ways that improved their mental health well-being. These data highlight the effectiveness of using heritage as a means of improving the well-being of people with mental health issues.     

Quality and quantity: the role of social interactions in self-reported individual health

The public health literature on the detrimental effects of social isolation has shown that the quantity of social connections is positively correlated with individual health. Drawing on pooled cross-sectional data, we test this hypothesis on a representative sample of the Italian population. Our findings show that, in addition to the quantity of interactions, it is their quality--as measured by subjective satisfaction derived from relationships with friends--that works as the best predictor of self-reported health. The frequency of meetings with friends is significantly and positively correlated with good health in all regressions. However, when we add our measure of the quality of relationships to the probit equations, the statistical significance of "quantitative" measures is scaled down. Satisfaction with relationships with friends exhibits a positive and highly significant coefficient. Results of the multivariate probit analysis point out the potential role of unobservable variables suggesting the existence of endogeneity problems which require further investigation. We point out the existence of health disparities based on socio-economic status. There is a higher probability that poorer and less educated individuals report poor health conditions. The risk is even higher for unemployed and retired workers. This paper contributes to the literature in two substantive dimensions. This is the first empirical study of the relationship between social interactions and health in Italy. Second, we add to previous empirical studies by taking into account not only the frequency of various kinds of meetings but also indicators of their "quality", as measured by agents' subjective satisfaction with their social participation. The reliability of the analysis also benefits from the uniqueness and comprehensiveness of our dataset, which tries to overcome a structural deficiency in Italian data by merging information on agents' behaviours and perceptions with data on household income.     

公共卫生和公共卫生突发事件

该文从理论角度阐述什么是现代公共卫生观念 ,公共卫生应在公共卫生突发事件处理中发挥什么作用和怎样发挥作用 ,希望对确定我国现代公共卫生理论体系有所启发     

老年人社会经济地位对健康的影响机制研究——兼论生活方式、公共服务和社会心理的中介效应

社会经济地位差异会带来老年人健康的不平等,社会经济地位的弱势对老年健康产生不利影响,但生活方式、公共服务和社会心理因素可在一定程度上弱化社会经济地位对老年健康的直接影响。基于2014年中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(CLHLS)数据,利用有序Logistic回归模型实证分析了社会经济地位对老年人健康状况的影响,并考察了生活方式、公共服务和社会心理维度变量的中介效应。研究发现:社会经济地位越高,老年人的自评健康、生理健康和精神健康状况越好;体育锻炼、食用水果和居住安排等生活方式变量有利于缓解社会经济地位弱势对老年健康的负面影响;医疗服务可及性在社会经济地位与老年健康的关系中具有显著的中介效应,但社区服务丰富性的中介效应不明显;生活满意度和社会参与度也能缓解社会经济地位弱势对健康造成的不利影响。改善老年人的健康状况不仅需要改变部分老年群体的社会经济地位弱势状态,也应该倡导健康的生活方式、提高公共服务水平和促进老年社会参与度。     

Ethics,big data and computing in epidemiology and public health

PurposeThis article reflects on the activities of the Ethics Committee of the American College of Epidemiology (ACE). Members of the Ethics Committee identified an opportunity to elaborate on knowledge gained since the inception of the original Ethics Guidelines published by the ACE Ethics and Standards of Practice Committee in 2000.MethodsThe ACE Ethics Committee presented a symposium session at the 2016 Epidemiology Congress of the Americas in Miami on the evolving complexities of ethics and epidemiology as it pertains to “big data.” This article presents a summary and further discussion of that symposium session.ResultsThree topic areas were presented: the policy implications of big data and computing, the fallacy of “secondary” data sources, and the duty of citizens to contribute to big data. A balanced perspective is needed that provides safeguards for individuals but also furthers research to improve population health. Our in-depth review offers next steps for teaching of ethics and epidemiology, as well as for epidemiological research, public health practice, and health policy.ConclusionsTo address contemporary topics in the area of ethics and epidemiology, the Ethics Committee hosted a symposium session on the timely topic of big data. Technological advancements in clinical medicine and genetic epidemiology research coupled with rapid advancements in data networks, storage, and computation at a lower cost are resulting in the growth of huge data repositories. Big data increases concerns about data integrity; informed consent; protection of individual privacy, confidentiality, and harm; data reidentification; and the reporting of faulty inferences.     

