Organisation and results of the cervical cytology screening programme in British Columbia, 1955-85

A screening programme to detect preinvasive carcinoma of the cervix was started in British Columbia in 1949. Since 1970 the number of women who have been screened at least once has been maintained at about 85% of the population at risk. More than 500,000 cervical smears are being examined each year in the central laboratory. There has been an appreciable increase in the number of cases and rates of carcinoma in situ seen since 1970, particularly in women between 20 and 30 years of age. Since the programme started over 26,000 cases of squamous carcinoma in situ have been detected and treated. The incidence of clinically invasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix has fallen by 78% during the period under review, and mortality from squamous carcinoma of the cervix has fallen by 72%. A colposcopy programme, introduced throughout British Columbia over the past 12 years, has been important in reducing the problems of managing preinvasive lesions, particularly in younger women. It is concluded that the reduction in morbidity and mortality from invasive squamous cancer of the cervix in British Columbia over the past 30 years is directly attributable to the province wide screening programme and that a large potential increase in invasive cervical cancer rates among younger women is being prevented.     

p16INK4a、FGF-2和D2-40与宫颈癌浸润转移的关系

目的探讨肿瘤抑制基因p16INK4a、成纤维细胞生长因子-2(FGF-2)和D2-40在CIN3、微小浸润癌、宫颈浸润癌中的表达及其在宫颈癌浸润转移中的作用。方法采用免疫组化学方法,检测35例CIN3、13例微小浸润癌及62例宫颈浸润癌中p16INK4a、FGF-2和D2-40蛋白的表达情况。结果 p16INK4a在微小浸润癌中的过表达率明显高于CIN3(P<0.01);FGF-2在CIN3、微小浸润癌和宫颈浸润鳞癌中的阳性率分别为51.43%、53.85%、76.92%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);FGF-2的表达强度与宫颈病变的发展程度呈正相关(P<0.01)。p16INK4a和FGF-2的阳性强度与宫颈癌淋巴结转移呈正相关(P<0.01或P<0.05),FGF-2与宫颈癌浸润深度有关,二者均与宫颈癌的肿瘤大小、组织学分级、临床分期无相关性;D2-40的阳性反应与临床病理因素无相关性。p16INK4a、FGF-2的表达和D2-40阳性反应之间无相关性(P>0.05)。结论 p16INK4a异常表达可能有助于诊断微小浸润癌,其阳性强度与宫颈癌淋巴结转移正相关;检测FGF-2在宫颈活检组织中的表达,对评估宫颈病变的发展以及宫颈癌浸润和转移的情况有重要的临床参考价值。     

HIF-1α、VEGF、P53对老年宫颈癌浸润影响的组织芯片研究

目的：探讨HIF-1α、VEGF、P53对老年宫颈癌局部浸润的作用。方法：应用组织芯片技术和免疫组织化学方法对比检测老年宫颈鳞状细胞原位癌30例、微小浸润癌34例、浸润癌36例中HIF-1α、VEGF、P53的表达。结果：HIF-1α在原位癌中的阳性表达率明显低于微小浸润癌、浸润癌（P〈0.05和P〈0.001）,微小浸润癌、浸润癌中阳性表达率无明显差别（P〉0.05）;VEGF在原位癌中的阳性表达率明显低于微小浸润癌和浸润癌（P〈0.05和P〈0.001）,微小浸润癌中阳性表达率明显低于浸润癌（P〈0.05）;P53在原位癌中的阳性表达率明显低于微小浸润癌和浸润癌（P〈0.05和P〈0.05）,微小浸润癌中的阳性表达率与浸润癌无明显差别（P〉0.05）。HIF-1α与VEGF阳性表达之间在微小浸润癌、浸润癌中存在密切相关（r=0.8737P〈0.01和r=0.7957P〈0.01）。HIF-1α、P53与宫颈癌的微小浸润密切相关,VEGF与宫颈癌浸润的全过程密切相关。结论：HIF-1α、VEGF、P53都与老年宫颈癌局部浸润相关,其中HIF-1α、P53在局部浸润始动阶段发挥重要作用,VEGF在浸润全过程都发挥重要作用。     

A clinical review of cervicography

A new investigative modality, cervicography, has been advocated for cervical screening. In the first 51 patients referred for colposcopy because of an abnormal cervicogram, none had invasive cancer and 75% had preinvasive cancer. The cervicogram appears superior to cytology but inferior to colposcopy in the detection of cervical pathology. Based on the available evidence, however, cervicography cannot be recommended for universal screening. It may have a role in the follow-up of patients with a mildly abnormal cervical smear, but the optimum management remains early referral for colposcopy.     

