Salvage surgery for a super-responder by gefitinib therapy for advanced lung cancer

Salvage surgery after gefitinib therapy in a 66-year-old female with cT4N1M1a lung adenocarcinoma in the right middle lobe, which had gene mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor, is presented. The patient had bulky hilar lymph nodes, pleural dissemination, and pulmonary metastases in the ipsilateral lobes. After 3 courses of chemotherapy, the patient was treated with gefitinib, resulting in partial response, i.e. only the primary tumor and the middle lobe atelectasis remained. We performed the middle lobe lobectomy aimed at local control and pathological confirmation of the remaining tumor. Because the hilum of the middle lobe was occupied with scar tissue, its pulmonary vein had to be cut within the pericardium and its pulmonary artery and bronchus had to be transected simultaneously with a stapler. Pathological stage was yp-T2aN0N0 with Ef 2. For salvage surgery after good response to gefitinib therapy, it should be taken care to expose pulmonary vessels.     

A clinical evaluation of the practical reliability in video-assisted thoracic surgery for right primary lung cancer

Recently, lobectomy by video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS lobectomy: VL) has been widely applied to peripheral lung cancer because of its less invasive approach compared to standard thoracotomy (ST). However, the appropriate approach in VL still remains to be solved. The aim of this study was to evaluate the practical reliability of our technical devices in VL for right primary lung cancer. For the VATS procedures, a mini-thoracotomy measuring about 6-7 cm was made in the fourth or fifth intercostal space (ICS) under the auscultatory triangle without rib resection. Two access holes 12 mm in size were also made in the fourth ICS at the anterior axillary line and in the seventh ICS at the posterior axillary line, respectively. These access holes were used for insertion of thoracoscope, endoscopic stapler or retracting instrument according to operative procedure. After stapling of the vessels and bronchus, the resected pulmonary lobe was removed from the thorax using a plastic retrieval bag. The present study showed the technical feasibility of this unique thoracoscopic approach in the standard lobectomy with systematic nodal dissection for right lung cancer.     

The pleura,lobes and microstructure of the lungs

The pleura is a double-walled serous lined sac. The outer layer clothes the chest wall and diaphragm, the inner (visceral) layer adheres to the lung: the two meet at the hilum. Between these two layers is the potential space of the pleural cavity, moistened by a film of serous fluid. The mediastinum is the space between the two pleural sacs. The right lung is larger than the left and comprises the upper, middle and lower lobes. The left lung has an upper and lower lobe separated by the oblique fissure. On the right an additional transverse fissure separates the upper and middle lobes. The hilum of the lung contains, within its pleural sheath, the main bronchus, pulmonary artery and vein, bronchial vessels, hilar lymph nodes and lymphatics, and autonomic sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal) fibres. The epithelium comprises columnar ciliated cells and mucus secreting goblet cells down to the finer bronchi, while the alveoli are free from goblet cells and the epithelium comprises a thin membrane. The alveoli also contain large vacuolated cells that produce the phospholipid component of surfactant. Below the mucosa, the bronchial wall is made up of a basement membrane, submucous elastic tissue, non-striated muscle, and an outer fibrous coat containing cartilage. At each bifurcation there is a saddle-shaped piece of cartilage, which reinforces the two branches at their division.     

胸腔镜肺叶切除术中常见问题的预防和处理

目的 总结胸腔镜下肺叶切除术中常见问题的预防和处理方法.方法 2007年6月至2009年12月,通过胸部3个微小切口,共行胸腔镜下肺叶切除术96例.其中右肺上叶切除28例,右肺中叶切除7例,右肺中、下叶切除3例,右肺下叶切除19例,左肺上叶切除12例,左肺下叶切除27例.结果 手术顺利,无围手术期严重并发症及死亡,术中常见问题包括:手术切口及血管出血、胸膜腔广泛粘连、支气管断端漏气.中转开胸4例.手术平均(180±59)min,出血量平均(191±92)ml,2例输血.术后平均胸腔引流(4.6±2.4)天,术后平均住院(8.0±3.2)天.术后病理原发性肺癌85例,硬化性血管瘤3例,支气管扩张3例,结核球2例,隔离肺2例,霉菌球1例.结论 熟练掌握术中常见问题的预防和处理,有助于开展全胸腔镜下肺叶切除术.     

