不同麻醉诱导对患者眼内压影响的比较

目的 比较异丙酚、咪达唑仑或依托咪酯复合舒芬太尼麻醉诱导对患者眼内压(IOP)的影响.方法 拟在全麻下择期手术患者45例,年龄20-40岁,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,按照随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组(n=15):异丙酚组(P组)、咪达唑仑组(M组)和依托咪酯组(E组).麻醉诱导:P组、M组和E组分别静脉注射异丙酚2.0 mg/kg、咪达唑仑0.2 mg/kg及依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg后,依次静脉注射舒芬太尼0.2 μg/kg与顺阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg,行气管插管术.于麻醉诱导前l min(T0)、气管插管前(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)、气管插管后1 min(T3)和2 min(T4)时测定IOP和MAP.结果 与P组比较,M组和E组低眼压发生率降低(P＜0.01);与E组比较,P组和M组高眼压发生率降低(P＜0.05).P组、M组和E组MAP与IOP的相关系数分别为0.831、0.889和0.806(p＜0.05),相关系数组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 咪达唑仑复合舒芬太尼麻醉诱导对IOP影响较小,MAP的波动程度是麻醉诱导引起IOP变化的主要因素.     

不同剂量喷他佐辛用于全麻诱导气管插管反应

目的 对比研究喷他佐辛不同剂量与舒芬太尼用于全麻诱导的气管插管反应.方法 选择腹腔镜手术患者100例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为四组:Ⅰ组喷他佐辛0.5 mg/kg,Ⅱ组喷他佐辛0.75 mg/kg,Ⅲ组喷他佐辛1.0 mg/kg,Ⅳ组为舒芬太尼0.4 μg/kg,各组药物分别静注4min后行全麻诱导.诱导后四组BIS值降到60以下时行气管插管.观察记录诱导前(T1)、诱导后3min(T2)、插管即刻(T3)、插管后3 min(T4)的BIS值、MAP、HR、SpO2的变化.结果 四组患者T2～T4时BIS均明显低于T1时(P<0.05).T3时Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的MAP明显高于、HR明显快于T1时和Ⅳ组(P<0.05);T3时Ⅰ组MAP明显高于、HR明显快于Ⅲ组(P<0.05).结论 1.0 mg/kg喷他佐辛用于全麻气管插管诱导期间血流动力学较0.5 mg/kg稳定,但不如舒芬太尼0.4 μg/kg稳定.     

依托咪酯复合不同剂量舒芬太尼对老年喉罩置入患者心血管反应的影响

目的 探讨老年患者复合依托咪酯诱导喉罩通气时舒芬太尼的合适剂量. 方法 选择择期手术,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级的老年患者60例,年龄65～80岁,采用随机数字表法分为3组,Ⅰ组诱导时给予舒芬太尼0.3 μg/kg,Ⅱ组诱导时给予舒芬太尼0.4 μg/kg,Ⅲ组诱导时给予舒芬太尼0.5 μg/kg,3组分别复合相同剂量的依托咪酯,每组20例;记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、舒芬太尼给药后3 min(T1)、喉罩置入即刻(T2)及喉罩置入后1 min(T3)、3 min(T4)、5 min(T5)的SBP、DBP、MAP、HR、心排血量(cardiac output,CO)、每搏量变异率(stroke volume variation,SVV),并记录使用血管活性药物的次数. 结果 与诱导前比较,给药后3组BP均降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且Ⅲ组较Ⅰ组下降明显,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);Ⅲ组HR在T4、T5较T0降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ组诱导后CO与T0之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),Ⅲ组诱导后CO明显降低,在T3、T4时为3.5 L/min,明显低于Ⅰ组在T3、T4时刻的3.7、3.8 L/min,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Ⅲ组使用6次血管活性药物,明显多于Ⅰ组的1次和Ⅱ组的2次,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 对于老年需置入喉罩的患者,0.3、0.4 μg/kg的舒芬太尼复合依托咪酯可以有效抑制置入喉罩时的心血管反应,同时不会引起BP及CO的明显降低,有助于维持老年患者的血流动力学平稳.     

