肾周筋膜层面解剖与后腹腔镜解剖性肾筋膜外肾切除术的临床研究：附12例报告（附视频）

目的研究腹膜后筋膜间隙分层及其在腹腔镜下肾切除术中的应用,探讨后腹腔镜下筋膜外肾切除术的疗效。方法 2010年1月至2010年10月我们选择肾前融合筋膜肾筋膜间隙作为肾前方的手术平面,腰肌前间隙作为肾后方的手术平面,行后腹腔镜下筋膜外解剖性肾切除术12例,对临床资料、影像资料和手术录像等进行分析。结果所有病例均手术成功,平均手术时间90±35min,平均术中出血量60±12ml。术中未出现大出血和周围脏器损伤等并发症。术后平均24h下床活动,术后平均住院日6d。结论后腹腔镜下筋膜外解剖性肾切除术具有解剖层次清晰,容易游离,术中出血少,手术时间短,并发症少和安全有效等优点。肾前融合筋膜肾筋膜间隙可作为肾前方手术平面,腰肌前间隙可作为肾后方手术平面。     

后腹腔镜下解剖性根治性肾切除术168例

目的 介绍后腹腔镜下解剖性根治性肾切除术的手术方法及临床效果. 方法对168例肾癌患者实施后腹腔镜下解剖性根治性.肾切除术.肿瘤位于左肾87例,右肾81例.肿瘤直径2.0～6.9 cm,平均4.7 cm.T1.N0M0 92例,T10N0M0.76例.常规制备后腹腔间隙.按顺序分别进入4个相对无血管解部层面进行分离.第一分离层面位于腰肌前间隙,此层面可以在手术初期快速找到肾蒂;第__二分离层面位于Gerota筋膜前叶与融合筋膜之间;第三分离层面位于肾上腺与肾上极之间或膈肌与肾上腺间隙;第四分离层面位丁Gerota筋膜的锥尖部. 结果 168例手术均成功完成,平均手术时间(138±46)min,平均术中出血量(90±30)ml.恢复饮食和下床活动时间分别为1.3 d和1.2 d.术后平均住院日5.8 d.14例发生腹膜破口,未影响手术进行.18例术后有不同程度肩痈,2 d后自行消失.123例随访6～18个月,平均8个月,均无瘤生存. 结论 后腹腔镜下解削性根治性肾切除术具有解剖层次清楚、术中出血少、术野清晰、疗效确切、并发症少、恢复快等优点,为需要根治性肾切除术的患者提供了更好的选择.     

后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术肾蒂血管的处理(附36例报告)

目的探讨后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术肾蒂血管的处理及并发症的预防。方法 2009年1月至2013年12月行后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术36例。肿瘤位于左肾15例,右肾21例;肿瘤直径3.1~8.8cm,平均(5.8±3.2)cm;其中TlN0M020例,TlN0M016例。术中仔细辨认重要的解剖结构、腹膜返折、侧锥筋膜、腰大肌及重要血管。以膈肌脚和弓状韧带为标志找到肾蒂血管,以Hem-o-lok或endo-cut离断肾蒂血管。结果 36例手术均获得成功。手术时间90~210分钟,中位数118分钟。估计失血量50~650m1,中位数95 ml。术中腹膜破裂8例,肾静脉损伤出血1例,无重要脏器损伤,无中转手术病例。术后平均随访18(2~48)个月,无局部复发或发生穿刺通道种植转移。结论应用后腹壁的肌肉和韧带在后腹腔镜下的形态特点及其与肾脏的毗邻关系来定位肾脏、解剖分离肾门和分离肾血管更安全、更便捷,有利于提高手术的成功率。     

