骨骼化乳内动脉在不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用研究

目的:总结将骨骼化乳内动脉(IMA)应用于不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)的临床结效果和经验。方法:选取从2015年7月至2016年6月期间,我科室60例包括冠状动脉前降支在内的多支冠状动脉狭窄需进行OPCABG,并经术前超声检查锁骨下动脉和IMA正常的患者。随机分为两组;A组:应用骨骼化方法获取左IMA,并与前降支行端侧吻合进行血运重建;B组:应用带蒂获取左IMA与前降支吻合进行血运重建。两组均应用静脉复合全身麻醉,取胸部正中切口,非体外循环下施行手术。结果:远端吻合口数两组分别为(2.6±0.5)个/例和(2.7±0.5)个/例,无胸骨感染病例;院内死亡1例,病死率1.7%,为带蒂方法采集左IMA组,死亡原因为围术期心肌梗死;术后发生并发症4例,每组各2例,发生率6.7%,其中发生肺部感染2例,低心排血量综合征2例,均通过抗感染、血管活性药物、IABP辅助治疗等措施治愈。生存患者随访3个月,随访率89.8%(53/59);所有患者无心绞痛复发,心功能恢复至Ⅰ~Ⅱ级(NYHA)。结论:在OPCABG中应用骨骼化IMA安全、疗效满意,但术中取材具有一定操作难度,易发生乳内动脉损伤,手术方式选择应根据具体情况决定。     

Distal internal mammary artery (IMA) with retrograde flow for coronary artery grafting

A case in which the right distal internal mammary artery (IMA) was used to graft the posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery is presented. The retrograde blood flow at dissection was 60 ml per minute, no electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia were detected postoperatively. The patient is well and fully active 6 months after surgery.     

Chylothorax: An unusual complication following coronary artery bypass grafting using the left internal mammary artery

Development of a massive left-sided chylothorax following coronary artery grafting in a 56-year-old man is presented because of its rarity. Management with chest-tube drainage and dietary restrictions of fat with parenteral nutrition were used to treat the patient. Pleural fluid analysis for chyle in presence of massive pleural effusion was the key to early diagnosis and treatment to prevent increased morbidity and mortality. From 1985 to 1997 at this hospital, this complication occurred in 1 out of 18,978 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery; in 6,232 patients, the left internal mammary artery was used.     

骨骼化或带蒂游离乳内动脉应用于冠脉旁路移植术的对比研究

目的：对比分析骨骼化或带蒂游离乳内动脉在冠脉旁路移植术中的应用效果,总结相关经验。 方法：回顾性分析2015年9月至2016年7月,在我院心胸外科采用骨骼化（n=77）或带蒂（n=85）游离技术获取左乳内动脉（left internal mammary artery,LIMA）行冠脉旁路移植术的162例患者的临床资料。所有患者术中LIMA均端侧吻合到左前降支（left anterior descending,LAD）。分析两组患者的LIMA获取时间、术中LIMA桥血流量、术中LIMA桥搏动指数PI、术后前3天每日胸腔引流量及术后随访1年时的LIMA桥通畅率。 结果：所有患者均顺利完成LIMA至LAD 的冠脉旁路移植手术。骨骼化组获取LIMA的时间略长于带蒂组（33.8±4.7 min vs 26.6±4.1 min,P＜0.05）;但骨骼化组术中LIMA桥血流量明显优于带蒂组（36.9±20.1 ml/min vs 28.6±17.2 ml/min,P＜0.05）而两组术中LIMA桥搏动指数无明显差异（3.1±1.2 vs 2.9±0.8,P＞0.05）。骨骼化组术后前三天引流量均明显少于带蒂组（P＜0.05）。术后随访到1年时的LIMA桥血管通畅率为100%。 结论：骨骼化游离乳内动脉可安全、有效地应用于冠脉旁路移植术中,近中期效果满意。与带蒂游离乳内动脉相比,骨骼化组术中LIMA桥血流量更好,术后早期胸腔引流量也更少,但骨骼化组获取LIMA的时间略长。     

Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting using a bilateral internal mammary artery Y graft

