音乐节奏训练对慢性精神分裂症患者疗效和社会功能影响的研究

目的评价音乐节奏训练对精神分裂症患者临床症状的改善及对社会功能恢复的作用。方法将90例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组及对照组,研究组在原来药物治疗的基础上合并无错化学习模式的音乐节奏训练3个月。对照组在原来药物治疗的基础上合并普通工娱治疗3个月。在治疗前后用阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）、个人和社会功能量表（PSP）评估患者临床症状和社会功能变化。结果研究组PANSS总分、阴性症状、一般精神病理、反应缺乏因子、激活因子及抑郁因子评分均较治疗前下降（P〈0.05）,对照组仅PANSS阴性症状评分较治疗前下降（P〈0.05）;治疗后研究组PANSS总分、阴性症状、反应缺乏因子评分低于对照组（P〈0.05）。研究组治疗后PSP总分较治疗前显著升高（P〈0.05）,治疗后研究组PSP总分高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论音乐节奏训练对慢性精神分裂症阴性症状及社会功能的改善作用优于普通工娱治疗。     

计算机认知矫正治疗联合社交技能训练对精神分裂症患者认知功能的疗效

目的 探讨计算机认知矫正治疗联合社交技能训练改善精神分裂症患者认知功能的效 果。方法 2017 年1—12 月选取168 例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为干预组（入组82 例，完成79 例）和 对照组（入组86 例，完成84 例），分别接受12 周的计算机认知矫正治疗联合社交技能训练和计算机认知 矫正治疗12周，并随访12个月。采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、精神分裂症认知功能成套测验中文 版（MCCB）及个人和社会功能量表（PSP）在基线、12周末及随访12个月末分别进行评估。结果 （1）治疗 12周末，干预组PANSS的认知因子分明显低于对照组（t=-4.22，P＜0.001）；随访12个月末时干预组的阴性 因子分及认知因子分均明显低于对照组（t=-2.36，P=0.020；t=-5.91，P＜0.001）。随访12个月末，干预组的 PANSS总分与基线比较差异有统计学意义（t=3.41，P＜0.001），但与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（t=1.57， P=0.119）。（2）干预组在12个月末的PSP总分、神经认知功能总分和社会认知分均高于对照组，两组比较 差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 计算机认知矫正治疗联合社交技能训练能够显著改善精神分裂 症患者的认知功能，从而有效促进社会功能恢复。     

首发精神分裂症治疗前后探索性眼动结果分析

目的探讨眼动分析中凝视点数和反应探索分能否作为首发精神分裂症患者的诊断和治疗效果的客观依据。方法将符合CCMD-3诊断标准的80例首发精神分裂症患者进行治疗,疗程6周。患者组于治疗前及治疗6周末测评眼动分析中凝视点数和反应探索分。随机抽取42例正常健康者为对照组。结果精神分裂症组眼动分析中凝视点数和反应探索分显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）,治疗6周末凝视点数和反应探索分显著升高（P〈0.01）,但仍低于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论眼动分析中凝视点数和反应探索分可作为首发精神分裂症患者的诊断和疗效参考依据。     

抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者探索性眼球活动的影响

目的：探讨抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者探索性眼球活动障碍的疗效及与精神症状变化的关系。方法：对62例精神分裂症患者分别于治疗前和治疗8周做探索性眼球活动检测和阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评分，主要观察指标为凝视点数（number of eye fixation，NEF）、反应性探索评分（responsive search score，RSS）及PANSS总分。结果：精神分裂症患者治疗前NEF和RSS评分均显著低于对照组（P〈0．001），治疗8周后的NEF和RSS与治疗前相比差异均无显著性（P均〉0.05）；PANSS总分显著下降，与NEF和RSS变化无显著相关性（P〉0．05）。结论：抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者探索性眼球活动障碍无明显改善作用。     

