Selectins mediate macrophage infiltration in obstructive nephropathy in newborn mice

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract obstruction during development leads to tubular atrophy and causes interstitial fibrosis. Macrophage infiltration into the interstitium plays a central role in this process. Selectins, a family of three adhesion molecules, are involved in leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation and immune activity. We investigated the role of selectins in obstructive nephropathy in newborn mice. METHODS: Triple selectin-deficient mice (EPL-/-), L-selectin deficient mice (L-/-) and wild type mice (WT) were subjected to complete unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or sham operation within the first 48 hours of life, and were sacrificed 5 and 12 days later. Kidneys were removed, and sections were stained for macrophage infiltration (mAb F4/80), apoptosis (TUNEL), tubular atrophy (periodic acid-Schiff) and interstitial fibrosis (Masson trichrome). RESULTS: Selectin deficient mice showed a marked reduction in macrophage infiltration into the obstructed kidney compared to WT at day 5 and day 12 after UUO. Tubular apoptosis was strongly reduced in EPL-/- at day 5 after UUO, and in EPL-/- and L-/- at day 12 after UUO when compared to WT. The number of apoptotic tubular cells was correlated with macrophage infiltration, suggesting that macrophages stimulate tubular apoptosis in obstructive nephropathy. In addition, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis were significantly diminished in EPL-/- and L-/- compared to WT at day 12 after UUO. CONCLUSION: Following UUO, selectins mediate macrophage infiltration into the obstructed kidney, which in turn may induce tubular apoptosis, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis.     

Characterisation of adhesion receptors mediating lymphocyte adhesion to bronchial endothelium provides evidence for a distinct lung homing pathway

BACKGROUND: The lung is an important tertiary lymphoid organ and many lung diseases are associated with disordered lung immunity. Unlike the gut (alpha4beta7 binding to MAdCAM-1) and skin (CLA+ve T cells binding to E-selectin) where the adhesion receptors involved in organ specific homing of T cells have been identified, the molecular pathways controlling lymphocyte migration to the lung are unclear. Using a modified version of the Stamper-Woodruff assay we have investigated the receptors mediating adhesion of peripheral blood lymphocytes to airway endothelium. METHODS: Longitudinal frozen sections of bronchus (8 micro m) obtained from lung resection specimens were incubated with T cell enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells for 30 minutes under shaking conditions in the presence of a fluorescently labelled polyclonal anti-von Willebrand antibody to identify blood vessels. After fixation the percentage of blood vessels supporting adhesion was measured. Blocking monoclonal antibodies were used to determine the role of individual adhesion receptors in lymphocyte binding. RESULTS: Specific cation dependent binding of lymphocytes to bronchial endothelium was observed which was significantly inhibited by antibodies against P-selectin, PSGL-1, L-selectin, LFA-1, ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 but not E-selectin, VLA-4, VCAM-1 or Mac-1. This was consistent with the pattern of endothelial expression of these receptors with strong expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1, but negligible expression of E-selectin on bronchial endothelium. CONCLUSION: This study suggests an important role for PSGL-1/P-selectin in T cell migration into the bronchi and provides further evidence for a pattern of recirculation for respiratory tract homing T cells distinct from the gut and skin.     