Objectives To evaluate the outcome of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) using a bilateral internal mammary artery (BIMA) Y configuration graft to achieve total arterial myocardial revascularization. Methods From October 2002 to December 2008, 208 patients (196 males and 12 females) underwent OPCABG using a BIMA Y configuration graft. The average age of the patients was 56.5 ± 11.3 years, with an age range of 33–78 years. A total of 167 (80.2%) cases had triple-vessel disease. Left main stem disease was found in 33 (15.9%) cases, and double-vessel disease was found in 8 (3.9%) cases. The semi-skeletonization technique was used to harvest the two internal mammary arteries (IMAs), and then the free right internal mammary artery was connected end-to-side to the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) in situ to complete the Y configuration graft. Off-pump and sequential anastomosis methods were used to perform coronary artery bypass surgery in all patients. Graft patency was assessed intra-operatively with the HT311 transit time flowmeter. Results A total of 728 distal anastomoses were performed in 208 patients, with the average being 3.5 ± 1.3 per person. No one died or experienced recurrent angina within 30 days after the operation. Conclusions OPCABG using the BIMA Y graft was safe and effective to achieve total arterial revascularization. This method avoids surgical operation on the ascending aorta and other incisions.     

Early results with bilateral internal mammary artery grafting in coronary reoperations.

In recent years, use of the internal mammary artery (IMA) as first graft of choice has been expanded with bilateral and sequential grafts in primary myocardial revascularization. The use of bilateral IMA grafts in reoperation has seldom been reported. The experience and early results with bilateral IMA grafting in 47 patients undergoing coronary reoperation are described. Hospital mortality was 6.3%. Four patients had postoperative signs of low cardiac output, and 4 had a perioperative myocardial infarction. At follow-up (18 +/- 18 months), 2 cardiac-related, late deaths were noted. Thirteen patients (29%) improved 1 New York Heart Association class, and 28 (63%) improved > 1 class. In 1 of 44 surviving patients, operation did not result in a decrease in angina. On the basis of the early results, the bilateral use of the IMA in coronary reoperation appears justified.     

Effects of coronary artery bypass grafting using internal mammary arteries for diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVES: In our institute, internal mammary arteries (IMAs) have been preferred for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of diabetes and IMA grafting on survival after CABG. BACKGROUND: The influence of diabetes on the results of CABG is not well documented, and there is controversy about whether the use of IMAs conveys greater survival benefits to diabetic patients. METHODS: A total of 420 consecutive patients who underwent CABG from April 1990 to July 1998 were reviewed; 211 of these patients had diabetes mellitus at the time of surgery. Internal mammary artery grafts have been used with increasing frequency, and bilateral IMAs have been used when possible since 1993. Internal mammary artery grafts were used in 164 nondiabetic patients (78%) and in 155 diabetic patients (73%). Seventy-eight nondiabetic patients and 74 diabetic patients received bilateral IMA grafts. RESULTS: The postoperative mortality was 2.4% in the nondiabetic and 2.8% in the diabetic group. With regard to postoperative complications, diabetic patients had a significantly higher rate of chest wound infection (p < 0.05), irrespective of whether IMAs were used or not. The use of bilateral IMAs did not increase the risk of chest wound infection in nondiabetic or diabetic patients. Overall survival curve, cardiac death-free curve and cardiac event-free curve were not affected adversely by diabetes, and in diabetic patients, CABG with saphenous veins alone conveyed significantly (p < 0.01) less long-term benefit than did CABG with at least one IMA graft. CONCLUSIONS: It was suggested that IMA grafts should be preferred in diabetic patients.     

Use of internal mammary artery in radiation-induced coronary artery disease.

In 3 patients who had been subjected to mediastinal irradiation for breast cancer, the internal mammary artery was used as a conduit for myocardial revascularization. Intraoperatively, in all patients the internal mammary artery exhibited excellent blood flow and except for mild adhesions between the pericardium and epicardium no unusual technical problems were encountered. Preoperative assessment of the internal mammary artery by angiography is recommended in patients with radiation-induced coronary artery disease who are scheduled to undergo myocardial revascularization with intended use of the internal mammary artery.     

Left internal mammary artery grafting to left anterior descending coronary artery by minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass approach

New surgical techniques for the treatment of the isolated lesion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) include off-pump surgery, minimal access to the heart, and endoscopic or computer enhanced coronary artery bypass surgery. The term minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery (MIDCAB) is related to a leftside minithoracotomy, the harvest of the left internal mammary artery (IMA) under direct vision, and an anastomosis performed between IMA and LAD under direct vision, using the technique of mechanical local immobilization by a special device. Alternative techniques include endoscopic harvesting of the IMA, or as a new and still experimental approach, the closed-chest total endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting (TECAB) with the use of a high tech telemanipulator system. The currently reported results demonstrate the safety of MIDCAB surgery (30-day mortality < 0.5%, perioperative myocardial infarction < 2%, early patency rate between 95% and 98%). Mid-term results after 6 months have shown a patency rate between 94% and 97%, and more than 90% of the patients are without any angina symptoms. Due to this promising results MIDCAB is an alternative treatment for high-grade LAD lesions.     