后腹腔镜下肾筋膜应用解剖分型

目的:观察后腹腔镜下肾筋膜的应用解剖分型,为泌尿外科后腹腔镜手术的深入开展提供活体形态学基础.方法:2000年2月～2009年2月,对453例行后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术.术中采用自制气囊扩张腹膜后间隙,建立人工气腹后,常规清理腹膜外脂肪组织,观察肾筋膜外侧延伸和附着的后腹腔镜下解剖特点,并用照片和(或)视频的方式记录解剖学特征.421例镜下肾筋膜外侧延伸和附着方式的解剖资料记录完整.结果:肾筋膜外侧延伸和附着的镜下解剖形态分为三型.Ⅰ型:肾前、后筋膜在肾外侧融合成单一的侧锥筋膜;Ⅱ型:肾后筋膜的外侧份分为前、后两层.前层于肾外侧续于肾前筋膜,后层向外侧续为侧锥筋膜,肾前筋膜和侧锥筋膜亦相延续;Ⅲ型:肾前、后筋膜分别经肾前和肾后行向外侧,观察不到侧锥筋膜结构.421例手术观察肾后筋膜外侧延伸和附着方式的后腹腔镜下分型,其中Ⅰ型93例(22%),Ⅱ型最常见,273例(65%),Ⅲ型55例(13%).本组结果与文献报道的小样本尸体研究结果存在差异.结论:肾后筋膜外侧延伸和附着方式的后腹腔镜下分型研究有利于正确定位肾旁前间隙(肾前筋膜和后腹膜之间的间隙).根据不同的肾筋膜结构类型,选择合适的分离层面准确地解剖该间隙,可减少腹膜间位器官损伤,降低手术风险.     

后腹膜返折韧带在后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术中的应用价值

目的探讨后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术中以后腹膜返折韧带作为解剖标志进入肾旁前间隙随患肾切除肾前筋膜的临床可行性及意义。 方法回顾性分析2016年3月至2018年3月期间60例行后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术患者的临床资料,男38例,女22例,平均年龄46岁,肿瘤直径3.8～8.4 cm,平均5.6 cm。术中以后腹膜返折韧带为解剖标志开始手术,第一步进入肾旁前间隙,将肾前筋膜随患肾一并切除。 结果本组60例均顺利完成,将肾前筋膜随患肾切除。平均手术时间55 min,平均术中出血量30 ml,平均下床活动时间15 h,平均术后住院天数6 d。56例患者术后随访6～24个月,平均9个月,均无肿瘤复发。 结论在后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术中,选择后腹膜返折韧带作为解剖标志,可有效辨认后腹膜返折与侧锥筋膜的界限,据此开始手术的第一步,更易分离进入肾旁前间隙随患肾一并切除肾前筋膜,达到该术式要求的在肾周筋膜外游离肾脏的标准,值得在临床推广使用。     

后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术技术改进与并发症防治

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术中技术改进对降低手术难度和风险以及减少术中及术后并发症的作用. 方法 早期肾癌患者61例,均行后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术治疗.术前根据增强CT检查判断肿瘤血管分布情况.术中采用30°自动对焦电子镜,自制气囊扩张器建立后腹膜间隙,全程使用超声刀分离,充分剥除腹膜外脂肪,分离时尽量保护腹膜,先游离肾脏周围,最后处理肾蒂,充分游离肾动、静脉,Hem-o-lok夹分次处理肾动、静脉. 结果 61例手术时间50～135min,平均70 min,术中出血量20～170 ml,平均65 ml.术后引流量20～210 ml,平均85 ml.术后住院3～15 d,平均5 d.术中发生下腔静脉损伤1例,以钛夹和Hem-o-lok夹夹闭破口;十二指肠穿孔1例,行一期开放修补. 结论 后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术中使用30°自动对焦电子镜、气囊扩张和超声刀,手术视野更清晰,暴露更全面,直视下操作能更有效地降低手术难度,减少术中和术后并发症.     

后腹腔镜下解剖性肾切除术405例经验总结

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下解剖性肾切除术的安全性和有效性,规范后腹腔镜下肾切除术术式. 方法回顾性分析后腹腔镜下解剖性肾切除术405例患者资料.男232例,女173例.平均年龄(57.2±14.2)岁.肾癌行后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术228例,肾盂癌及输尿管癌分别行后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除术96例及49例,肾脏良性疾病致肾功能丧失行后腹腔镜下肾切除术32例.根治性切除在Gerota筋膜外进行,切除界限背侧为Gerota筋膜与侧椎筋膜问、腹侧为Gerota筋膜与肾前融合筋膜间的潜在间隙;良性肾切除则直接切开Gerota筋膜,于Gerota筋膜与肾周脂肪囊问的疏松纤维组织间进行游离.在肾脏外周数个相对无血管平面间进行分离、切割,完整切除肾脏、肾周脂肪囊. 结果后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术和单纯肾切除术平均手术时间(132±48)min,肾盂癌和输尿管癌平均手术时间(245±62)min.失血量中位值100(10～2500)ml,术后引流量中位值150(0～1152)ml.输血15例(3.70%),输血量中位值400(400～1650)ml.中转开放4例(0.99%),黏连严重2例,肾蒂暴露困难及出血各1例.平均拔管时间(3.9±1.8)d,术后平均进食时间(2.7±1.2)d,术后平均住院日(8.6±3.8)d. 结论后腹腔镜下解剖性肾切除术利用后腹腔镜下的放大优势,在肾脏周围的数个相对无血管平面进行游离,解剖层次清楚,符合外科原则,手术时间短,出血量较少,术后引流量较少,是后腹腔镜下肾切除的首选术式和发展方向.     