树突状细胞在肾小管间质炎症病变中的作用及抗黏附干预调节的研究

目的 探讨树突状细胞(DC)在肾小管间质炎症损伤中的作用，以及抗P-选择素功能域单抗(PsL-EGFmAb)对DC浸润及体外成熟与功能的干预调节。 方法 (1)建立大鼠单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)模型。分别采用免疫组化和免疫双染与图像分析，观察P-选择素及CD1a+CD80+DC在肾组织表达和分布变化。(2)从脐血CD34+造血干细胞中诱导扩增DC，并于成熟过程中采用流式细胞仪分析细胞表面分子表达；RT-PCR检测细胞NF-κB P50、P65 mRNA表达；混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)检测DC对T细胞刺激能力；以及ELISA测定MLR上清液IL-12 p70分泌含量。 结果 (1)与假手术组比较，UUO大鼠从第1天起，随着P-选择素以肾小管上皮细胞为主的小管间质表达，CD1a+CD80+DC以肾间质为主浸润；至第7天P-选择素上调且CD1a+CD80+DC显著聚集，两者明显相关且与肾小管间质病变程度显著相关。经PsL-EGFmAb处理后，大鼠肾组织P-选择素表达下调，CD1a+CD80+DC浸润减少，且肾小管间质损害程度减轻。(2)经TNF-α刺激炎性状态下，培养人DC成熟过程中基本不表达或低表达P-选择素，但持续高表达与P-选择素同属C型凝集素的DC-SIGN。经PsL-EGFmAb处理后，可明显抑制DC-SIGN及细胞内NF-κB基因表达，并相应抑制DC黏附共刺激分子表达、IL-12分泌及刺激T细胞增殖能力。 结论 DC也是肾小管间质炎症病变启动因素，针对P-选择素功能域的单抗对其浸润具抑制作用。此外，该单抗对人DC成熟与功能有调节效应，提示与抑制作为DC模式识别及黏附受体的DC-SIGN有关，并可能通过影响NF-κB途径起作用。     

黏附分子在大鼠同种异体肝脏移植免疫反应中的作用

目的探讨黏附分子ICAM-1、P-selectin、E-selectin、L-selectin、PECAM-1和VCAM-1在肝脏移植中的表达及意义。方法用免疫组织化学方法和原位杂交法，检测大鼠肝脏移植后不同时间(1、3、5、7d)、不同模型中ICAM-1、P-selectin、L-selectin、E-selectin蛋白、VCAM-1 mRNA、PECAM-1 mRNA的表达情况。结果肝急性排斥组与自发耐受组相比，黏附分子ICAM-1、VCAM-1、PECAM-1、E-selectin表达高；子代组与肝急性排斥组各指标表达类似，而ICAM-1的表达高于肝急性排斥组；半肝组与自发耐受组各指标表达类似，但ICAM-1、VCAM-1表达水平较自发耐受组高。P-selectin、L-selectin表达变化不明显。而正常大鼠肝脏未见黏附分子的表达。结论肝排斥反应可能与黏附分子ICAM-1、VCAM-1、PECAM-1、E-selectin的高表达有关。     

Role of leukocyte adhesion molecules in monocyte/ macrophage infiltration in weanling rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) of rats is a well-established model for studying obstructive nephropathy. Meanwhile, pathophysiology of pediatric obstructive nephropathy is not well understood. In this report, we studied monocyte/macrophage infiltration and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and macrophage antigen 1 (Mac-1) in weanling rats with UUO. METHODS: Three-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left unilateral ureteral ligation. Both obstructed kidneys (OBK) and contralateral kidneys (CLK) were harvested at 3, 6, 12, 24, 72 and 120 h after surgery. Monocyte/macrophage infiltration and expression of ICAM-1 and Mac-1 were evaluated immunohistochemically, and results were compared with those of sham-operated control rats (SOK). RESULTS: Monocyte/macrophage infiltration was observed in the interstitium and perivascular region in the cortex of OBK within 6 h. The CLK and SOK showed slight monocyte/macrophage infiltration. Expression of ICAM-1 was markedly observed in the periarterial and peritubular interstitium and in renal cortical peritubular capillaries 12 h after obstruction. In CLK and SOK, ICAM-1 was slightly expressed in the endothelium of microvessels and parietal linings of Bowman's capsule. Expression of Mac-1 was detected mainly in cells infiltrating the perivascular interstitium in OBK. In CLK and SOK, few Mac-1-positive cells were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 and Mac-1, are expected to recruit monocyte/macrophage infiltration into OBK of weanling rats with UUO.     