Simulation of the Fissureless Technique for Thoracoscopic Segmentectomy Using Rapid Prototyping

The fissureless lobectomy or anterior fissureless technique is a novel surgical technique, which avoids dissection of the lung parenchyma over the pulmonary artery during lobectomy by open thoracotomy approach or direct vision thoracoscopic surgery. This technique is indicated for fused lobes. We present two cases where thoracoscopic pulmonary segmentectomy was performed using the fissureless technique simulated by three-dimensional (3D) pulmonary models. The 3D model and rapid prototyping provided an accurate anatomical understanding of the operative field in both cases. We believe that the construction of these models is useful for thoracoscopic and other complicated surgeries of the chest.     

Complete thoracoscopic lobectomy with systematic nodal dissection via 5 ports for lung cancer

We herein report a procedure for thoracoscopic lobectomy with mediastinal dissection for primary lung cancer using 5 access ports. A thoracoscope is inserted through an access port on the mid-axillary line in the 6th intercostal space. The availability of 4 instruments through 4 ports makes it easy to divide bronchus and pulmonary vessels and to dissect mediastinal lymph nodes. Between April 2005 and March 2007, 88 patients with clinical stage I/II primary lung cancer underwent this thoracoscopic procedure. Mean (+/- SD) operation time was 148 +/- 42 minutes and mean (+/- SD) blood loss was 166 +/- 148 ml. No local recurrence was found in patients with pathologic stage I/II diseases, whereas ipsilateral mediastinal lymphadenopathy occurred in 2 with pathologic stage III A disease during the mean post-opetrative period of 518 +/- 200 days. The thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer presented here was seen to be a feasible procedure and has the advantage of reducing operative time.     

全胸腔镜下肺叶切除治疗肺结核空洞内继发曲菌球26例

目的探讨全胸腔镜下肺叶切除治疗肺结核空洞内继发曲菌球的安全性、可行性。方法2009年4月～2013年12月全胸腔镜下以肺叶切除为主手术治疗26例肺结核空洞内继发曲菌球。采取3个切口：观察孔在腋中线第7或8肋间;主操作孔在腋前线第4或5肋间,应用切口保护器,不使用肋骨牵开器;辅助操作孔在与观察孔同一肋间的肩胛下角线（即第7或8肋间）。在全胸腔镜下完成解剖性肺叶切除,用内镜切割缝合器处理血管和支气管,术中遇到特殊情况则中转开胸。结果2例中转开胸：1例因胸膜粘连致密,1例因出血。余24例在全胸腔镜下完成解剖性肺叶切除,包括右肺上叶6例,右肺上叶＋下叶背段2例,右肺中叶1例,右肺下叶4例,左肺上叶4例,左肺下叶5例,左肺下叶＋上叶舌段2例。手术时间（152．3±57．2）min;术中出血量（336．3±106．5）mI,术后引流液总量（820．5±570．8）ml;术后带管时间（7．3±3．5）d;术后住院时间（9．4±3．7）d。围手术期无死亡。术后并发症4例：肺漏气3例,其中2例持续引流12～15d后愈合拔管,1例重新置入胸腔闭式引流管,接负压吸引,术后19d后愈合拔管;切口延迟愈合1例,给予清创缝合,10d后切口愈合良好拆线。26例随访5—60个月,平均27．6月,无复发、死亡。结论全胸腔镜下肺叶切除治疗肺结核空洞内继发曲菌球安全、可行。     

Simultaneous Aortic Valve Replacement and Left Lower Lobectomy: Technical Considerations

Abstract   An 84-year-old patient underwent combined aortic valve replacement and left lower lobectomy (LLL) for bronchogenic cancer. At surgery, which was performed via median sternotomy, the fissure was found to be totally fused. The fissure, artery, and bronchus were treated off pump, while the left inferior pulmonary vein and the inferior ligament were sectioned on pump. Finally, the stenotic aortic valve was replaced with a bioprosthesis. The postoperative course was smooth and the patient discharged on the ninth day. The simultaneous treatment of lung cancer and cardiac disease has been widely described. LLL, on the other hand, represents a surgical challenge because the left ventricle obscures the pulmonary hilum. We have performed LLL combined to aortic valve replacement using a mixed approach, partly on pump and partly off pump to reduce bleeding and hemodynamic instability, which are well-known complications.     

