布托啡诺、芬太尼复合局麻药用于臂丛神经阻滞的效果比较

目的探讨布托啡诺、芬太尼复合局麻用于臂丛神经阻滞的效果。方法选择臂丛神经阻滞下行前臂、腕部和手部手术的患者90例,随机分为3组,A组注入1%利多卡因+0.25%罗哌卡因+1 mg布托啡诺25 mL。B组注入1%利多卡因+0.25%罗哌卡因+1.5μg/kg芬太尼mL。C组注入1%利多卡因+0.25%罗哌卡因25 mL。比较3组镇痛效果、术后镇痛时间及麻醉期间出现的不良反应。结果 A、B组与C组比较,术中镇痛效果满意,术后镇痛时间显著延长。差异有统计学意义(P0.05),术中B组有3例,C组有5例患者出现寒战反应。术中所有患者均无呼吸抑制发生。结论布托啡诺、芬太尼与罗哌卡因混合用于臂丛神经阻滞镇痛效果好,术后镇痛时间长。     

喷他佐辛复合罗哌卡因臂丛神经阻滞的效果观察

目的 观察喷他佐辛复合罗哌卡因用于臂丛神经阻滞的效果.方法 40例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,接受肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞行上肢手术的患者随机均分为:A组,0.33%罗哌卡因30 ml;B组,0.33%罗哌卡因30 ml+喷他佐辛30 mg.手术开始15、30、60 rain及术后1、6、12、24 h行VAS疼痛评分,并记录麻醉起效时间、持续时间及不良反应发生率.结果 B组感觉与运动神经阻滞起效时间明显快于A组(P<0.05),镇痛持续时间明显长于A组(P<0.05),术中、术后VAS疼痛评分低于A组(P<0.05).结论 喷他佐辛复合罗哌卡因臂丛神经阻滞可缩短阻滞起效时间,延长持续时间,改善镇痛效果.     

不同剂量布托啡诺联合罗哌卡因用于硬膜外分娩镇痛

目的采用不同剂量布托啡诺联合0.25%罗哌卡因用于硬膜外分娩镇痛,探讨较适宜的布托啡诺剂量。方法选择足月、单胎头位初产妇120例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分成四组,在硬膜外麻醉下分别接受下列药物:A组,9.5 ml 0.25%罗哌卡因加0.5 ml布托啡诺(0.5 mg);B组,9 ml0.25%罗哌卡因加1.0 ml布托啡诺(1.0 mg);C组,8.5 ml 0.25%罗哌卡因加1.5 ml布托啡诺(1.5mg);D组(对照组),10 ml 0.25%罗哌卡因。观察四组产妇疼痛开始缓解时间(T1)、疼痛完全缓解持续时间(T2)及总用药量。用视觉模拟评分(VAS)和改良Bromage评分评估镇痛、运动神经阻滞情况,观察各组产妇的生命体征、产程时间、用药量及新生儿Apgar评分。结果随着布托啡诺浓度的提高,T1逐渐缩短,与D组比较,B、C组T1明显缩短(P<0.01)。随着使用布托啡诺剂量的增加T2延长,与D组比较,B、C组T2明显延长(P<0.01)。与D组比较,B、C组罗哌卡因总用量明显降低(P<0.01)。结论0.25%罗哌卡因9 ml联合1 mg布托啡诺用于分娩镇痛为最佳剂量且有效安全。     

左旋布比卡因与布比卡因在臂丛神经阻滞中的药效学比较

目的比较左旋布比卡因与布比卡因在臂丛神经阻滞中的药效学特性.方法60例上肢手术患者,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分成三组,Ⅰ组为0.375%布比卡因,Ⅱ组为0.375%左旋布比卡因,Ⅲ组为0.375%左旋布比卡因加1：200 000肾上腺素.肌间沟法行臂丛神经阻滞.观察阻滞起效时间及持续时间、神经阻滞节段数、术中镇痛质量、不良反应以及注药前、注药后5、10、30、60 min时心率（HR）和平均动脉压（MAP）.结果Ⅱ、Ⅲ组麻醉起效时间短于Ⅰ组（P＜0.05）;麻醉持续时间Ⅱ、Ⅲ组长于Ⅰ组但差异无显著性,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组间比较差异无显著性;各组阻滞节段数、术中牵拉痛发生率、HR及MAP差异无显著性;Ⅰ组寒战发生率高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组（P＜0.05）.结论左旋布比卡因有与布比卡因相似的药效学特性,可安全用于临床臂丛神经阻滞;肾上腺素不延长左旋布比卡因的麻醉持续时间.     

罗哌卡因复合布托啡诺腹横肌平面阻滞对妇科腹腔镜手术患者术后镇痛及早期康复的影响

目的评价罗哌卡因复合布托啡诺腹横肌平面(transversus abdominis plane,TAP)阻滞对妇科腹腔镜手术患者术后镇痛及早期康复的影响。方法择期全麻下行妇科腹腔镜手术患者60例,年龄18~65岁,体重50~76 kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法将患者随机分为两组:罗哌卡因复合布托啡诺组(BR组)和罗哌卡因组(R组),每组30例。所有患者在麻醉诱导后均行双侧TAP阻滞。BR组患者每侧注入0.375%罗哌卡因20 ml+0.1%布托啡诺1 ml,R组患者每侧注入0.375%罗哌卡因20 ml+生理盐水1 ml。记录患者术中丙泊酚及瑞芬太尼用量、术后2、24 h的VAS疼痛评分、术后肠道功能恢复时间、下床活动时间、术后24 h的40项恢复质量(quality of recovery,QoR-40)评分。记录TAP阻滞有关不良反应和术后恶心呕吐的发生情况。结果与R组比较,BR组术中瑞芬太尼用量明显减少(P<0.05),术后2 h的VAS疼痛评分明显降低(P<0.05),术后24 h的QoR-40评分明显升高(P<0.05)。两组术中丙泊酚用量、术后肠道功能恢复时间、下床活动时间、术后恶心呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义。两组均无一例TAP阻滞有关不良反应发生。结论罗哌卡因复合布托啡诺用于腹横肌平面阻滞可减少术中瑞芬太尼用量,改善术后疼痛,提高患者术后麻醉恢复质量。     