3000例阴道镜检查结果分析

３０００例阴道镜检查结果分析，阴道镜图像正常或有炎症者活检１５７例，仅１例为癌前病变，其余为良性病变；异常图像镜下活检１６４例，病理学诊断宫颈癌前病变１０例、原位癌１２例、浸润癌１２３例，阴道镜与组织学诊断相符合１４５例，符合率８８．４１％。     

A twenty-year period in mass screening for uterine cervical cancer in Fukushima Prefecture

To explore the change in age distribution of patients with uterine cervical cancer and its precursors, we analyzed 2,168,923 women in a series of mass screening for uterine cervical cancer in Fukushima Prefecture. The first examination rate was not increased over a 20-year period. During the screening period, severe dysplasia was found in 693 women, carcinoma in situ in 672 women, microinvasive carcinoma in 517 women, and frank invasive carcinoma in 421 women. The numbers of patients with frank invasive carcinoma was decreased gradually in every age group, which might reflect the effectiveness of our mass screening project. Although the detection rates of severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and microinvasive carcinoma have not changed in patients groups over 40 years old, the detection rates were increased in patients under the age of 39. These results may reflect a recent tendency for cervical cancer to increase in young women. It is important, therefore, to increase the screening rate for young women to prevent the progression with advanced cervical cancer.     

宫颈原位癌及微浸癌的诊断及治疗 附145例临床分析

145例宫颈原位癌及微浸癌的阴道镜下直接活检与术后病理诊断之符合率为94.56％。原位癌行子宫全切术,微浸癌行次广泛子宫切除术,随访5年以上119例,5年及10年存活率均为100％。讨论了早期宫颈癌的诊断及治疗问题。     

宫颈细胞学为ASCUS的临床意义及处理措施探讨

目的：分析宫颈细胞学为ASCUS的临床意义及处理措施。方法整群选择2014年5月—2015年3月来该院妇科门诊就诊的156例宫颈细胞学为ASCUS的患者为研究对象,对所有患者进行阴道镜检查及宫颈组织活检,同时对其中100名患者进行了HPV(人乳头瘤病毒)的高危检测,分析其检查结果。结果156名ASCUS患者中58名宫颈组织病理提示宫颈上皮内瘤变,发生率为37.18%,其中高级别CIN及浸润癌发生率为23.72%,阴道镜诊断出高级别CIN及浸润癌为24例,符合率为64.86%。 HPV阳性者CIN检出率82.89%,4例浸润癌均为HPV阳性,明显高于阴性组。结论宫颈细胞学为ASCUS提示可能发生宫颈上皮内瘤变,应该警惕其高级别CIN和浸润癌的可能。联合应用阴道镜检查可以明显提高宫颈病变的检出情况。高危HPV是ASCUS分流管理的一种有效手段,可以明显提高宫颈上皮内瘤变的检出。     

液基细胞学技术、阴道镜及PTEN和p27基因表达对宫颈癌的诊断意义

目的 探讨液基细胞学技术(LCT)、阴道镜、PTEN和p27表达在宫颈癌(IC)早期诊断中的意义.方法 对348例疑有宫颈病变者行LCT、阴道镜检查及定位活检;采用免疫组化法对其中28例IC、45例宫颈上皮内瘤样变(CIN)和5例正常宫颈组织行PTEN及p27检测.结果 105例LCT异常,占30.17%;68例阴道镜检查异常,占19.54%;73例CIN Ⅰ以上,占20.98%;PTEN和p27表达随IC发展显著下降(P＜0.05).结论 结合LCT、阴道镜检查加定位活检和PTEN及p27蛋白表达结果可早期诊断IC.     