Extended bronchoplasty and angioplasty with a right upper-middle bilobectomy and S6 segmentectomy for lung cancer: a novel technique for anastomosis

In the lung cancer case described here, we resected the right upper lobe, right middle lobe, and superior segment of the right lower lobe with concomitant resection of the pulmonary artery and bronchoplastic and pulmonary arterial reconstruction. The basal segmental bronchus was anastomosed to the right main stem bronchus using a novel, specific technique: The tumor was extirpated with division of the upper and middle lobe bronchus and the superior segmental bronchus. Parts of the middle bronchus and superior segmental bronchus on the distal side were used to expand their orifice. The cut end of the pulmonary artery was sutured, reversing the long and short axes, to shorten and adjust the pulmonary artery.     

Surgical risk of vessel injury: an unusual anatomical variant of the right medial basal segmental pulmonary artery

Video-assisted right basal segmentectomy was successfully performed on a 72-year-old man with an anomalous pulmonary artery. Multidetector row angiography showed the A7 branch arising from the right main pulmonary artery proximal to the branches of the superior trunks, lying under the middle bronchus, and reaching segment S7. Metastatic tumor (diameter 7 mm) was identified in the periphery of this vessel. This anomaly appears to be rare but seems also to be easily overlooked and could cause serious vessel injury even for video-assisted thoracoscopic right lower lobectomy.     

Simulation of lung lobe resection with personal computer

Various patterns of branching are seen for pulmonary arteries and veins in the lung hilum. However, thoracic surgeons usually cannot expect to discern much anatomical detail preoperatively. If the surgeon can gain an understanding of individual patterns preoperatively, the risks inherent in exposing the pulmonary vessels in the hilum can be avoided, reducing invasiveness. This software will meet the increasing needs of them in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) which prefer lesser dissections of the vessels and bronchus of hilum. We have produced free application software, where we can mark on pulmonary arteries, vein, bronchus and tumor of the successive images of computed tomography (CT). After receiving a compact disk containing 60 images of 2 mm CT slices, from tumor to hilum, in DICOM format, we required only 1 hour to obtain 3-dimensional images for a patient with other free software (Metasequoia LE). Furthermore, with Metasequoia LE, we can simulate cut the vessels and change the figure of them 3-dimensionally. Although the picture image leaves much room for improvement, we believe it is very attractive for residents because they can simulate operations.     

Employment of Two New Stapling Devices (Models SB-2 and US-18) in Experimental Combined Resections of the Bronchus and Pulmonary Artery

Two new Soviet-made stapling devices, the SB-2 and the US-18, used experimentally in combined resections of the bronchus and pulmonary artery are discussed. In experiments with 17 adult mongrel dogs, the SB-2 stapler was used to connect cut ends of the bronchus and the US-18 stapler was used in plastic repair of window defects in the pulmonary artery. A circumferential suture of the bronchus with metallic staples did not interfere with normal healing of the anastomosis, and the grafts used in plastic repair of the window defects demonstrated satisfactory function in the late postoperative period.     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic left upper lobectomy for lung cancer patients: bronchial dissection technique prior to pulmonary artery dissection