The effect of not using an internal mammary artery as a conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting

When presented with a high risk case for coronary bypass surgery, the surgeon can confidently use an internal mammary artery as a conduit for that patient     

乳内动脉在冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

为了探索国人应用乳内动脉做冠状动脉旁路移植术的近期临床效果,从94年10月至98年3月共60例冠心病人采用乳内动脉、桡动脉及大隐静脉做冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG).大多数为三支病变及左主干病变.中低温及常温体外循环,经主动脉根部间断灌注冷血或温血停跳液心肌保护.强调在取乳内动脉时要格外小心,不要用器械钳夹乳内动脉,牵拉应轻柔.采用8-0 Prolene线做乳内动脉与前降支等做远端吻合.吻合完成后应将乳内蒂固定于心脏表面,减少吻合口张力.最后切开左上心包让乳内动脉走行平坦,无张力.平均搭桥支数为3.5根.术后死亡1例,死亡率1.7%.使用乳内动脉做CABC是安全有效的.59例病人心绞痛完全缓解,活动能力及生活质量明显提高.     

Left internal mammary artery side branch intervention in the management of coronary steal syndrome following coronary artery bypass grafting

Social media allows interventional cardiologists to disseminate and discuss research and clinical cases in real-time, to demonstrate and learn innovative techniques, to build professional networks, and to reach out to patients and the general public. Social media provides a democratic platform for all participants to influence the conversation and demonstrate their expertise. This review addresses the use of social media for these purposes in interventional cardiology, as well as respect for patient privacy, how to get started on social media, the creation of high-impact social media content, and the role of traditional journals in the age of social media. In the future, we hope that interventional cardiology fellowship programs will incorporate social media training into their curricula. In addition, professional societies may adapt to the rapid dissemination of data on social media by developing processes to update guidelines more rapidly and more frequently.     

Hemodynamics and coronary blood flow during exercise after coronary artery bypass grafting with internal mammary arteries in children with Kawasaki disease

BACKGROUND. Saphenous vein grafts (SVG) and internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts have been used for coronary artery bypass grafting. In adult patients with bypass grafting for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, IMA grafts have been reported to have long-term patency; however, results are conflicting on whether the graft is sufficient to meet increased myocardial oxygen demand during exercise. There have been no studies on hemodynamics and blood flow during exercise after bypass grafting with IMA in pediatric patients with Kawasaki disease. METHODS AND RESULTS. We studied 17 pediatric patients with Kawasaki disease (average age, 7.5 +/- 3.1 years), who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with the IMA. The average number of coronary artery bypass grafts was 2.1 +/- 0.7/patient. For all patients, the left IMA was anastomosed to the left anterior descending coronary artery; for eight patients, the right IMA was also anastomosed to the right coronary artery. In addition, 11 SVGs were used. The postoperative patency rates after 1 month were 100% with the IMA graft and 91% with SVG. One year after the operation, the patency rates were 100% with IMA and 50% with SVG. Hemodynamics during exercise were measured with a bicycle ergometer, and coronary sinus blood flow was measured by the continuous thermodilution method in six patients. The relation between delta LVEDP (the difference between left ventricular end-diastolic pressure at rest and during exercise) and delta SVI (the difference between the stroke volume index at rest and during exercise) was analyzed. Four of six patients had reduced cardiac function before operation (delta LVEDP, positive; delta SVI, negative). However, after the operation, all patients demonstrated improvements in cardiac function during exercise (delta LVEDP, positive; delta SVI, positive). Coronary sinus flow per left ventricular mass increased after operation from 70 +/- 46 to 87 +/- 56 ml/min at rest (p less than 0.05) and from 139 +/- 118 to 183 +/- 150 ml/min during exercise (p less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS. In conclusion, this study reveals improvements in both hemodynamics and coronary blood flow during exercise after coronary artery bypass grafting with IMA grafts in pediatric patients with Kawasaki disease.     