High endothelial venule-like vessels in the interstitial lesions of human glomerulonephritis

To clarify the characteristics of high endothelial venule (HEV) -like vessels in the interstitium of human glomerulonephritis, we investigated the expression of HEVs related molecules such as P-selectin and L-selectin ligands; MECA-79 epitope and variant sulfated forms of sialyl Lewis X (variant sLe(X), clones 2H5, 2F3, GS-13 and GS-36) in kidney specimens by means of immunohistochemical studies, and P-selectin and hevin mRNA signals by using in situ hybridization analyses. In lymphoid organs, HEVs strongly expressed P-selectin, MECA-79, variant sLe(X) and hevin mRNA signals. In normal kidneys (n = 4), only P-selectin was faintly positive in the vessels of interstitium, but other molecules could not be detected. Interstitial P-selectin expression was upregulated in patients with tubulointerstitial diseases (n = 4) and proliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 51) such as IgA-related nephropathy (n = 39), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 4) and crescentic glomerulonephritis (n = 2), but not in nonproliferative glomerular diseases (n = 39) such as minimal change nephrotic syndrome (n = 18) (1.00 +/- 0.41, 0.64 +/- 0.11, 0.21 +/- 0.05, respectively). Interstitial P-selectin expression also correlated with interstitial local cellular infiltration (r = 0.60, p < 0.0001). In addition, P-selectin mRNA signals were detected on the peritubular capillaries and HEV-like vascular endothelial cells. MECA-79 and variant sLe(X) (2H5 and 2F3) were weakly expressed on the HEV-like vessels located at the corticomedullary regions in three cases (7%) and in nine cases (27%) with interstitial cellular infiltration, respectively. However, we could not detect GS-13, GS-36 or hevin mRNA signals in the diseased kidney specimens. In conclusion, HEV-like vessels in renal interstitium expressed molecules somewhat different from HEVs in lymphoid organs and were associated with interstitial leukocyte accumulation in human proliferative glomerulonephritis possibly through the de novo expression of P-selectin and partly L-selectin ligands (MECA-79 epitope and variant sLe(X)) in the interstitial lesions.     

Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on leukocyte and endothelial adhesion molecules

During the inflammatory response, triggered by cardiopulmonary bypass, interaction between activated leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells is mediated through the expression of three main groups of adhesion molecules: the selectins, the integrins, and the immunoglobulin superfamily. The selectins, which mediate the initial rolling of the leukocyte on the endothelium, are divided in three subgroups: L-selectin is expressed on all three leukocyte types, P-selectin is expressed on platelets and endothelial cells, and E-selectin is only expressed on endothelial cells. Integrins can be found on most cell types, consist of an and a β subunit and mediate firm adhesion of the leukocyte and migration into the tissues. They are classified into subgroups according to the type of their β subunit. Immunoglobulins such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are expressed mainly on endothelium and act as ligands for certain integrins. This review article summarizes the existing, and rapidly expanding, literature concerning the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on the expression of leukocyte and endothelial adhesion molecules. Deeper understanding of the behavior and the role of adhesion molecules during cardiopulmonary bypass may facilitate effective intervention in the inflammatory response process and suppression of its adverse effects.     

Serum soluble selectins in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Relationship with circulating blood cells and inflammation-related cytokines

Background: Membrane-bound selectins mediate the adhesion among leukocytes, platelets and endothelial cells, while circulating (soluble) selectins may function as competitive inhibitors of them. Open heart surgery is known to induce activation of these cells.
Methods: We studied the acute responses of soluble selectins, circulating blood cells and inflammation-related cytokines in 12 patients undergoing elective open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Serial blood samples were withdrawn before, during and after surgery.
Results: Serum soluble E-selectin concentrations did not change significantly during all the perioperative period. In contrast, P-selectin decreased after the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass and remained low until the end of surgery. L-selectin showed a similar course. A decrease in platelet count and albumin was found during the perioperative period and an increase in leukocyte count was found after cardiopulmonary bypass. Clear elevations in circulating IL (Interleukin)-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were found after the end of surgery, while IL-12 levels remained undetectable.
Conclusions: While serum inflammatory cytokines clearly rise in response to open heart surgery, soluble selectins do not change (E) or decrease (P and L). Correcting for haemodilution, E-selectin rises postoperatively, but the decrease in P- and L-selectins is not explained by haemodilution.     