后腹腔镜下肾蒂解剖定位的临床研究

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下肾蒂解剖定位的特征及临床应用价值。 方法 回顾性分析2007年7月至2009年9月行后腹腔镜下肾切除术患者278例的影像学和手术视频资料。男148例,女130例。年龄(54.7±16.5)岁。其中,T1 N0 M0期肾癌117例,T2N0M0期肾癌59例,上尿路上皮癌36例,无功能肾66例。病变位于左肾132例,右肾146例。术中在腰肌前间隙内以腰大肌和膈肌内侧弓状韧带为解剖标志寻找肾蒂。记录寻找肾蒂时间、手术时间、术中估计出血量、恢复饮食时间、下床活动时间、术后住院日、并发症发生率等。 结果 278例手术均成功,无中转开放及输血病例。寻找肾蒂时间(3.5±1.3) min、手术时间(95.6 ±23.8) min,术中估计失血量(72.4±27.5) ml,恢复饮食时间(2.1±0.7)d,下床活动时间(1.8±0.9)d,术后住院日(8.5±2.7)d。 结论 后腹腔镜下肾切除术寻找肾蒂的最佳解剖层面是腰肌前间隙;肾蒂的确切位置为腰大肌与下腔静脉（腹主动脉）间隙内,膈肌内侧弓状韧带下方约2 ～4 cm处。熟悉后腹腔镜下肾蒂的解剖定位特征可以缩短寻找肾蒂时间,减少手术创伤。     

后腹壁解剖标志在后腹腔镜下肾脏手术处理肾蒂中的应用

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下肾脏手术中显露的后腹壁解剖结构在肾蒂处理中的作用.方法 2011年3月至2013年12月,我院行后腹腔镜下肾脏手术79例,男性49例,女性30例,年龄26～84岁,平均年龄58岁,其中肾癌44例,肾盂癌9例,肾积水无功能肾18例,肾错构瘤6例,结核肾2例.分别行根治性肾切除术44例,单纯性肾切除术18例,肾盂输尿管全长切除9例,肾部分切除8例.利用镜下显露的后腹壁解剖标志：腰方肌、腰大肌、上部膈肌的腰部和外侧弓状韧带、内侧弓状韧带和膈肌脚,参考膈肌腰部和腰大肌定位,按照内侧弓状韧带的指引和膈肌脚的走行,可以快速寻找到肾蒂,及早控制.结果 79例后腹腔镜手术均成功,腔镜下手术时间45～150 min,平均75 min.术中出血量10～150 ml,平均30 ml,患者均未输血.术后2～3 d拔除引流管,2～6 d下床活动,恢复顺利,无并发症.结论 参照后腹壁的解剖标志,可以快速寻找肾蒂并及早控制,有利于简化后腹腔镜手术操作技术.后腹壁的肌肉定位,韧带指引是后腹腔镜下手术处理肾血管的有效方法.     

经腰部切口锐性分离根治肾癌

目的:探讨改进经腰肾癌根治术的方法,提高手术安全性和手术治愈率。方法:对310例肾癌患者选择经腰入路(11肋、12肋或11肋间)切口,显露肾区后,沿腰方肌外缘纵行切开侧锥筋膜与腰方肌筋膜的延续部,在肾周筋膜外按肾后、上、前顺序,解剖性锐性分离肾周筋膜后间隙和前间隙,分离肾上极,游离肾血管,分别结扎肾动脉和肾静脉,在肾周筋膜外将肾脏及肿瘤完整切除。结果:310例手术经过均顺利。手术时间为60～145min,平均90min;出血量30～300ml,平均50ml。5例出现并发症,其中2例为胸膜损伤,1例为腔静脉损伤出血,2例术后4～6h肾窝慢性出血休克,均经修补和再手术好转;281例(91%)患者得到随访1～36个月,无一例肾窝复发。结论:经腰切口,在肾癌根治术中,按解剖层次锐性分离是一种安全有效的根治术式。     