Colposcopic evaluation of pre-invasive and early cervical carcinoma with histologic correlation

This observational study was done in Colposcopy clinic of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, to evaluate the accuracy of colposcopic assessment of pre-invasive and early cervical carcinoma comparing with the reference standard of histology, in order to evaluate the justification of colposcopic examination. This study included 227 VIA (visual inspection of cervix with application of 5% acetic acid) test positive patients, who were referred to us for colposcopic evaluation during a period of January 2011 to June 2011. Patient with clinically evident of invasive cervical carcinoma were excluded from this study. VIA test was performed again in all patients prior to systematic colposcopic examination and it was found that 72.6% patients had abnormal colposcopic findings (p<0.05). Directed punch biopsy specimen was taken only from abnormal colposcopic appearances and then it was send for histopathological examination. Records of all available biopsy results were recorded. Correlation of colposcopic impression with colposcopy guided biopsy results was compared. Among 79 colposcopically diagnosed Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (LSIL) or low-grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN I) cases, 22.8% cases were chronic cervicities, 69.6% were LSIL (CIN I) and 7.6% were High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (HSIL) and among 38 HSIL(CIN II/CIN III) cases, 7.8% were found to chronic cervicities, 31.6% were LSIL and 60.5% were HSIL. Fifteen cases of colposcopically diagnosed preclinical invasive carcinoma were confirmed by histopathology (p<0.05). The rate of false positive is higher in the diagnosis of HSIL than LSIL (39 vs. 30%); on the other hand the rate of false negative was higher in LSIL (9 vs. 4.5%). The sensitivity of colposcopic diagnosis of pre-invasive cervical carcinoma was ranging from 79-82% and specificity ranged between 73-87%. Positive predictive value was 62% for HSIL and 70% for LSIL and the colposcopic accuracy was 91% and 95% for the diagnosis of LSIL and HSIL respectively. All the statistical results were 100% for the diagnosis of preclinical invasive carcinoma. This study showed that colposcopy is a valid tool for the detection of pre-invasive and early cervical carcinoma. It can be considered as a secondary testing tool for VIA positive women.     

Clinical diagnosis in microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix

This retrospective study collected the surgical tissues and the clinical records of 197 surgically treated patients with microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix, which was defined as a limited microinvasion not more than 3 mm in depth regardless of lymph-vascular involvement. Depth of invasion was 1 mm or less in 13.2% and 1.1 to 3 mm in 86.8%. The mean age was 47.2 years. About half of the patients were asymptomatic but suspected cytologically. Random cervical biopsy alone was inadequate for diagnosis. Cone biopsy demonstrated an accuracy of 94% in diagnosis, but failed to eliminate microinvasive carcinoma in 23.0% of the hysterectomy specimens. In 14 cases, the invasion was more extensive in the uterus than in the cone. A positive correlation has been found between the diagnostic rate of conization and the depth of stromal invasion. Cervical conization, while relatively accurate in assessing the existence of stromal invasion that characterizes microinvasion, failed to diagnose those with deeper stromal invasion, especially beyond 1 mm. The recommended approach in diagnosing microinvasion is careful colposcope-directed cone biopsy and proper examination of the conization specimen in order to exclude the possibility of more advanced disease.     

阴道镜与宫颈环形电切术在宫颈上皮内瘤变诊断和治疗中的应用价值比较

目的比较宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)术前阴道镜下活组织检查结果与宫颈环形电切术(LEEP)后病理检查结果,评价阴道镜与LEEP在CIN诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法对350例疑似CIN患者术前进行阴道镜下活组织检查病理诊断,并与LEEP术后组织病理检查结果进行对照比较。结果 350例手术均成功,阴道镜下活组织病理检查结果与LEEP术后病理检查结果完全符合率为72.57%,诊断过度率15.71%,诊断不足率11.71%。结论阴道镜下活组织检查可能遗漏CIN或早期浸润癌;LEEP可提供较完整的组织标本,可进一步筛查宫颈癌,有效弥补阴道镜的不足。     

宫颈CIN3160例的临床分析与随访

目的 评估液基细胞学检查、高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)检测对诊断、随访重度宫颈上皮内瘤变的价值,探讨CIN3的最佳治疗方式.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月~2009年12月160例CIN3患者在四川省人民医院妇科住院治疗的临床资料.160例患者均在我院或外院门诊行液基细胞学检查,并在我院门诊经阴道镜下活检诊断为CIN3.75例行高危型HPV-DNA(HC2)检测.70例患者直接行全子宫切除术,90例怠者行冷刀锥切术(CKC).结果 160例患者液基细胞学检查结果:高度上皮内病变(HSIL)44例(27.50%),低度上皮内病变(LSIL)40例(25.00%),不典型增生(ASCUS)61例(38.13%),正常15例(9.38%).75例患者高危型HPV-DNA检测结果:阳性71例(94.67%).阴性4例(5.33%).术后病理升级者(早期浸润癌)8例(5.00%),3例全子宫切除患者术后补充放化疗,5例锥切患者术后行子宫颈癌规范手术;降级者29例(18.13%),其中炎症7例(4.39%).对于仅行冷刀锥切术且切缘阴性的56例患者进行了1-3年的随访,至今无1例复发.结论 对LCT异常或HPV检测阳性者行阴道镜检查及宫颈活检可提高宫颈病变的检出率,LET、HPV检测也是术后追踪随访的主要手段;宫颈CKC能避免过度治疗和漏诊早期宫颈浸润癌.     