靶控输注依托咪酯用于老年患者全麻诱导

目的探讨依托咪酯靶控输注(TCI)给药用于老年患者全麻诱导的研究。方法选择ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级行手术治疗的的老年患者110例,年龄68～86岁,随机均分为依托咪酯TCI组(A组)和对照组(B组)。A组依托咪酯采用TCI,血浆靶浓度设定为2.5μg/ml;B组依托咪酯采用静脉推注,剂量先按0.3mg/kg设定。观察患者入室时(T1)、依托咪酯注射过程中入睡前且BIS90(T2)、入睡且BIS60(T3)、喉镜暴露插管(T4)、插管后1min(T5)、5min(T6)等的HR、SBP、DBP、BIS值。同时观察A组患者入睡时的靶浓度和B组患者入睡时依托咪酯的用量;观察两组患者诱导至意识消失的时间及诱导过程中发生肌震颤的例数。结果 T4时B组HR明显快于,SBP、DBP明显高于A组(P0.05),T5时B组HR明显快于,SBP、DBP明显低于A组(P0.05)。B组依托咪酯用药量明显高于A组(P0.05)。A组诱导至意识消失的时间为(9.7±1.2)s,明显长于B组的(6.1±1.1)s(P0.05)。A组肌震颤发生的例数0例,明显低于B组的17例(P0.05)。结论依托咪酯诱导时采用TCI血浆靶控模式给药对于高龄患者血流动力学稳定和减少不良反应更具优势。     

不同剂量舒芬太尼复合靶控输注异丙酚麻醉诱导对患者血液动力学的影响前瞻性、多中心、随机、双盲研究

目的 评价不同剂量舒芬太尼复合靶控输注异丙酚麻醉诱导对患者血液动力学的影响,探讨复合异丙酚时舒芬太尼的适宜麻醉诱导剂量.方法 本试验为前瞻性、多中心、随机、双盲的临床研究.拟行腹部手术患者165例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～63岁,性别不限,体重42～90 kg,根据舒芬太尼不同麻醉诱导剂量分为4组:舒芬太尼0.4 μg/kg组(S1组,n=44)、0.6 μg/kg组(S2组,n=43)、0.8 μg/kg组(S3组,n=38)、1 μg/kg组(S4组,n=40).麻醉诱导:静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg,靶控输注异丙酚,血浆靶浓度3.0 μg/ml,当BIS<60且异丙酚达设定血浆靶浓度时,各组经30 s分别静脉注射舒芬太尼0.4、0.6、0.8、1 μg/kg,四组均静脉注射罗库溴铵0.9 mg/kg,静脉注射舒芬太尼后3 min(BIS 35～45)行气管插管、机械通气.于麻醉诱导前(T0)、异丙酚血浆靶浓度3.0 μg/ml时(T1)、静脉注射舒芬太尼后1 min(T2)、3 min(T3)、气管插管后即刻(T4)、1 min(T5)、3 min(T6)、5 min(T7)时记录SP、DP、MAP和HR.记录心血管不良事件和气管插管反应的发生情况.结果 四组麻醉诱导期间低血压、高血压和心动过速的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),T4-7时S4组心动过缓发生率较其余各组升高(P<0.05);S1组和S2组气管插管反应发生率较S3组和S4组升高(P<0.05或0.01).结论 舒芬太尼0.8 μg/kg复合靶控输注异丙酚(血浆靶浓度3.0 μg/ml)麻醉诱导时患者血液动力学平稳,是复合异丙酚时舒芬太尼适宜的麻醉诱导剂量.     

国产依托咪酯乳剂用于全身麻醉诱导的多中心研究

目的观察和比较依托咪酯乳剂与丙泊酚应用于健康成人全麻诱导时血流动力学的改变和不良反应的情况。方法选择来自五个研究中心的健康成年患者共489例,随机分为丙泊酚(P)组(n=246)和依托咪酯(E)组(n=243),两组患者全麻诱导均用咪唑安定0.03mg/kg、芬太尼2μg/kg、维库溴铵0.1mg/kg,在此基础上P组用丙泊酚2.0mg/kg,E组用依托咪酯乳剂0.3~0.4mg/kg完成诱导。记录患者在基础状态(T0)、插管前1min(T1)、插管即刻(T2)及插管后1min(T3)、2、3、4、5min(T4)、10min(T5)、15min(T6)的SBP、DBP、MAP、SpO2和HR。术后回访观察肌颤、注射痛、恶心、呕吐和浅表性静脉炎等不良反应的发生情况。结果与T0比较,两组患者在T1、T2时SBP、DBP、MAP有明显的波动(P<0.05或P<0.01),但E组变化幅度显著低于P组(P<0.05)。E组患者注射痛的发生率显著低于P组(P<0.01)。结论依托咪酯乳剂可安全地用于健康成人的麻醉诱导;与丙泊酚相比,依托咪酯乳剂对血流动力学的影响轻且不良反应少。     

舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚对小儿麻醉诱导期血流动力学及脑电双频指数的影响

目的 研究舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚对小儿全麻诱导期血流动力学及脑电双频指数(BIS)的影响.方法 45例择期全麻手术患儿随机均分为三组,每组15例.舒芬太尼剂量分别为0.1μg/kg(S1组)、0.2μg/kg(S2组)和0.3μg/kg(S3组).3 min后三组均静注丙泊酚2.5 mg/kg和维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg麻醉诱导.经口行气管插管.记录诱导前(T1)、静注舒芬太尼后(T2)、静注丙泊酚后(T3)、插管即刻(T4)、插管后2 min(T5)、5 min(T6)时的BP、HR和BIS.结果 S1、S2组在T4时SBP、DBP、MAP明显高于T1时(P＜0.05);而S3组变化不明显,但与S1组同一时点比较,SBP、DBP、MAP明显低于S1组、HR慢于S1组(P＜0.05).三组间各时点的BIS差异无统计学意义.结论 应用舒芬太尼0.3 μg/kg复合丙泊酚诱导能较好地抑制气管插管时的心血管应激反应.     

丙泊酚配伍舒芬太尼与顺式阿曲库铵麻醉诱导对眼内压的影响

目的 观察丙泊酚配伍不同剂量舒芬太尼与顺式阿曲库铵麻醉诱导气管插管时对眼内压(IOP)的影响.方法 无眼疾鼻内窥镜手术患者45例,随机均分为三组.全麻诱导药物配方:A组舒芬太尼0.3 μg/kg+丙泊酚2 mg/kg+顺式阿曲库铵0.1mg/kg,B组舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg+ 丙泊酚2 mg/kg+顺式阿曲库铵0.15 mg/kg,C组舒芬太尼0.1μg/kg+丙泊酚2 mg/kg+顺式阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg,诱导后行气管插管.记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、气管插管前(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)、1 min(T3)、2 min(T4)、3 min(T5)时的IOP和MAP.结果 与T0时比较,T1时三组IOP、MAP均明显下降(P＜0.01).T2时三组IOP、MAP均明显高于T1时(P＜0.01),且A、B组显著低于C组(P＜0.01).T3～T5时A、B组IOP、MAP明显低于C组(P＜0.01),A组MAP明显低于B组(P＜0.01).结论 丙泊酚配伍0.2或0.3μg/kg舒芬太尼与顺式阿曲库铵麻醉诱导气管插管可以维持较低的IOP.     

依托咪酯用于腹部手术患者全身麻醉的临床观察

目的 观察依托咪酯在麻醉诱导及维持中应用的效果.方法 成年患者共559例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.按一定顺序和时间间隔依次静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05～0.075 mg/kg、芬太尼4μg/kg、阿曲库铵0.9 mg/kg、依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg麻醉诱导.持续输注依托咪酯10～15μg·kg-1·min-1,间断给予芬太尼1～2 μg/kg、咪达唑仑0.03 mg/kg、阿曲库铵0.3 mg/kg维持麻醉.记录人室后诱导前(T0)、诱导后1 min (T1)、2 min(T2)和插管后3 min(T3)、手术切皮时(T4 )、麻醉后1 h(T5)、拔管时(T6)的MAP、HR、BIS,清醒时间和拔管时间,术中全麻药的用量.术中和术后回访记录肌颤、注射痛、恶心、呕吐、躁动、肾上腺皮质功能不全等不良反应的情况.结果 与T0时比较,T2时MAP和HR均明显降低和减慢,T6时MAP明显升高(P<0.05);MAP和HR的下降和增快的幅度均<15%.T2时BIS值可迅速达到插管要求,持续输注依托咪酯10～15 μg·kg-1·min-1可使大多数患者的BIS值维持在理想水平.停药后多数患者12 min内BIS值恢复至90以上.肌肉震颤的发生率为12%.结论 依托咪酯乳剂用于ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级成年患者的麻醉诱导安全,血流动力学平稳,持续泵注依托咪酯乳剂10～15 μg·kg-1·min-1可维持理想的麻醉深度,停药后苏醒迅速、完全且不良反应少.     