社区综合干预对慢性精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：探讨社区综合干预对慢性精神分裂症患者生活质量和服药依从性的影响。方法：120例慢性精神分裂症患者,随机分成研究组和对照组,各60例。研究组进行社区综合干预,对照组只进行药物治疗。入组前后实施简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）、生活质量综合评定问卷74（GQOLI-74）以及自知力与治疗态度问卷（ITAQ）评定。结果：治疗12个月研究组BPRS评分显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）;研究组GQOLI-74心理健康因子评分和社会功能因子评分显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）;研究组ITAQ评分显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：社区综合干预能改善慢性精神分裂症患者的生活质量,提高服药依从性。     

音乐治疗对慢性精神分裂症患者康复效果及认知功能的影响

目的 探讨音乐治疗对慢性精神分裂症患者康复效果及认知功能的影响。方法 选取80例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组（抗精神病药物治疗辅助音乐治疗）和对照组（单纯抗精神病药物治疗）,各40例。采用阴性症状评定量表（SANS）、阳性症状评定量表（SAPS）、简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）及护士用住院病人观察量表（NOSIE）评价患者康复效果及认知功能变化。结果 治疗后研究组BPRS、SAPS、SANS量表总分均较治疗前降低（P〈0.05）;治疗后对照组BPRS和SAPS总分较治疗前降低（P〈0.05）。治疗后研究组BPRS、SAPS、SANS量表总分均低于对照组（P〈0.05）。研究组治疗后NOSIE总分及各因子分均较治疗前升高（P〈0.05）;对照组治疗后NOSIE总分较治疗前升高（P〈0.05）。治疗后,研究组NOSIE总分及各因子分均高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论 慢性精神分裂症患者在抗精神病药物治疗的基础上辅以音乐治疗,可明显减少患者的精神症状,提高患者社会适应能力、社会兴趣和改善认知功能,值得临床推广应用。     

合并糖尿病的精神分裂症患者认知功能研究

目的：探讨合并糖尿病的精神分裂症患者认知功能缺损特征。方法：40例合并糖尿病（合并组）及40例无糖尿病（单纯组）的精神分裂症患者,采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、重复性成套神经心理状态测验（RBANS）及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）进行评定;同时以40名健康志愿者（对照组）采用RBANS量表评定进行对照。结果：合并组与单纯组PANSS及TESS评分比较差异均无显著性（P均〉0.05）。RBANS评分以合并组总分（129.9±23.8）分明显低于对照组（218.2±25.0）分（P〈0.01）;且RBANS评分中即刻记忆因子评分（20.1±8.17）分显著低于单纯组（24.4±8.4）分（P〈0.05）。结论：慢性精神分裂症患者存在严重的认知功能损害,合并糖尿病的患者即刻记忆损害更为明显。     

自我接纳训练对精神分裂症患者自我幸福感与自尊的影响

目的 探讨自我接纳训练对精神分裂症患者自我幸福感与自尊的影响。方法 选取2015年 5 月—2017 年5 月于哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院进行治疗的精神分裂症患者110 例作为研究对象, 采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组各55 例。对照组患者给予常规护理,观察组在常规护理 的基础上辅以自我接纳训练进行精心护理干预。对护理干预前及干预后2 个月的简明精神病评分量表 （BPRS）、个人和社会功能评分量表（PSP）、总体幸福感评分（GWB）以及自尊评分量表（SES）等一系列指标 进行评估和对比。结果 干预后两组患者PSP 评分均显著升高, 而BPRS评分均显著降低（P＜0.05）,且观 察组PSP评分明显高于对照组,BPRS评分明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）;干预后,两组患者GWB评分及SES 评分均显著升高（P＜0.05）,且观察组GWB评分及SES评分均显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 自我接 纳训练有助于提高精神分裂症患者的康复疗效,促进患者社会功能恢复,提高患者的自尊心和自我幸 福感。     