Importance of donor- and recipient-derived selectins in cardiac allograft rejection

The selectins expressed on activated endothelial cells (E- and P-selectin), leukocytes (L-selectin), and platelets (P-selectin) play crucial roles in the rolling and tethering of leukocytes. We explored the importance of donor and recipient selectins in acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection using mice deficient in all three selectins (ELP-/-). In BALB/c recipients, survival of fully allomismatched hearts from ELP-/- C57BL/6 donors was almost double that of wild-type grafts. In ELP-/- cardiac allografts, mononuclear cell infiltration and vasculitis of intramyocardial coronary arteries were significantly reduced. Interestingly, ELP-/- grafts were rejected similarly in both the presence and the absence of recipient selectins, and both wild-type and ELP-/- recipients promptly rejected wild-type hearts. Alternative adhesive molecules such as alpha4beta7 integrin may compensate for the lack of selectins and may mediate rejection in ELP-/- recipients. Chronic rejection was evaluated in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II mismatch model using C57BL/6.C-H2(bm12) mice. While lack of selectins in recipients did not offer protection against chronic rejection, luminal stenosis of coronary arteries in ELP-/- grafts was markedly diminished. In conclusion, donor-derived selectins contribute to the development of both acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection, and targeting donor selectins may open novel therapeutic approaches in clinical transplantation.     

硼替佐米对小鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎肺损伤的治疗作用

目的:观察硼替佐米对小鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎肺损伤的治疗作用。方法:连续7次腹内注射雨蛙素(每次间隔1h)及脂多糖,制作小鼠重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)模型;将30只ICR雌性小鼠随机分为治疗组(注射脂多糖前0.5h腹内注射0.5mg/kg硼替佐米)、模型组(注射脂多糖前0.5h腹内注射50%DMSO)、空白组。最后一次注射雨蛙素2h后麻醉小鼠,自右颈静脉取血检测血淀粉酶、LDH、CRP;光镜下观察小鼠胰腺和肺脏的病理形态,测定肺组织中MPO水平,实时荧光定量PCR测定肺组织中黏附分子ICAM-1、E-selectin、P-selectin的含量。结果:与模型组相比,治疗组小鼠血淀粉酶、LDH、CRP明显下降(P<0.05);治疗组小鼠胰腺和肺脏炎细胞浸润及出血明显减少(P<0.05),肺组织MPO和黏附分子的含量明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:硼替佐米通过抑制黏附分子表达,减少中性粒细胞浸润,对小鼠胰腺炎肺损伤有一定的治疗作用。     

Mizoribine ameliorates the tubulointerstitial fibrosis of obstructive nephropathy

Mizoribine has been shown to possess an immunosuppressive action that inhibits the proliferation of lymphocytes selectively by interfering with inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Recent studies have demonstrated that mizoribine improves renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) by inhibiting the infiltration of macrophages. We, therefore, examined the dose dependency of the suppressive effect of mizoribine on the infiltration of interstitial macrophages and T lymphocytes and the interstitial volume in UUO-treated kidneys. Furthermore, we investigated the expression of osteopontin (OPN), known to be a chemoattractant protein for macrophages, in the renal cortex. In rats with UUO, the interstitial volume was markedly expanded, and macrophage and T lymphocyte infiltration in the interstitium and the expression of OPN in the cortical tubules were greatly increased. Treatment with mizoribine ameliorated the increase in interstitial volume induced by UUO. Interstitial infiltration of macrophages and T lymphocytes was dose dependently suppressed by mizoribine, and the decreased macrophage infiltration was correlated with inhibition of tubular OPN expression. These results suggest that mizoribine has a beneficial effect on several steps contributing to the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis caused by obstruction of the ureter.     