Social justice and social responsibility: towards a value-base for global public health

Public health and social justice have been seen as one and the same thing, in that public health is - of its very nature - socially just. In this paper, the relationship between public health and social justice is explored through reflecting upon the definitions of the two. Work being undertaken in Scotland in relation to prison health shows that public health action can be intended to have a socially just consequence. However it is not always possible to show that social justice was always the intended outcome of a public health action, as economic intentions can often result in similar public health intervention. In seeking to set out a values base for Global Public Health, the reflection allows two overarching values to be proposed: equality and mutuality.     

Modelling the impact of physical activity on public health: A review and critique

BackgroundWhile several reviews have assessed economic evaluations of physical activity in public health and, in most cases, found the interventions to be cost-effective, the validity of the conclusions reached depends on the appropriateness of the modelling methods used in the individual studies.ObjectiveTo provide an overview and critique of modelling approaches and key structural assumptions used in applied studies to estimate the impact of physical activity on population health.MethodsElectronic databases were systematically searched for relevant model-based economic evaluations. A thematic approach was used to assess the modelling studies. The critique determined the appropriateness of the modelling frameworks and plausibility of key structural assumptions.ResultsTwenty-five models were identified. Cohort models were most frequently used. High variability in the modelling of downstream diseases was found across studies analysing similar populations. Structural assumptions regarding the dynamics of change of physical activity were unrealistic in most cases. Heterogeneity was addressed in only a few studies, while health equity concerns were, at best, acknowledged by authors.ConclusionsThis literature is predominantly characterised by modelling approaches that may not adequately address the complexities associated with representing the physical activity behaviour- population health process. A consensus on how to model the impact of physical activity on public health and development of a reference model could help reduce these sources of uncertainty.     

加强公共卫生应急体系和能力建设的调查研究

目的 探索加强公共卫生应急体系和能力建设的策略措施。 方法 以四川省公共卫生应急体系为调查对象,采用快速定性研究方法对省、市、县、乡四个层级的政府卫健部门、疾病预防控制中心（CDC）、医疗机构、急救中心、乡镇卫生院等机构和人员开展公共卫生应急体系短板、漏洞和问题的现场调查,收集的建议经专家评审出不同推荐级别供政府参考。 结果 共调查69家机构的163名相关人员,梳理出9个方面的21条重要问题和22条核心建议。制约卫生应急能力的普遍而严重的问题主要在物资保障（3条）和实验室检测（1条）方面。建议中,涉及法律法规类、组织机构类、人才与应急队伍类以及基层与社区动员类建议较丰富,有15条（17/22, 68.2%）;有9条建议（9/22,40.9%）密切结合国家最新大政方针,充分考虑了四川省的实际情况,具有紧迫性、必要性和较强的可操作性,建议政府直接采纳。 结论 本研究形成了以四川省为例的加强公共卫生应急体系与能力建设的建议,为本省乃至全国建设系统完备、科学规范、运行高效的公共卫生应急体系提供参考。     

Weight bias and support of public health policies

ObjectivesPublic health policies have been proposed to help address prevalent Canadian obesity rates. Along with the increase in obesity prevalence, explicit weight bias is also rampant in Western society. This paper aimed to assess the association between explicit weight bias attitudes and Canadian public support of these policy recommendations.MethodsCanadian adults (N = 903; 51% female; BMI = 27.3 ± 7.0 kg/m²) completed an online survey measuring explicit weight bias, using the three subscales of the Anti-Fat Attitudes Questionnaire: Willpower (belief in weight controllability), Fear of fat (fear of gaining weight), and Dislike (antipathy towards people with obesity). Whether these subscales were associated with policy support was assessed with logistic regression. Analyses were adjusted for age, race, gender, and income.ResultsPublic support of policy recommendations ranged from 53% to 90%. Explicit weight bias was primarily expressed through a fear of weight gain and the belief that weight gain was within the individual’s control based on willpower. Although the Dislike subscale was associated with lower support for several policies that enable or guide individual choice in behaviour change, the Willpower and Fear of fat subscales were associated with greater support for similar policies.ConclusionThis study contributes to evidence-informed public health action by describing public support of public health policies and demonstrating an association between explicit weight bias and public support. A higher total explicit weight bias score increased the odds of supporting primarily less intrusive policies. However, dislike of individuals with obesity was associated with decreased odds of supporting many policies.     