长程心理动力学心理治疗对首发缓解期精神分裂症患者共情能力及社会功能的影响

目的:观察长程心理动力学心理治疗对首发缓解期精神分裂症患者共情能力及社会功能的影响。方法:15例首发缓解期精神分裂症患者(研究组)在抗精神病药治疗基础上联合长程心理动力学心理治疗,每周1次,持续24周;15例首发缓解期精神分裂症患者(对照组)在抗精神病药治疗基础上辅以每2~4周1次、持续24周的健康教育。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、人际反应指针量表(IRI-C)以及个人和社会功能量表(PSP)对两组患者入组前及随访结束时评估并进行比较。结果:随访24周后,研究组(n=7)IRI-C评分(55.79±12.18)较基线值(38.39±5.89)显著改善(P0.001),PSP评分(65.47±6.24)较基线值(53.18±5.26)有显著改善(P0.001)。随访24周后,对照组(n=7)IRI-C评分(45.16±10.29)较基线值(39.18±4.58)无显著改善(P=0.07),PSP评分(59.39±5.86)较基线值(54.21±5.12)有显著改善(P=0.05)。结论:首发缓解期精神分裂症患者联合长程心理动力学心理治疗有助于提高共情能力及社会功能。     

发病情景摄像回放对精神分裂症自知力的影响

目的：探讨精神分裂症患者发病情景摄像回放治疗方法对自知力恢复的影响。方法：60例精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组29例和对照组31例,两组在传统抗精神病药治疗的基础上,于治疗2周和6周时,研究组给予观看入院时拍摄的医生面诊及患者发病情景的录像带,对照组则观看娱乐新闻类录像,分别于治疗前、治疗2周和6周观看录像后进行简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）、自知力与治疗态度问卷（ITAQ）评定。结果：治疗后两组均有不同程度的BPRS评分降低及ITAQ评分升高,以研究组更为显著（P〈0.01或P〈0.001）。研究组BPRS总分及各因子评分较对照组均降低显著（P〈0.01或P〈0.001）,对照组仅BPRS总分和焦虑抑郁因子分降低明显（P〈0.05）。结论：精神分裂症患者发病时情景和症状摄像回放辅助传统药物治疗可提高患者的自知力。     

社会心理干预对精神分裂症认知功能的影响

目的:探讨社会心理干预对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法:收集精神分裂症患者120例,分成氯丙嗪、氯氮平、利培酮、奥氮平及奎硫平等药物治疗组,每一组又分为单纯药物治疗组(单纯药物组)和社会心理综合干预治疗组(综合治疗组)。在治疗6个月和12个月时采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)中正确数(W1)和持续错误数(W2)以及持续操作测验(CPT)中错误数(C1)和漏报数(C2)等指标评定认知功能。结果:治疗6个月及12个月时,综合治疗组W1均显著高于单纯药物组、W2均显著低于单纯药物组;综合治疗组C1、C2均显著低于单纯药物组,尤以服用第二代抗精神病药治疗组更为显著。结论:社会心理干预能改善精神分裂症患者认知功能。     

石杉碱甲治疗精神分裂症认知功能障碍的半年随访

目的探讨石杉碱甲治疗精神分裂症认知功能障碍的疗效。方法慢性精神分裂症患者被随机分为两组,一组予石杉碱甲治疗,另一组为对照组,两组患者均维持原来的抗精神病药物治疗,疗程24周。治疗前、8周末和24周末进行韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、简明智力状态检查(MMSE)测定。结果共收集意向治疗人群(ITT)107例,治疗组58例,对照组49例。两组患者之间治疗前、8周末和24周末的WAIS、WCST、MMSE评分均无显著性差异。结论石杉碱甲对慢性精神分裂症认知功能障碍的疗效不明显。     

Cognitive function and social abilities in patients with schizophrenia: relationship with atypical antipsychotics

Although atypical antipsychotics have been associated with improvements in cognitive function in schizophrenia, the neurochemical basis for such effects is not well understood. Candidate neurotransmitter systems primarily involve dopamine and serotonin. The current study explored this issue by examining the cognitive abilities, social function and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia who were medicated with atypical antipsychotics. Comparisons were done for matched schizophrenia patients who were on antipsychotics with (i) an affinity for multiple receptors (olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine) versus those that have preferential affinity for dopamine receptors (risperidone, amisulpride); and patients on medication with (ii) a high affinity for serotonin (5HT-2A) receptors (risperidone, olanzapine, clozapine) versus those with a low (or no) affinity for 5HT-2A receptors (quetiapine, amisulpride). No differences emerged between groups on any cognitive or social variable when the groups were compared for the dopaminergic properties of antipsychotic medication. By contrast, differences did emerge when patients were compared on the 5HT-2A affinity of their antipsychotic medications. Patients on low 5HT-2A-affinity antipsychotics exhibited a better performance on a measure of selective attention and adjustment to living. These findings accord with the notion that serotonergic mechanisms are important determinants of both the cognitive and the social effects of the atypical antipsychotics.     