Divergent regulation of circulating and intrarenal renin-angiotensin systems in response to long-term blockade

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Long-term treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin (Ang) II type I (AT(1)) receptor blockers can improve kidney function and attenuate the progressive decline in kidney function associated with age. In this study in Wistar rats medicated for 22 months, we determined the effects of enalapril (10 mg/kg/day) and losartan (30 mg/kg/day) treatment, in comparison with vehicle (tap water), on renal AngII receptor density and circulating and urinary components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). METHODS: Kidney sections were incubated with [(125)I-sarcosine(1)-threonine(8)]AngII (0.6 nM) for Ang receptor density, and Ang peptides were determined using radioimmunoassays. RESULTS: Receptor density was approximately 50% higher in vasa recta, glomeruli, and tubulointerstitium in enalapril-treated rats and lower in vasa recta and glomeruli in losartan-treated relative to vehicle-treated rats. Losartan and enalapril treatment elevated plasma levels of AngI and Ang-(1-7) while AngII increased only in losartan-treated rats. In contrast, both treatments were associated with a reduction in urinary excretion of all three Ang peptides as compared with control rats. CONCLUSION: The reduction in urinary Ang peptides with losartan and enalapril treatment suggests that blockade of intrarenal AngII may be an important mechanism underlying the renoprotection seen with such treatments.     

苦参碱对肾小管间质MMP-3和TIMP-1的影响

目的:观察苦参碱对单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)大鼠模型肾小管间质MMP-3和TIMP-1表达水平的影响,初步探讨其对小管间质纤维化的作用机制.方法:实验分为正常组(A组)、假UUO组(B组)、UUO组(C组)、苦参碱低剂量治疗组(D组)、苦参碱高剂量治疗组(E组)和福辛普利对照组(F组).运用免疫组化技术观察第7 d、14 d各组大鼠的MMP-3和TIMP-1表达水平,采用Pearson分析方法分析二者在C组中的相关性.结果:在C组和各药物组中,MMP-3表达水平在第7 d、14 d均显著低于A组和B组(P<0.05),但各药物组的表达水平明显高于C组(P<0.05);TIMP-1在A组和B组的表达最低,各药物组的表达水平显著低于C组(P<0.05);MMP-3 和TIMP-1在E组与F组间均无统计学差异(P>0.05);MMP-3与TIMP-1在C组的免疫组化半定量分析呈显著负相关(P<0.01).结论:苦参碱可部分恢复肾小管间质MMP-3的表达,降低TIMP-1的表达,延缓肾小管间质纤维化的进程.     

罗格列酮对大鼠急性胰腺炎肺损伤黏附分子表达的作用

目的 探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)激动剂罗格列酮(ROSI)对大鼠急性胰腺炎肺损伤(APALI)黏附分子的作用及其机制.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠54只,随机分为假手术组(SO组)、急性胰腺炎组(SAP组)和罗格列酮预处理组(ROSI组).胆胰管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠制备急性胰腺炎模型.ROSI组造模前30 min经股静脉注射10%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)溶解的罗格列酮(6 mg/kg);SO组、SAP组则注射等量10%DMSO.术后3 h、6 h、12 h分批剖杀大鼠,每个时间点6只.检测血清淀粉酶(AMY)、肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、肺湿干比(W/D),取肺组织行病理学检查;逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测肺组织细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)、P-选择素和E_选择素mRNA表达水平.结果 SAP组各时间点AMY、MPO、W/D和肺组织病理评分均较S0组升高(P<0.05);ROSI组上述指标较SAP组下降,AMY、MPO、W/D和病理评分在6 h、12 h差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).SAP组ICAM-1、P-选择素和E-选择素mRNA表达在12 h达高峰,均较SO组12 h升高(P<0.05),ROSI组上述指标mRNA表达在12 h点均较SAP组下降(P<0.05).结论 罗格列酮通过抑制肺组织IcAM-1、P-选择素和E-选择素的表达,减轻急性胰腺炎肺损伤程度.     