依托咪酯复合丙泊酚在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的观察依托咪酯复合丙泊酚诱导用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床效果。方法选择2015年3月至2016年4月在我院行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者80例,男44例,女36例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。按随机数表法均分为四组,每组20例。A组:静注丙泊酚2 mg/kg;B组:静注依托咪酯0.3mg/kg;C组静注依托咪酯0.15mg/kg、丙泊酚1mg/kg;D组静注依托咪酯0.1mg/kg、丙泊酚1.5mg/kg。麻醉诱导完成后行快速气管内插管。观察和记录麻醉诱导给药前(T0)、插管前1 min(T_1)、插管时(T_2)、插管后1min(T_3)、插管后5min(T_4)、插管后15min(T_5)四组患者的HR、BP;采集四组在T0、麻醉诱导后30min(Tb)、麻醉诱导后2h(Tc)、麻醉诱导后24h(Td)的静脉血,离心后取血清,采用放射性免疫法测血清中的皮质醇(Cor)、醛固酮(ALD)以及促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH);记录并比较四组患者诱导时注射痛、肌阵挛及术后恶心呕吐等不良反应的发生率。结果与T0时比较,T_1、T_4、T_5时A组,T_1、T_5时D组HR明显减慢(P0.05);T_1、T_4、T_5时A组,T_1、T_5时C组,T_1、T_5时D组SBP明显降低,T_2时B组SBP明显升高(P0.05)。与T0时比较,Tb、Tc时B、C组Cor、ALD明显降低,Tb、Tc时B组,Tc时C组ACTH明显升高(P0.05);Tb、Tc时B、C组Cor、ALD明显低于A组,Td时B、C组ALD明显高于A组(P0.05);Tb时C组ACTH明显高于A组(P0.05);Tb、Tc时C、D组Cor、ALD明显高于B组(P0.05);Tb、Tc时D组Cor、ALD明显高于C组(P0.05)。结论依托咪酯复合丙泊酚诱导可减轻单纯丙泊酚或单纯依托咪酯诱导时的应激反应,是一种值得推广的麻醉诱导方式。     

Methadone for the induction of anesthesia: plasma histamine concentration, arterial blood pressure, and heart rate

Despite the widespread use of methadone for the treatment of acute and chronic pain, the hemodynamic effects of methadone administered by IV bolus have not been studied. We compared the hemodynamic effects of an IV bolus of methadone 20 mg with those of fentanyl 10 microg/kg for the induction of anesthesia in combination with etomidate 0.3 mg/kg. Forty-three patients undergoing major surgery were randomized to one of the two treatments in a double-blinded fashion. Plasma concentrations of histamine were measured before and 2 min after opioid administration. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were measured via an arterial line just before opioid administration, etomidate administration, and tracheal intubation; during intubation; and 1 min after intubation. There were no significant differences in mean heart rate between the methadone and fentanyl groups at any time point. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the fentanyl group just before intubation, during intubation, and 1 min after intubation. Mean plasma concentrations of histamine before and after the administration of methadone or fentanyl were 1.54 ng/mL (SD, 0.65 ng/mL) and 1.57 ng/mL (SD, 1.37 ng/mL) or 1.00 ng/mL (SD, 0.58 ng/mL) and 1.04 ng/mL (SD, 0.47 ng/mL), respectively. Despite the lack of a significant change in mean plasma concentrations of histamine, substantial increases in plasma histamine occurred in 2 of 23 patients who received methadone. There were no obvious hemodynamic effects associated with histamine concentrations up to 6.2 ng/mL. Methadone appears to have the potential for producing histamine release. Although methadone administration did not produce hemodynamic instability in this study, the possible hemodynamic side effects of histamine release should be considered when IV boluses of methadone are given. IMPLICATIONS: The same dose of IV methadone (20 mg) that is effective for postoperative pain is also suitable for the induction of anesthesia in combination with etomidate. The plasma histamine concentration was notably increased in two patients, without obvious hemodynamic sequelae. Therefore, methadone appears to have the potential for producing histamine release.     