后腹腔镜术切除无功能积水肾的疗效观察

目的：探讨后腹腔镜下切除无功能积水肾的可行性和安全性及规避手术风险的方法。方法：对62例积水无功能肾患者行后腹腔镜积水无功能肾切除术。术前常规行肾脏CT平扫及增强检奄。利用PACS系统仔细阅片,了解肾动脉分支及走向。然后建立腹膜后腔隙,参照解剖标志充分显露。肾蒂血管,用Hem-o—lok夹闭肾蒂血管后切断,分离切除患肾,留置腹膜后引流管,并统计手术时间、术中m血量和术中术后并发症,观察手术效果。结果：62例患者手术均获得成功,手术时间为50～180min,平均为130min。术中出血10～100m1．平均37ml。术中损伤腹膜3例,胸膜1例,未发现血管损伤、腹腔脏器损伤等并发症。引流管于术后2～3天拔除,术后住院5～10天,平均6．5天。结论：后腹腔镜下积水无功能肾切除术安全可行,术中通过辨认解剖标志结扎肾蒂血管和沿正确的平面游离患肾是手术成功的关键。     

后腹腔镜脂肪囊外结核肾切除46例报告

目的：探讨后腹腔镜脂肪囊外切除结核肾的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析2008年1月～2011年6月46例肾结核患者行后腹腔镜下结核肾脂肪囊外切除术的临床资料：男19例,女27例,中位年龄34（20～64）岁。打开侧锥筋膜和Gerota筋膜后,背侧紧贴腰大肌在脂肪囊外游离,腹侧在脂肪囊和Gerota筋膜之间游离。用Hem—O—lok（41例）或Endocutter（3例）处理。肾蒂,把肾放入肾袋后取出。结果：除早期2例因肾门处渗血视野不清中转开放外,44例均成功完成脂肪囊外肾切除。手术时间为118（80～186）min,术中失血量45．4（10～350）ml,术后住院时间为6．5（5～8）天。无腹膜损伤和脓肾破裂,围手术期无并发症,切口均一期愈合。46例随访1～43个月,平均19个月,对侧肾功能正常。结论：后腹腔镜脂肪囊外方法行结核肾切除术便于游离、创伤小、出血少、恢复快,对于结核肾是一种比较安全、可靠的手术方法。     

后腹腔镜根治性肾癌切除术的解剖标志

目的探讨经后腹腔途径行肾癌根治术的解剖标志. 方法 2002年11月～2004年7月,后腹腔镜下行肾癌根治术46例.第1个trocar位置在第12肋下缘2 cm骶棘肌外侧交界处,第2个trocar位置在髂嵴上缘中点,或髂前上嵴内上方2 cm左右,第3个trocar在腋前线与肋弓下2 cm交界处.首先寻找腰大肌为背侧标志,膈肌为肾上极后侧标志,肾上腺为肾上方内侧标志,腹膜为腹侧标志.肾静脉位于肾动脉前下方.分离右肾静脉应常规分至下腔静脉汇合处.直线切割器分别切除肾动、静脉. 结果手术时间平均145 min(60～255 min),术中出血量平均133 ml(20～1 000 ml).肾上腺切除32例,占69.6%(32/46).1例由于解剖标志不清出血改为开放手术;1例直线切割器切右肾静脉时,误将腔静脉切割封闭了1/2;腹膜损伤4例.46例随访1～20个月,平均9个月.1例因肾癌肝转移,术后1年死亡,余45例无瘤生存. 结论良好的解剖标志是后腹腔镜下肾癌根治术成功的关键.     

Anatomic landmarks and time management during retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Retroperitoneoscopy has not been widely considered the preferred approach to laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for cancer, in part because the retroperitoneal anatomic landmarks have not been well defined. The aim of this study is to provide prospective, objective data on retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy with regard to anatomic landmarks and time management of the sequential operative steps. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A uniform database was devised to record predetermined intraoperative parameters prospectively in 18 consecutive retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomies. RESULTS: A three- or four-port technique was employed to perform 10 left and 8 right retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomies. Initial balloon dilation was routinely performed outside of and posterior to Gerota's fascia. The anatomic landmarks visible immediately on initial insertion of the laparoscope were: psoas muscle in 18 cases (100%), Gerota's fascia in 18 (100%), peritoneal reflection in 15 (83%), ureter and/or gonadal vein in 11 (61%), and renal artery pulsations in 10 (56%). Aortic pulsations were seen in 9 of 10 left (90%) and the inferior vena cava in 2 of 8 right (25%) radical nephrectomies. The mean surgical time was 203 +/- 52.9 minutes (range 105-290 minutes). The sequential operative steps and their individual time breakdowns were: port placement 12 +/- 3.9 minutes, hilar dissection 63 +/- 29.1 minutes, adrenal mobilization 49 +/- 12.1 minutes, specimen mobilization 19 +/- 20.8 minutes, and specimen entrapment and exit 23 +/- 18.2 minutes. When the initial balloon dilation resulted in visibility of four or more anatomic landmarks, the hilar dissection time was significantly shorter (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Proper development of the retroperitoneal space and identification of adequate anatomic landmarks is important during retroperitoneoscopy. This timed analysis of the sequential operative steps of retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy has served as an important self-assessment tool for us in improving our surgical technique. As a result, our surgical time for retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy has decreased from the earlier 4- to 5-hour range to the current 2- to 3-hour range.     