罗格列酮对大鼠急性胰腺炎肺损伤黏附分子表达的作用

目的 探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)激动剂罗格列酮(ROSI)对大鼠急性胰腺炎肺损伤(APALI)黏附分子的作用及其机制.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠54只,随机分为假手术组(SO组)、急性胰腺炎组(SAP组)和罗格列酮预处理组(ROSI组).胆胰管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠制备急性胰腺炎模型.ROSI组造模前30 min经股静脉注射10%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)溶解的罗格列酮(6 mg/kg);SO组、SAP组则注射等量10%DMSO.术后3 h、6 h、12 h分批剖杀大鼠,每个时间点6只.检测血清淀粉酶(AMY)、肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、肺湿干比(W/D),取肺组织行病理学检查;逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测肺组织细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)、P-选择素和E_选择素mRNA表达水平.结果 SAP组各时间点AMY、MPO、W/D和肺组织病理评分均较S0组升高(P<0.05);ROSI组上述指标较SAP组下降,AMY、MPO、W/D和病理评分在6 h、12 h差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).SAP组ICAM-1、P-选择素和E-选择素mRNA表达在12 h达高峰,均较SO组12 h升高(P<0.05),ROSI组上述指标mRNA表达在12 h点均较SAP组下降(P<0.05).结论 罗格列酮通过抑制肺组织IcAM-1、P-选择素和E-选择素的表达,减轻急性胰腺炎肺损伤程度.     

罗格列酮对大鼠急性胰腺炎肺损伤黏附分子表达的作用

目的 探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)激动剂罗格列酮(ROSI)对大鼠急性胰腺炎肺损伤(APALI)黏附分子的作用及其机制.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠54只,随机分为假手术组(SO组)、急性胰腺炎组(SAP组)和罗格列酮预处理组(ROSI组).胆胰管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠制备急性胰腺炎模型.ROSI组造模前30 min经股静脉注射10%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)溶解的罗格列酮(6 mg/kg);SO组、SAP组则注射等量10%DMSO.术后3 h、6 h、12 h分批剖杀大鼠,每个时间点6只.检测血清淀粉酶(AMY)、肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、肺湿干比(W/D),取肺组织行病理学检查;逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测肺组织细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)、P-选择素和E_选择素mRNA表达水平.结果 SAP组各时间点AMY、MPO、W/D和肺组织病理评分均较S0组升高(P<0.05);ROSI组上述指标较SAP组下降,AMY、MPO、W/D和病理评分在6 h、12 h差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).SAP组ICAM-1、P-选择素和E-选择素mRNA表达在12 h达高峰,均较SO组12 h升高(P<0.05),ROSI组上述指标mRNA表达在12 h点均较SAP组下降(P<0.05).结论 罗格列酮通过抑制肺组织IcAM-1、P-选择素和E-选择素的表达,减轻急性胰腺炎肺损伤程度.     

防己黄芪汤对单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾组织TGF-β1、BMP-7的影响

目的：研究防己黄芪汤对肾组织转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）、骨形态发生蛋白-7（BMP-7）影响,进一步探讨其祛风化湿的作用机制。方法：采用大鼠单侧输尿管结扎（UUO）模型,予防己黄芪汤低、中、高剂量干预,设蒙诺对照组。肾组织切片染色观察病理,免疫组织化学方法、逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测TGF-β1、BMP-7蛋白及基因表达水平。结果：防己黄芪汤干预组大鼠的肾间质纤维化有所改善,与模型组比较,其肾组织TGF-β1表达下降、BMP-7表达上调。结论：防己黄芪汤下调UUO大鼠肾组织TGF-β1、上调BMP-7的表达,可能是其改善肾间质纤维化、发挥祛风化湿作用的机制之一。     

mRNA expression of chemokines in rat kidneys with ureteral obstruction

BACKGROUNDS: It has been demonstrated that leukocyte infiltration, mainly of macrophages and lymphocytes, into obstructed kidneys (OBK) of rats during unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Chemokines (C-C subfamily) may be involved in this mechanisms. Thus, we accessed the gene expression of chemokines in renal cortex of rats with UUO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female SD rats were sacrificed at various time points after UUO. mRNA expression of MCP-1, RANTES and MIP-1 alpha was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: Control kidneys (CNK) showed a weak mRNA expression of MCP-1, RANTES and MIP-1 alpha. OBKs showed an increase in MCP-1 at 2 hours of UUO and a significant increase at 4 hours of UUO as compared with CNKs or contralateral unobstructed kidneys (CLK). The mRNA levels of RANTES and MIP-1 alpha were not increased until 72 hours of UUO in CLKs or OBKs. There were slight, but significant, differences of RANTES and MIP-1 alpha expression between OBKs and CNKs at 120 hours of UUO. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the early increase in MCP-1 contributes to the leukocyte infiltration and that RANTES and MIP-1 alpha plays a partial role in a late increases.     