Recapturing public health sciences for HIV/AIDS in China

In recent years, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has spread from high-risk groups to the general population in China. Scientific interpretation of HIV figures, prevalence and proportion vs. incidence is displayed to correctly guide politicians and lay people in understanding the situation. Although behaviour-focused studies have been conducted in China, many have focused on 'scientific' issues, with limited attention given to human dimensions or contexts. An evidence-based public health approach, with strict evaluation in terms of cost-effectiveness and behavioural outcomes, needs to be developed, together with activity to encourage decentralization and community engagement of programmes. Policies and strategies on HIV prevention and control need to be mindful of Chinese culture and reality, including the expansion of screening and surveillance.     

Health departments' implementation of public health's core functions: an assessment of health impacts

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this article was to investigate the relationship between state health agencies' adherence to the recommendations of the United State's Institute of Medicine's (IOM) report, "The Future of Public Health", and changes in their populations' health. STUDY DESIGN: Data were abstracted from agencies' plans, budgets, annual reports, etc. spanning a 5-year period. A comprehensive change in population health measure over the same period was drawn from the UnitedHealth Group's annual survey. METHODS: Configurations, based on public health core functions, were established using linear regression and qualitative comparative analysis. The dependent variable was a holistic measure of change in a state population's health status. RESULTS: State agencies that most completely adopted a public health model emphasizing assessment, assurance and policy development also experienced significant improvements in their population health measures. CONCLUSIONS: State agencies that more completely adopted the IOM's public health core functions had a concomitant improvement in their populations' health statuses. Further research to explore if there is a causal link between adoption of the core functions and positive health impacts is warranted.     

社会医疗保险制度下公立医院财政补助机制

我国医疗卫生体制已从公共融合向公共契约模式转变，社会医疗保险的迅速推进使基本医疗需方投入为主成为实际的政策选择。在社会医疗保险制度框架下，公立医院仍有部分支出不能由社会医疗保险支付，需要财政补助予以保障。政府财政补助应与公立医院绩效评估机制相联系，以对公立医院经营者形成有效的激励约束机制。     

Health impact assessment: a tool for healthy public policy

Healthy Public Policy is one of the key health promotion actions. Advancement of Healthy Public Policy requires that the health consequences of policy should be correctly foreseen and that the policy process should be influenced so that those health consequences are considered. Health Impact Assessment is an approach that could assist in meeting both requirements. Policies often produce health impacts by multiple indirect routes, which makes prediction difficult. Prediction in Health Impact Assessment may be based on epidemiological models or on sociological disciplines. Health Impact Assessment must be based on an understanding of, and aim to add value to, the policy-making process. It must therefore conform to policy-making timetables, present information in a form that is policy relevant and fit the administrative structures of policy makers. Health Impact Assessment may be used to inform health advocacy but is distinct from it. There is a danger that Health Impact Assessment could be misunderstood as health imperialism.     

Use of social and behavioral sciences by public health departments in major cities

Individual behavior and social contexts are critical determinants of health. We surveyed commissioners or their designees in 22 departments of health serving US cities of at least 500,000 people to examine their use of scientific approaches to influence individual behavior and social contexts. Each department used behavioral or social science in its work, but only four departments were indged to have integrated these approaches throughout their operations, using both centralized and decentralized structures. Degree of integration was unrelated to collaboration with universities or communities but was related to use of explicit theories. Behavioral and social sciences were employed most frequently in the areas of HIV/AIDS and maternal and child health and in the service of changing individual behavior rather than larger contexts, although across departments many health problems and approaches were involved. Commissioners generally found the approaches valuable, but articulated barriers to more widespread adoption.