阴道镜下活检诊断为CIN的准确性及其漏诊宫颈癌的相关因素

目的:评估阴道镜下活检诊断为CIN(宫颈上皮内瘤样病变)的准确性,进一步分析其漏诊官颈癌的可能相关因素.方法:回顾性分析3年来阴道镜下宫颈活检确诊为CIN,并短期内行LEEP的315例患者,评估宫颈活检的准确性,了解阴道镜下活检漏诊官颈癌的可能相关因素.结果:315例患者中LEEP后最终病检与阴道镜下活检符合率为69....     

电子阴道镜在宫颈癌早期诊断中的价值

目的探讨电子阴道镜检查在宫颈癌早期诊断中的临床价值。方法对2006年3月～2008年10月在武钢二医院进行电子阴道镜检查并进行宫颈活检病理学检查的249例完整病例进行回顾性分析。结果电子阴道镜检查结果为正常转化区157例,宫颈上皮内瘤样变（CIN）Ⅰ～Ⅲ级92例;病理检查确诊为正常转化区170例,CINⅠ～Ⅲ级78例,宫颈浸润癌1例。以病理学诊断为金标准,电子阴道镜检查对宫颈癌早期诊断的敏感度为93.7%,特异度为89.4%,假阴性率（漏诊率）为6.3%,阳性预测值为80.4%。结论电子阴道镜检查对CIN、宫颈癌的早期诊断具有重要价值,电子阴道镜检查可以作为宫颈癌筛查的方法之一。     

高危型人乳头瘤病毒检测在宫颈细胞学异常患者中的分流作用

目的 探讨高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)对宫颈细胞学异常患者的分流作用.方法 对694例宫颈细胞学异常患者进行了高危型HPV检测,并对宫颈液基薄层细胞学(TCT)检测异常患者进行了分析.其中275例患者同时行阴道镜检查及宫颈多点活检.将275例患者分为不典型鳞状细胞(ASC)组、低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)组和高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)组,每组分别为71例、149例和55例.结果 在694例患者中,细胞学为ASC、LSIL和HSIL时hrHPV阳性率分别为68.4%(252/368)、87.6%(219/250)和93.4%(71/76).在275例进行了阴道镜和宫颈活检的患者中,细胞学为ASC、LSIL和HSIL时,组织学为CIN2+的比例分别为22.5%、30.2%和70.9%,组织学为CIN3+的比例分别为7.0%、12.2%和36.4%.以CIN2+为终点时,高危型HPV检测在ASC组的敏感性、特异性分别为93.8%、23.6%,LSIL组为93.1%、10.6%,HSIL组为97.4%、25.0%;以CIN3+为终点时,ASC组的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为100%、21.2%,LSIL组为100%、10.7%,HSIL组为95.0%、11.4%.结论 高危型HPV感染与宫颈癌前病变及子宫颈癌密切相关,对细胞学为ASC的患者可作为有效的分流方法减少进行阴道镜检查的患者比例;但对宫颈细胞学为LSIL和HSIL时,其分流的意义不大,对此类患者均应进行阴道镜检查.     

宫颈电圈切除术在宫颈上皮内瘤样病变诊断和治疗中的价值

目的：探讨行子宫颈电圈环除术（LEEP）诊断及治疗子宫颈上皮内瘤样病变（CIN）的效果。方法：将212例经阴道镜和细胞学检查及活组织病理检查诊断为CIN患者随机分成CO₂激光切割术组（116例）和LEEP组(96例),切除组织全部进行病理学检查,并比较治疗效果。结果：LEEP术后病理确诊CIN 94例,治愈89例（治愈率94.7%）,确诊为宫颈微小浸润癌者2例（2.1%）;术后复发5例（8.8%）,其中切缘无病变累及者1例,有病变累及者4例;术后病理取材满意91例（满意率94.8%）。CO₂激光切割术组术后病理诊断均为CIN₁-2,治愈103例（治愈率88.8%）;术后复发13例（11.2%）;术后病理取材满意70例（满意率60.3%）。两组治愈率比较差异无显著性（P>0.05);两组术后病理取材满意率比较差异具有显著性(P<0.001)。 结论：应用LEEP诊治CIN效果可靠,并可用于宫颈微小浸润癌的诊断。     