干细胞因子联合粒细胞集落刺激因子动员骨髓干细胞促进单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾脏损伤的修复

目的 研究干细胞因子（SCF）联合粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）动员单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）大鼠骨髓干细胞对肾间质中微血管、纤维化程度和肾功能的影响,并探讨其对微血管影响的可能机制。 方法 128只大鼠按数字随机法分为假手术组（Sham组）、SCF联合G-CSF动员组（SCF-G组）、UUO组、UUO+SCF-G组。于实验第 5、14、21、28天每组各随机抽取8只处死,检测Scr、肾间质CD34阳性表达细胞数目和Ⅷ因子阳性表达细胞数目、肾间质纤维化和间质病理损害积分、肾皮质血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）mRNA和血小板反应蛋白1（TSP-1）mRNA的表达。 结果 (1)UUO组2周时可见到肾间质纤维化伴肾小管周微血管的丢失。（2）UUO+SCF-G组肾间质干细胞归巢数目明显高于UUO组和Sham组（P < 0.05）。（3）UUO+SCF-G组肾小管周微血管指数减少出现的时间晚于UUO组（P < 0.05）。（4）第14、21、28天UUO+SCF-G组间质化纤维程度和肾小管损伤程度均轻于UUO组（P < 0.05）。（5）UUO+SCF-G组术后VEGF mRNA表达下调出现的时间晚于UUO组,且表达均高于同期UUO组 （P < 0.05)。（6）UUO+SCF-G组术后TSP-1 mRNA表达增高出现的时间晚于UUO组,且表达均低于同期UUO组（P < 0.05）。（7）在UUO组和UUO+SCF-G组中,肾小管周微血管指数与Scr、间质纤维化积分和肾小管间质病理积分均呈负相关;肾皮质VEGF mRNA表达与肾小管周微血管指数呈正相关;肾皮质TSP-1 mRNA表达与肾小管周微血管指数呈负相关。 结论 （1）UUO大鼠存在肾小管周微血管丢失,并与肾间质纤维化及间质病理损伤相关。（2）联合应用SCF和G-CSF动员骨髓干细胞可以归巢至受损的肾脏,有助于减少肾小管周微血管丢失,并进而减轻肾间质纤维化和间质损害,保护肾功能。（3）联合应用SCF和G-CSF可以上调肾皮质VEGF mRNA水平和下调TSP-1 mRNA水平,这可能是其促进内皮细胞修复及保护肾间质微血管损伤的机制之一。     

黄芪对肾间质纤维化模型大鼠肾组织MMP-9／TIMP-1表达的影响

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶9（MMP-9）和金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂1（TIMP-1）在肾间质纤维化中的表达及黄芪抗纤维化的分子作用机制。方法采用单侧输尿管结扎（UUO组）造模。将24只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组（Sham组）、模型组（UUO组）、厄贝沙坦治疗组（Irbesartan组）和黄芪治疗组（AM组）4组,每组6只。造模14d后抽血检测肾功能,取结扎侧肾组织观察肾间质病变,免疫组织化学染色法检测肾组织MMP-9和TIMP-1表达。结果①AM组血肌酐和尿素氮水平较UUO组低（P〈0．05）,肾纤维化程度较UUO组有明显改善（P〈0．01）。②肾组织TIMP-1表达,UUO组较Sham组显著升高（P〈0．01）,AM组较UUO组明显降低（P〈0．01）;肾组织MMP-9表达,UUO组与Sham组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,AM组较UUO组显著升高（P〈0．01）。结论黄芪可改善UUO大鼠肾功能,并可通过抑制TIMP-1表达,调节MMP-9／TIMP-1平衡来发挥其抗纤维化的作用。