The effects of propofol-midazolam-ketamine co-induction on hemodynamic changes and catecholamine response

Study ObjectiveTo compare the clinical efficacy of co-induction with propofol-midazolam-ketamine with etomidate as the sole induction agent.DesignProspective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial.SettingOperating room of a university hospital.Patients60 ASA physical status 1 and 2 patients scheduled for limited elective surgery requiring general anesthesia.InterventionsPatients were randomized to two groups to receive etomidate 0.3 mg/kg (single-drug group) or propofol 0.6 mg/kg + ketamine 0.8 mg/kg + midazolam 0.06 mg/kg (three-drug group).MeasurementsHemodynamic responses (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure) were examined at baseline and at one, three, and 5 minutes after tracheal intubation. Plasma catecholamine levels were measured at baseline, one, and 5 minutes after tracheal intubation.Main ResultsHeart rate (HR) changes differed significantly between the two groups at three minutes (P = 0.01) and 5 minutes (P = 0.00) after tracheal intubation. However, the HR increase in the three-drug group was in the acceptable range. Percentage changes of epinephrine level differed between the two groups at 5 minutes after tracheal intubation (P = 0.03).ConclusionsThe higher norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio noted in the single-drug group may be implicated in lower adrenal sympathetic activity. Propofol-midazolam-ketamine co-induction may be used instead of etomidate for anesthesia induction in patients with hemodynamic instability.     

羟考酮抑制中老年患者全身麻醉诱导期依托咪酯所致肌阵挛的半数有效量

目的 观察羟考酮抑制中老年患者全身麻醉诱导期依托咪酯所致肌阵挛的药效学. 方法 择期全身麻醉下手术患者62例,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级.分为两组:中年组(45～54岁)30例,老年组(65～74岁)32例.麻醉诱导:患者面罩吸氧(8 L/min)5 min后,采用改良序贯法30 s内静脉注射羟考酮.2 min后30 s内静脉注射依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg,持续观察2 min,评估肌阵挛发生情况及其程度.然后静脉注射顺式阿曲库铵2 mg/kg和芬太尼3μg/kg,5min内完成气管插管行机械通气.麻醉分别以靶控输注(target controlled infusion,TCI)丙白酚(3.0 mg/L)、瑞芬太尼(2.5～3.0 μg/L)维持.采用Probit回归方法分析各组羟考酮的ED50及其95％CI,并记录手术时间、术后拔管时间及恶心、呕吐等副作用. 结果 羟考酮抑制中老年患者全身麻醉诱导期依托咪酯所致肌阵挛的ED.分别为0.077 mg/kg和0.062 mg/kg,95％CI分别为0.045～0.122 mg/kg和0.043～0.101 mg/kg;中年组羟考酮剂量明显高于老年组患者(P＜0.05).两组患者副作用发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(D0.05). 结论 羟考酮抑制中老年患者全身麻醉诱导期依托咪酯所致肌阵挛的ED50分别为0.077 mg/kg与0.062mg/kg;95％CI分别为0.045～0.122 mg/kg与0.043～0.101 mg/kg.     

Effects of combining midazolam and barbiturate on the response to tracheal intubation: changes in autonomic nervous system