BACKGROUND: Dissection of anterior segmental artery anatomically crossing over apico-posterior segmental bronchus during left upper lobectomy may sometime cause life-threatening vascular injury. PATIENTS AND TECHNIQUE: Between August 2006 and July 2007, 12 patients with clinical stage IA-lung cancer underwent the video-assisted thoracoscopic left upper lobectomy with bronchial dissection prior to anterior and apico-posterior pulmonary artery dissections following dissection of lingular segmental artery. RESULTS: Operation time ranged from 75 minutes to 190 minutes (average 132 +/- 39 minutes). Operative blood loss ranged from 10 ml to 400 ml (124 +/- 112 ml). Postoperative course was uneventful except 1 patient who had left recurrent nerve palsy. CONCLUSIONS: Bronchial dissection prior to the upper segmental pulmonary artery dissections can produce better surgical field around left main pulmonary artery, leading to safe pulmonary arterial dissection during video-assisted thoracoscopic left upper lobectomy.     

An effective case of a new biological adhesive agent, gelatin-resorcinol formaldehyde-glutaralhyde glue (GRFG-glue) in treating refractory pulmonary fistula following lobectomy for pulmonary aspergilloma]

We report a successful case of thoracoscopic therapy using a new biological adhesive agent, Gelatin-Resorcinol Formaldehyde glue (GRFG glue) for refractory pulmonary fistula. A 69-year-old male underwent right upper lobectomy for lung aspergilloma. Air leakage began 11 days after lobectomy. Closing alveolar fistula was performed 28 days after first operation. Relapsing air leakage began 2 days after second operation. The insertion of fibrin glue through thoracoscope at two times was not effective for refractory pulmonary fistula. But the insertion of GRFG glue was effective to close the fistula completely.     

单关节器械开展单孔胸腔镜胸部肿瘤切除的早期经验

目的探讨利用单关节器械开展单孔胸腔镜下肿瘤切除术的可行性,初步总结其手术方法。 方法2015年10月至12月,广西医科大学第一附属医院心胸外科利用单关节器械开展单孔胸腔镜下胸部肿瘤切除术7例(男性4例,女性3例;肺叶切除＋淋巴结清扫3例,纵隔肿瘤切除2例,双侧肺楔形切除2例),均采用单关节器械单孔胸腔镜完成手术。 结果7例均无中转开胸及改多孔胸腔镜手术,均无手术相关并发症。手术时间：肺叶切除＋淋巴结清扫98～142 min(平均126 min),纵隔肿瘤切除48～74 min(平均62 min),双侧肺楔形切除术42 min;术中出血量30～350 ml(平均120 ml)。术后病理：肺腺癌3例,纵隔畸胎瘤及胸腺瘤各1例,双肺结核瘤1,肺鳞状细胞癌合并肺软骨瘤错构瘤1例。 结论利用单关节器械开展单孔胸腔镜肿瘤切除术是安全可行的,尤其适合在缺乏双关节胸腔镜器械的医院推广。     

Bronchoplasty and pulmonary arterioplasty with lobectomy in the treatment of central type lung carcinoma]

From 1982 to 1989, bronchoplasty or segmental bronchoplasty and pulmonary arterioplasty in combination with lobectomy and segmentectomy were performed for 9 patients with central type lung carcinoma. Lobectomy with sleeve excision of the bronchus and the pulmonary artery was done in 3 patients, of which one had bilobectomy plus one segmentectomy with segmental bronchoplasty, lobectomy with wedge excision of the bronchus and the pulmonary artery in 2, lobectomy with wedge excision of the bronchus and sleeve excision of the pulmonary artery in 2, lobectomy with sleeve excision of the bronchus and wedge excision of the pulmonary artery in 1, and regular lobectomy with sleeve excision of the pulmonary artery in 1. Histological examination showed that 5 patients had squamous cell carcinoma, 2 adenocarcinoma, 1 small cell carcinoma, and 1 alveolar cell carcinoma. The postoperative course was uneventful. Follow-up showed that 1 patient lived for more than 5 years, 2 more than 2 years, 1 more than 1 year, and 5 less than 1 year.     