Time to rehospitalization in patients with schizophrenia discharged on first generation antipsychotics, non-clozapine second generation antipsychotics, or clozapine

Rehospitalization is an important outcome of drug effectiveness in schizophrenia. In this study, the hypothesis that clozapine and some second generation antipsychotics (SGA) were superior to first generation antipsychotics (FGA) in preventing rehospitalization of patients with schizophrenia discharged from a university hospital in Brazil was tested. A retrospective observational study was conducted designed to evaluate time to rehospitalization of patients with schizophrenia discharged on a regimen of oral FGA, depot FGA, risperidone, olanzapine and amisulpride, other SGA, or clozapine, during a three-year follow-up period. Risk factors associated with rehospitalization were examined. Of the 464 patients with schizophrenia discharged from hospital, 242 met criteria for study entry. Higher rehospitalization rates were observed in patients treated with depot FGA (30%), risperidone (30%) and other SGA groups (28.5%), respectively. Clozapine was significantly associated with lower rehospitalization risk compared with risperidone. The risk of rehospitalization in patients on olanzapine and amisulpride, and oral FGA, was similar to that of patients in use of clozapine. These results however, are limited by the heterogeneity of illness severity across the groups.     

Neurological soft signs and their relationship to cognitive and clinical efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia

Neurological soft signs (NSS) are nonspecific indicators of brain dysfunction that are found to be in excess and correlated with cognitive dysfunction and psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of the study was to examine whether the severity of NSS determines the efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Forty-three patients with schizophrenia were assessed on psychopathology and cognitive domains of executive functioning, memory, attention, and psychomotor speed at baseline and 6 months after they had been switched from typical to atypical antipsychotics. NSS were examined at baseline. The high-NSS group showed more severe psychopathology and greater impaired cognitive function than the low-NSS group at baseline. Following treatment, there were improvements in cognitive functioning and psychopathology with the low-NSS group, which showed significant improvements on measures of verbal fluency, memory, and psychomotor speed and negative symptoms. The high-NSS group also showed improvements on most of these measures, but the improvement was less than that seen in the low-NSS group. The presence of high NSS in schizophrenia patients impedes the improvement in cognitive function with atypical antipsychotics treatment.     

Long-term outcomes in chronically hospitalized geriatric patients with schizophrenia: retrospective comparison of first generation and second generation antipsychotics

INTRODUCTION: Some groups have reported the longitudinal course of elderly poor outcome schizophrenic patients to be characterized by progressive decline in cognitive functions and functional capacity. Although many of these patients experience minimal reduction of psychotic symptoms, there may be beneficial effects of antipsychotic treatments on cognitive functions and functional capacity. METHODS: This naturalistic study compared the longitudinal course of psychotic symptoms, cognitive functions and functional impairment in geriatric schizophrenic patients treated with first generation (N=97) or second generation (N=78) antipsychotic medications. Mixed effects linear regression analyses were used to examine the effects of treatment (first generation vs. second generation antipsychotic), time and treatment x time. RESULTS: Cognitive functions (Mini Mental State Examination time effect estimate=-.41, p<.001; ADAS-L Cog time effect estimate=.64, p<.001) and self-care skills (ADAS-L Self-Care time effect estimate=.65, p<.001) declined over time for the subject group as a whole and this decline was not modified by treatment with second generation antipsychotics relative to first generation antipsychotics. Similarly, second generation antipsychotic treatment produced no effect on the progressive worsening of negative symptom over time. CONCLUSION: This long-term naturalistic study of poor outcome geriatric patients with schizophrenia did not find atypical antipsychotics to produce any differential protective effect relative to typical antipsychotics on the long-term manifestations of symptoms, cognition and self-care in poor outcome geriatric schizophrenic patients.     