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects on the autonomic nervous system of anesthesia induction with a combination of midazolam and barbiturate using plasma catecholamine concentration and heart rate (HR) variability in comparison with the induction with barbiturate alone. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Operating room of a university hospital. PATIENTS: 40 ASA physical status I and II patients aged 30 to 70 years, who were scheduled for general anesthesia. INTERVENTIONS: Anesthesia was induced with 0.1 mg/kg midazolam followed by 3 mg/kg thiopental sodium (Midazolam-Barbiturate group) or thiopental 5 mg/kg (Barbiturate group) with 6 L/min oxygen. MEASUREMENTS: Arterial blood pressure (BP), HR, HR variability, and plasma concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured. MAIN RESULTS: Blood pressure and HR increased in response to tracheal intubation in both groups, but the increase was significantly larger in the Barbiturate group. In the Barbiturate group, the high-frequency component (HF) in HR variability increased significantly during intubation, whereas in the Midazolam-Barbiturate group, HF decreased continuously. The low-frequency component (LF)/HF ratio increased in both groups, with significantly higher values noted in the Barbiturate group. Plasma epinephrine concentrations decreased before intubation and increased in response to tracheal intubation in the Barbiturate group. Finally, plasma norepinephrine concentrations increased in response to tracheal intubation only in the Barbiturate group. CONCLUSIONS: Anesthesia induction with a combination of midazolam-thiopental was effective in reducing hemodynamic and cardiac autonomic nervous system responses to tracheal intubation in comparison with the conventional induction with thiopental alone.     

艾司洛尔对患者麻醉诱导气管插管时脑电双频谱指数的影响

Objective To evaluate the effect of esmolol on bispectral index (BIS) in patients undergoing orotracheal intubation during induction of anesthesia and to investigate the mechanism of inhibiting the cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation.Methode Forty patients in physical status of ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ and aged 20-60 years were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n = 20 each): esmolol group (group E) and control group (group C). Anesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, fentanyl 5 μg/kg and vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg. In group E, esmolol 1 mg/kg was given intravenously before anesthesia induction and followed by an infusion of esmolol 250 μg· kg- 1·min-1, while a comparable volume of saline was given for group C. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and BIS were recorded before esmolol administration, before induction of anesthesia, before orotracheal intubation, and at 1, 2 and 5 min after intubation, respectively.Results There were no significant differences in HR, MAP and BIS between the two groups before tracheal intubation. HR and MAP significantly increased after tracheal intubation in both groups, but BIS only in group C significantly increased after intubation.HR, MAP and BIS were significantly lower after intubation in group E than in group C ( P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Esmolol can decrease BIS during tracheal intubation and its antinociceptive property is related to the mechanism of inhibiting cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation.     

舒芬太尼复合布托啡诺对依托咪酯全麻诱导肌震颤的影响

目的观察舒芬太尼复合布托啡诺对依托咪酯全麻诱导肌震颤的影响以及合适剂量。 方法选择2018年11月至2019年6月河北省保定市第一中心医院择期行全麻手术患者120例,ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,随机分为S组、BS1组和BS2组。S组静注舒芬太尼0.4 μg/kg;BS1组预注布托啡诺10 μg/kg,3 min后静注舒芬太尼0.3 μg/kg;BS2组预注布托啡诺20 μg/kg,3 min后静注舒芬太尼0.2 μg/kg,三组患者均于1 min后静注依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg（推注时间10~15 s）。连续观察2 min,静注顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵0.25 mg/kg,2 min后行气管插管。记录呛咳反应发生率,肌震颤发生情况,给药前、插管前即刻及插管后即刻的心率（HR)、平均动脉压（MAP）,术后6 h内恶心呕吐的发生率。 结果三组患者肌震颤的发生率无明显差异,S组呛咳反应的发生率高（χ²=10.350,P=0.006）;S组给药前至插管前即刻MAP、HR降低较BS1、BS2组明显（F=25.910、22.057,均P<0.001）,BS1、BS2组间差异无统计学意义;插管前后BS1组HR、MAP升高最小,其次为S组,BS2升高最大（F=8.849、16.101,均P<0.001）。三组患者术中情况均稳定,术后均无严重的麻醉相关并发症。 结论舒芬太尼复合布托啡诺与等效镇痛剂量的单纯舒芬太尼对于依托咪酯所致肌震颤的抑制作用相同,布托啡诺对舒芬太尼所致的呛咳反应具有抑制作用。布托啡诺10 μg/kg复合舒芬太尼0.3 μg/kg更能维持全麻患者气管插管血流动力学的稳定,为比较合适的麻醉诱导复合剂量。     

Hemodynamic stability during induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation with propofol plus fentanyl, ketamine, and fentanyl-ketamine