Safe retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy with small incision for renal cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: Retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy (RRN) has been performed at Yokohama City University Medical Center since May 2002. Three surgeons have become skilled in performing RRN without major complications. We investigated the outcomes of the surgery and attempt to clarify whether the technique we adopted is suitable to perform this procedure safely. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between May 2002 and June 2003, 14 patients suspected of renal cell carcinoma underwent retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy at Yokohama City University Medical Center. The surgical procedure is shown below. In a lateral position, a lumbar oblique incision 6 cm long is made to approach the retroperitoneal space. Under direct vision, the ureter is dissected and Gerota's fascia is dissected from the peritoneum and the psoas muscle to signalize the subsequent dissection line. After the dissection, hand port device was attached to the skin and three 12 mm trocars were placed. The subsequent procedures are performed by retroperitoneoscopic surgery with carbon dioxide insufflation. The isolated kidney was removed through the incision that was made initially. We investigated the outcomes of this procedure. RESULTS: The mean surgical duration was 244.4 minutes and mean blood loss was 217.9 ml. Conversion to open surgery was required in one case due to bleeding and in one case due to incomplete management of a small artery. Blood transfusion was not required in any case. There were no major complications during the perioperative period. CONCLUSIONS: The three operators have become skilled in performing RRN safely with this technique.     

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma--transperitoneal anterior approach

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of transperitoneal anterior approach in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for patients with renal cell carcinoma. MATERIAL: Ten patients (Eight males and two females) with small renal cell carcinoma less than 7 cm in diameter were treated with laparoscopic radical nephrectomy between June 1997 and May 1999. Clinical stage was T1aN0M0 in 6 cases and T1bN0M0 in 4 cases. METHOD: Of the 10 patients, the initial four received preoperative embolization of the renal artery. Under general anesthesia laparoscopic radical nephrectomy via transperitoneal anterior approach was performed in all patients. This procedure facilitates initiated early access to the renal vessels as does open radical nephrectomy. The kidney was dissected en bloc with Gerota's fascia and delivered from the small skin incision without morcellation. RESULT: Two patients needed conversion to open surgery. The mean operating time of eight patients except for conversion cases was 247 minutes and the mean blood loss was 258 ml. There was no major complication associated with laparoscopic procedure. CONCLUSION: Transperitoneal anterior approach in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is a suitable and useful procedure for the treatment of small renal cell carcinoma because it enables us to avoid possible tumor manipulation by early access to the renal vessels as open radical nephrectomy.     

Anatomic considerations in extraperitoneal approach to radical nephrectomy

The interrelationship between the lateral and posterior portions of the peritoneum and Gerota's fascia allows them to be separated from each other, permitting ready visualization of the major renal vessels. The posterior relationship between Gerota's fascia and the transversalis fascia overlying the more posterior psoas muscle can be used to advantage in exposing the renal vessels posteriorly. That the fascial layers defining the retroperitoneal spaces might therefore be used in dissecting the renal hilum and vessels in the performance of radical nephrectomy prompted the present investigation. Twenty patients underwent this approach for radical nephrectomy for varying stages of renal cell carcinoma involving either upper, mid, or lower portion of right or left kidney. Postoperative recovery appeared to be shortened because of the lesser interval of ileus than had previously been encountered using a transperitoneal approach. Despite the minimal manipulation of the kidney prior to ligation of the renal vessels, there was no apparent increased tumor dissemination as detected clinically, and experimentally there appeared to be no increase in tumor cells in the venous effluent. Operative time, blood loss, and postoperative complications were comparable to those reported for the transperitoneal approach. This means of performing radical nephrectomy, based on the relationship of fascial layers in the retroperitoneum thus appeared to lend itself to easier dissection as well as lesser postoperative ileus and corresponding shorter hospital stays.