老年患者原位乳内动脉行冠状动脉旁路移植术112例

目的　乳内动脉 (IMA)是当前国际上公认的最好的搭桥移植物 ,而在老年患者中使用较少 ,因为人们觉得IMA的使用会增加手术并发症发生率和死亡率 ,而且亚洲人比欧美人IMA细小 ,手术有一定难度 ,据此事实 ,作者总结了老年患者常规使用IMA搭桥的近中期效果、技术要点及手术指征。方法　自 1 997年 4月至 1 999年 9月 ,冠心病 1 68例接受了冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG)治疗 ,其中老年患者 1 1 2例 (男 1 1 0例 ,女 2例 ) ,年龄 60～ 75岁 ,平均 66 .5岁。原位IMA使用率占单纯CABG手术的 92 % ,同时行双瓣置换 2例 ,单瓣置换 8例 ,室壁瘤切除、左室成形 1 0例。结果　 1 1 1例痊愈出院 ,心绞痛消失 ,围手术期发生心肌梗死 1例 ,术后死亡 1例。近中期随访效果满意。结论　老年冠心病患者搭桥也应首选IMA ,而且可以常规使用     

Retrograde internal mammary to coronary artery anastomoses

In an effort to expand the utilization of the internal mammary artery (IMA) for revascularization of the distal coronary artery branches, distally pedicled retrograde internal mammary arteries (retro-IMA) were evaluated in 10 mongrel dogs with a mean weight of 38 +/- 13 kg. One IMA was transected at it's origin (retro-IMA) and compared to the contralateral IMA which was transected at the level of the 5th intercostal space. At a mean systemic pressure of 68 +/- 15 mmHg the mean pressure measured at the tip of the IMAs with antegrade flow was 63 +/- 14 mmHg in the retro-IMAs with retrograde flow (p less than 0.05; pressure ratio 0.8). With the same mean systemic pressure, mean antegrade free flow of the IMAs was assessed 97 +/- 43 ml/min versus 48 +/- 13 ml/min in the retro-IMAs with retrograde flow (p less than 0.005; flow ratio 0.5). Left retro-IMA to coronary artery anastomosis was performed in 6 animals to the distal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and in 2 animals to the distal left obtuse marginal branch. Right retro-IMA to coronary artery anastomosis to the right posterior descending coronary artery was performed in 2 animals. The LAD coronary artery was ligated proximally to the retro-IMA to coronary artery anastomosis while the retro-IMA remained crossclamped. After documentation of significant ischemia (EKG, left atrial pressure), the crossclamp of the retro-IMA graft was removed. Subsequent normalisation of EKG and left atrial pressure occurred in all animals. We conclude that the canine retro-IMA delivers significant retrograde flow and discuss a possible use in humans.     

冠状动脉外科发展史

冠状动脉搭桥手术（CABG）是当今冠心病治疗的重要手段之一。因其疗效好，再手术率低，已越来越多地被冠心病患者所接受。冠状动脉外科的发展是一个具有创造性思维的故事，期间有极大期望，亦有极大失望，但最终它产生了令人满意的结果。本文分5个阶段简述。     

Sequential internal mammary artery bypass for multiple coronary stenoses

Long-term studies (10 years) show a 50 per cent patency rate of saphenous vein autograft and 95 per cent patency rate of internal mammary artery coronary bypass grafts. In some situations (after saphenous vein stripping, varicose and fibrotic veins) it is not possible to use venous grafts and the internal mammary artery has to be used. However, the internal mammary artery is usually only used for revascularisation of the left anterior descending artery. Sequential internal mammary artery bypass is a technique which can be used for revascularizing the left anterior descending artery. Seven men aged 44 to 68 years (average 55 years) were operated between November 1983 and February 1985. These patients had clinically stable (4 cases) or instable (3 cases) angina. Two patients had previously undergone bilateral saphenous vein stripping and one patient a terminal anastomosis on the left anterior descending and a latero-lateral anastomosis on the diagonal artery. Three patients had an associated venous bypass graft and one patient also underwent aortic valve replacement. There were no cases of postoperative myocardial infarction. Five control angiographies were carried out during the first postoperative month. In 4 patients the internal mammary graft ant the latero-lateral and termino-lateral anastomoses were patent. In the other case, the latero-lateral anastomosis and the diagonal artery was occluded but the internal mammary graft and the termino-lateral anastomosis on the left anterior descending artery were patent. The average follow-up period is now 18 months: there have been no recurrences of chest pain or any ECG changes. These results show that internal mammary artery bypass grafting is a delicate procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)