Purpose. This study was conducted to investigate hemodynamic and cardiac stability during anesthesia induction and intubation, using propofol plus fentanyl, propofol plus ketamine, and propofol plus fentanyl and ketamine. Methods. Forty-five adult patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups according to the agents used for induction: propofol (2 mg/kg) plus fentanyl (3 μg/kg) (PF), propofol (2 mg/kg) plus ketamine (0.1 mg/kg) (PK), and propofol (2 mg/kg) plus fentanyl (3 μg/kg) plus ketamine (0.1 mg/kg) (PFK). Hemodynamic responses were assessed by measuring changes in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO; using dye dilution combined with pulse dye densitometry [PDD]). Results. BP and HR changes during the induction of anesthesia tended to be greater in the PK group than in the PF and PFK groups. After the injection of propofol, the cardiac index (CI) fell significantly below baseline values in the PF and PFK groups, but remained unchanged in the PK group. After tracheal intubation, BP and HR increased significantly only in the PF and PK groups, and reached a level significantly above baseline values only in the PK group. The CO responses to tracheal intubation were: PK group > PF group > PFK group. Conclusion. A combination of propofol plus fentanyl plus ketamine would provide greater reduction of fluctuations in hemodynamic variables associated with induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation than combinations of propofol plus fentanyl or propofol plus ketamine. Received: January 22, 2001 / Accepted: June 19, 2001     

Myocardial metabolism as affected by propofol in geriatric patients. A comparison with etomidate

This study was designed to compare the effects of propofol and etomidate on myocardial metabolism in elderly patients without clinical manifestations of heart failure or coronary artery disease. Twenty geriatric patients (age 65-82 years) scheduled to undergo elective major upper-abdominal surgery were studied and randomly allocated to two equal groups (propofol and etomidate). All patients were premedicated with piritramide, 7.5 mg, and promethazine, 25 mg, intramuscularly 1 h before arrival in the anesthesia room. Ten patients received propofol (1.5 mg/kg) for induction of anesthesia, followed by 10-min infusion of an induction dose; thereafter, anesthesia was maintained with a continuous infusion of 0.1 mg/kg per min. Ten patients received etomidate, 18 mg, for induction, followed by 2.4 mg/min for maintenance. Vecuronium was used for neuromuscular blockade. Cardiovascular dynamics were recorded while the patients were awake, 1-2 min after induction during apnoea, and 1, 5 and 30 min after tracheal intubation without surgical stimulation. Coronary blood flow (argon wash-in technique with sampling of blood from the coronary sinus), myocardial oxygen consumption and myocardial uptake of glucose, free fatty acids and lactate were determined in the awake state and 5 and 30 min after intubation. Arterial plasma concentrations of propofol (high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection) and etomidate (gas chromatography) were measured every 5 min throughout the investigation period, which lasted 45 min. Overall mean plasma concentrations of propofol were 3.69 +/- 0.16 micrograms/ml and of etomidate 1.1 +/- 0.16 microgram/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Comparison of the Effects of Etomidate, Propofol, and Thiopental on Respiratory Resistance after Tracheal Intubation

Background: Tracheal intubation frequently results in reversible bronchoconstriction. Propofol has been reported to minimize this response in healthy patients and in asthma patients, but may be unsuitable for hemodynamically unstable patients for whom etomidate may be preferable. The current study examined respiratory resistance after tracheal intubation after induction with either thiopental, etomidate, or propofol. A supratherapeutic dose of etomidate was used to test the hypothesis that the bronchoconstrictive response could be minimized by deep intravenous anesthesia.

Methods: Seventy-seven studies were conducted in 75 patients. Anesthesia was induced with either 2.5 mg/kg propofol, 0.4 mg/kg etomidate, or 5 mg/kg thiopental. Respiratory resistance was measured at 2 min after induction.

Results: Respiratory resistance at 2 min was 8.1+/-3.4 cmH sub 2 O *symbol* l sup -1 *symbol* s (mean+/-SD) for patients receiving propofol versus 11.3+/-5.3 for patients receiving etomidate and 12.3+/-7.9 for patients receiving thiopental (P less than or equal to 0.05 for propofol vs. either etomidate or thiopental).