哈伯因治疗精神分裂症认知功能障碍的疗效观察

目的探讨哈伯因治疗精神分裂症认知功能障碍的疗效。方法将慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为两组，一组予哈伯因治疗，另一组为对照组，两组均维持原抗精神病药物治疗，疗程8周。治疗前和治疗第8周末进行WAIS、WCST和MMSE测定。结果共收集病例117例，完成107例，其中，治疗组58例，对照组49例。两组治疗前和治疗第8周末的WAIS、WCST、MMSE评分无显著差异。结论哈伯因治疗精神分裂症认知功能障碍的疗效不明显。     

Comparative efficacy of antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: a critical assessment

Because of their broader spectrum of efficacy and lower risk of short- and long-term motor side-effects in comparison to first generation 'typical' antipsychotics (FGAs), second generation 'atypical' antipsychotics (SGAs) are rapidly becoming the standard of antipsychotic pharmacotherapy. It is unclear, however, as to how different SGAs compare in efficacy since the multitude of studies and integrative reviews seemingly provide discrepant information in this regard. To address this issue, we critically review three distinct approaches to analysis of data from randomized controlled clinical trials of the efficacy of SGAs in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: (i) comparing average improvement in symptomatology with different SGAs; (ii) comparing average improvement observed with different SGAs relative to haloperidol; and (iii) head-head trials comparing one SGA to another. We discuss the strengths and limitations of each approach with reference to the reports in which it was applied to assess comparative antipsychotic efficacy. We conclude that the most informative picture is obtained by using each of these strategies, looking at all available data, and then putting all the results together. Data thus far do not support claims of differential efficacy among SGAs with the singular exception of clozapine possibly still being the gold standard of antipsychotic efficacy in otherwise treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Dosing appears to be a critical variable in optimizing efficacy.     

Anticholinergic use in hospitalised schizophrenic patients in Belgium

This naturalistic study aims to evaluate the influence of antipsychotic treatment on the use of anticholinergics. The observed use of anticholinergics will give an indication of the occurrence of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) in the different antipsychotic treatment conditions. The medication use of 1215 hospitalised patients with DSM-IV 295.xx diagnosis is recorded. Four antipsychotic treatment conditions are distinguished: 1) only first generation antipsychotics (FGA): patients receive one or a combination of first generation antipsychotics, 2) a combination of high potency FGA and second generation antipsychotics (SGA), 3) a combination of low potency FGA and SGA, and 4) only SGA: patients receive one or a combination of SGA. Antipsychotic treatment significantly influences the use of anticholinergics. Anticholinergic use is highest in patients treated with high potency FGA (whether or not in combination with SGA) as compared with patients only treated with SGA and patients combining SGA with low potency FGA. The two latter groups do not significantly differ. However, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of EPS with the exception of akathisia between FGA and SGA. Thus, through the use of anticholinergics, EPS induced by FGA can be effectively reduced.     

典型和非典型抗精神病药合并碳酸锂治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作的对照研究

目的探讨典型和非典型抗精神病药物合并碳酸锂治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者的疗效。方法将94例双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者分为典型抗精神病药物组（43例）和非典型抗精神病药物组（51例）,进行为期8周的疗效比较。采用Bech-Rafaelsen躁狂量表（BRMS）、临床大体印象量表（CGI）、副反应量表（TESS）以及药物依从性量表分别于入组前和入组第1、2、4、6和8周末时进行评定。结果治疗结束时,两组BRMS评分较入组时均显著减低（P〈0．01）;临床总有效率：典型抗精神病药物组83．7％,非典型抗精神病药物组82．3％;两组疗效差异无显著性。非典型药物组的不良反应较典型组少,药物依从性较典型组高。结论非典型抗精神病药物治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作的疗效肯定,不良反应较少,安全性高,依从性好,适合临床应用。