机器人肺叶袖式切除成形及支气管成形术的可行性及质量控制

目的探讨机器人肺叶袖式切除成形及支气管成形术的可行性,并总结其质量控制及技术流程管理体会。方法2018年1~12月我院共完成机器人肺叶袖式切除成形及支气管成形手术5例,其中男3例、女2例,年龄56.6(39~75)岁。右肺上叶2例,右肺中叶1例,左肺下叶2例。手术入路同机器人肺叶切除术的手术切口。术中首先充分游离叶裂,清扫所有纵隔肿大淋巴结,解剖肺门,裸化肺动静脉血管和支气管,处理肺血管,显露主支气管后,在病变远端切断支气管,袖式切除病变所在肺叶(含病变),切除近远端支气管均送术中快速冰冻病理检查并证实支气管切缘阴性后,以3-0 Prolene线自后壁连续缝合吻合支气管,吻合结束后膨肺试验无漏气,吻合口不再做包裹。结果手术时间147.4(100~192)min,其中支气管吻合时间17.6(14~25)min,术中出血量60.0(20~100)mL,清扫淋巴结数量20(9~37)枚;病理类型:鳞癌3例,腺癌1例,神经内分泌肿瘤1例,所有患者术中支气管残端冰冻病理结果均为阴性。5例患者术后均恢复良好,未出现围术期并发症,吻合口通畅。术后住院时间为10.8(7~14)d。随访6~12个月,未出现吻合口狭窄及其他手术相关并发症。结论由于机器人系统为三维立体视野且具有7个自由度的活动关节的专用器械,机器人下行支气管缝合更加灵活、确切,所以机器人下行肺叶袖式切除成形及支气管成形手术是安全、可行的。     

胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术20例临床分析

目的评估胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术治疗外周型早期肺癌、肺转移瘤和肺良性疾病的可行性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2008年3月至2011年11月复旦大学附属中山医院行胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术20例患者的临床资料,其中男10例,女10例;平均年龄58.0(14～86)岁。切口选择3孔法。肺段动脉、静脉使用Hem-o-lok或直线型切割合器处理,肺段支气管及段间水平均使用直线型切割缝合器处理。分析手术效果和安全性。结果 20例患者成功施行了胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术,无中转开胸,无中转肺叶切除,无围术期死亡,无围术期并发症。术后组织病理学诊断示肺癌10例,肺转移瘤3例,肺良性疾病7例。平均手术时间133.0(90～240)min,平均出血量85.0(50～200)ml,术后平均胸腔引流管留置时间3.2(2～7)d,术后平均住院时间6.7(4～11)d。结论胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术安全可行,可以选择性应用于Ⅰa期肺癌或者不易行肺楔形切除术的肺转移瘤和肺良性疾病患者。     

应用自体肺移植技术治疗上中中心型肺癌

目的 探讨应用自体肺移植技术治疗上叶中中的可行性。方法 ２例作双袖状右上中叶联合肺叶切除,因支气管切除过和戒肺动脉切除过长,吻合张力过大,做下肺静脉切断,肺短时间离体后作下叶重植,将下肺静脉移下于上肺静残端。２例右上叶肺主斜裂,无法进行双袖状肺叶切除术,行全肺切除后,在器械台上行肿瘤切除,下叶修剪后重植于胸腔内。结果 随访至１９９９年１２月,第１、３、４例患者已分别无瘤存活３１、１８和１３个月。第     

Thoracoscopic upper lobectomies for symptomatic congenital lung cysts

Thoracoscopic lobectomy is increasingly employed for congenital pulmonary malformations in children. Upper lobectomy is considered more technically challenging than lower lobectomy due to the more variable anatomy of the upper lobes and the need for more extensive dissection. Detailed techniques for thoracoscopic upper lobectomies have, therefore, not been as evident. This report and the accompanying video describe thoracoscopic techniques for the right left upper lobectomy in children. A thoracoscopic right upper lobectomy was performed in a 21-month-old girl. A thoracoscopic left upper lobectomy was performed in a 12-year-old boy. Both patients presented with infected cystic malformations. The procedures were performed after successful antibiotic therapy and a complete resolution of the pneumonia. Excellent outcomes were achieved in both cases. Thoracoscopic upper lobectomies can be safely and successfully performed in children with congenital cystic malformations, even after episodes of significant infection.