丁丙诺啡加入局麻药用于臂丛神经阻滞的术后镇痛作用

目的观察丁丙诺啡加入局麻药用于臂丛神经阻滞对术后镇痛作用的影响。方法60例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级在臂丛神经阻滞下手术患者,随机分为三组,每组20例,局麻药为0.25%布比卡因和1%利多卡因混合液20~25 ml,A组丁丙诺啡0.15 mg与局麻药混和用于臂丛神经阻滞;B组丁丙诺啡0.15 mg肌注;C组不用丁丙诺啡。记录术后3、9、12、24和48 h的视觉模拟评分(VAS),评估术后镇痛持续时间(术毕至术后VAS>3分的时间),并注意各种不良反应。结果术后A组VAS明显低于B、C组(P<0.01),镇痛时间A组为(35.06±2.68)h,B组为(8.09±2.36)h,C组为(7.85±1.54)h,A组显著高于B组和C组(P<0.01),B组和C组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。不良反应A组和B组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论臂丛神经阻滞时加用丁丙诺啡能明显增强术后镇痛作用和延长术后镇痛时间,不良反应轻微。     

左旋布比卡因与甲磺酸罗派卡因用于断指再植臂丛神经阻滞的疗效比较

目的 比较左旋布比卡因与甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的效果.方法 断指再植手术患者80例,随机分为两组（n=40）,实验组0.375%左旋布比卡因30ml,对照组0.596%甲磺酸罗派卡因30ml,行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞.记录患者生命体征,感觉神经阻滞起效时间、持续时间,运动神经起效时间、持续时间,不良反映及麻醉满意度.结果 两组患者生命体征、感觉和运动神经阻滞起效时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.感觉和运动神经阻滞持续时间试验组显著长于对照组P〈0.01.结论 左旋布比卡因用于手术需时较长,或要求术中肢体不动的显微外科手术麻醉,更有优势.     

吗啡和舒芬太尼对开胸术后肋间神经阻滞效果的影响

目的 探讨吗啡和舒芬太尼增强局麻药神经阻滞的效果.方法 80例择期开胸术毕行0.375%左旋布比卡因20 ml肋间神经阻滞患者,随机均分为四组:A组0.375%左旋布比卡因中加入舒芬太尼10μg;B组局麻药中加入吗啡2 mg;C组局麻药中加入吗啡4 mg;D组单用局麻药0.375%左旋布比卡因.阻滞方法:手术切口及其上下邻近肋间加上引流管涉及的共五个肋间,每个肋间注射4 ml药液.记录术后4、8、12、24、48 h的镇痛评分、镇痛维持时间及其副作用.结果 A、B、C组镇痛维持时间分别为(14.34±6.32)h,(14.36±6.58)h,(16.87±6.51)h,明显长于D组的(7.42±4.89)h,三组VAS镇痛评分也显著较D组低(P＜0.05).结论 局麻药中加入吗啡或舒芬太尼能显著增强肋间神经阻滞的镇痛效果,并能延长其作用时间.     

芬太尼与曲马多复合罗派卡因在腋路臂丛神经阻滞中镇痛作用的临床观察

目的观察芬太尼与曲马多复合罗派卡因在腋路臂丛神经阻滞中的镇痛效果。方法60例AsAI～Ⅱ级择期前臂及手部手术患者,随机分为三组（每组20例）。A组用药为0．25％罗派卡因40ml,B组用药为0．25％罗派卡因40ml加曲马多1．5mg／kg。C组用药为0．25％罗派卡因40ml加芬太尼1．5ug／kg。各组均行腋路臂丛神经阻滞。记录首次感觉疼痛的时间、镇痛持续时间及麻醉后4h,8h,12h,16h,24h的疼痛评分（VAS）。结果B,C组麻醉后首次感觉疼痛的时间、镇痛持续时间均明显长于A组,其中C纽又长于B组,三组患者麻醉后8h,12h,16h疼痛评分（VAS）差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论芬太尼与曲马多复合罗派卡因在臂丛神经阻滞中的镇痛作用优于单纯罗派卡因,且芬太尼复合罗派卡因优于曲马多复合罗派卡因。．     

颈臂丛联合神经阻滞在锁骨骨折手术中的应用

目的观察颈臂丛神经阻滞在锁骨骨折手术中的麻醉效果。方法40例锁骨骨折病人分为A、B两组,每组20例。采用不同神经阻滞法注入2%利多卡因+0.75%左旋布比卡因混合液,观察比较患者对手术的耐受程度来评定阻滞效果。结果B组麻醉效果优于A组。结论颈臂丛联合神经阻滞用于锁骨骨折手术,阻滞效果明显优于颈丛神经阻滞。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.