乌审旗3000名妇女宫颈癌筛查结果分析

目的：了解乌审旗妇女宫颈癌及癌前病变的发病现状,探讨子宫颈液基细胞学（Thinprep paptest,TCT）结合阴道镜检查的诊断价值。方法：对3 000名乌审旗妇女进行TCT筛查,对TCT阳性（细胞学TBS分类为不典型鳞状细胞以上）的妇女进行阴道镜及镜下多点活组织检查（活检）,分析TCT阳性者的阴道镜检查及活检结果,比较TCT阳性者中不同年龄段患者的活检结果。结果：3 000名受检者中,TCT阳性537例（17.9%）,其中经活检证实为宫颈上皮内瘤变（cervical intraepthelial neoplasia,CIN）190例（6.3%）,宫颈浸润癌2例（0.07%）,537例TCT阳性者中,阴道镜检查正常264例（49.2%）,其中活检结果为CIN34例,阴道镜的假阴性率为12.9%,异常273例（50.8%）,其中活检结果为湿疣34例,CIN或浸润癌158例,阴道镜与活检的诊断符合率达70.3%（192/273）。TCT为轻度鳞状上皮内病变、高度鳞状上皮内病变、鳞状细胞癌的病例与活检的诊断符合率分别为50.4%,88.3%和2/2,假阳性率则分别为49.6%、11%和0。537例TCT阳性者中,2030岁组、3140岁组,4147岁组的CIN检出率分别为33.7%、44.5%2、6.7%（P〈0.05）。结论：乌审旗妇女CIN的发生率高,是宫颈癌的高发人群。TCT结合阴道镜检查是较好的宫颈癌筛查手段之一。     

阴道镜下活检诊断宫颈病变734例

目的通过阴道镜下活检,探讨阴道镜在宫颈病变的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析阴道镜下活检样本734例,根据阴道镜图像定位取活组织送病理检查。结果阴道镜诊断与阴道镜下活检病理组织学诊断完全符合率为77.8%。其中,宫颈炎诊断符合率为93.9%,宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）诊断符合率为64.0%,浸润癌诊断符合率为100%。结论阴道镜检查对宫颈癌,尤其是癌前病变的早期诊断有重要价值,阴道镜下定位活检提高宫颈病变诊断的准确性与检出率。     

阴道镜下宫颈活检和宫颈环形电切术后病理检查对宫颈病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨阴道镜下宫颈活检、宫颈环形电切术(LEEP)后组织病理检查及两者联合对宫颈癌前病变及宫颈癌的早期诊断价值.方法 对554例经宫颈细胞学检查和(或)人乳头状瘤病毒检测异常,或筛查正常而肉眼观察宫颈柱状上皮中重度外翻者,行阴道镜下宫颈活检及LEEP,比较LEEP手术前后病理诊断的变化.结果 阴道镜下宫颈活检诊断结果与LEEP术后病理诊断结果的总符合率为49.82％.宫颈活检诊断为子宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)Ⅰ级的病例中,LEEP术后诊断为CINⅡ/Ⅲ级的占14.36％;宫颈活检诊断为CINⅡ/Ⅲ级(含原位癌)的病例中,LEEP术后诊断为浸润癌的占3.89％.两种方法诊断CINⅡ/Ⅲ级的一致性比较,Kappa值为0.62;阴道镜下宫颈活检、LEEP术后组织病理诊断CINⅡ/Ⅲ级与两者联合后的最终诊断比较,Kappa值分别为0.80和0.84,均有很高的一致性;阴道镜下宫颈活检诊断的总准确率为81.77％,对CINⅡ/Ⅲ级的漏诊率为20.64％.结论 阴道镜下宫颈活检、LEEP术后组织病理检查是诊断CIN及宫颈微小浸润癌的有效方法,阴道镜宫颈活检可能漏诊高级别CIN及宫颈微小浸润癌,两者联合可提高诊断的准确性.