大脑后动脉交通前段及其内穿支研究

本文介绍Willis动脉环后半环大脑后动脉及其内穿支的显微解剖,大脑后动脉交通前段内穿支是脑深部的重要供血血管之一,100％的病例双侧具有该血管。     

大脑前动脉复合体穿支和分支的显微解剖

大脑前动脉复合体是颅内动脉瘤好发部位之一，由于其血管形态学变异较大，其分支和穿支支配视神经、视交叉、终板，丘脑下部、胼胝体周围等重要区域，该复合体成为脑循环中研究的热点之一。本文就该复合体分支和穿支解剖研究进展进行综述。     

颞下入路显微外科治疗大脑后动脉P2段动脉瘤

目的 总结1998-2008年以来治疗的10例大脑后动脉第2段(P2段)动脉瘤的手术治疗经验及临床效果.方法 10例患者均行颞下入路,其中2例联合翼点入路.8例行动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭或塑形夹闭并保留载瘤动脉通畅,2例巨大动脉瘤行动脉瘤孤立术.结果 手术治疗的10例患者9例术后恢复良好,1例动脉瘤孤立术后发生大脑后动脉供血区脑组织缺血性梗死,出现暂时性轻偏瘫和同向性偏盲,经高压氧治疗3周后恢复.结论 P2段动脉瘤有形成巨大动脉瘤的倾向.对于有经验的医师,颞下入路是相对简便、快速和安全的手术入人路.     

Anastomoses among the thalamoperforating branches of the posterior cerebral artery

Thirty-three injected human brains were examined, and anastomotic vessels were found in 26 (79%) of them. Anastomoses varied in number from one to six. The mean diameter was 148 microns, and the mean length was 3.3 mm. Anastomoses were observed among the following: the branches of the single thalamoperforating vessel of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), the individual thalamoperforating arteries of the same PCA, the thalamoperforating vessels and branches of the basilar and superior cerebellar arteries on the same side, the peduncular branches of the PCA and ipsilateral branches of the basilar and superior cerebellar arteries, and the thalamoperforating arteries on one side and various contralateral vessels. Anastomoses could be important components of collateral circulation in occlusive cerebrovascular diseases.     

胫后动脉穿支筋膜蒂皮瓣移植修复小腿皮肤软组织缺损★

选择2003-02/2007-02于福州总医院骨科应用胫后动脉穿支筋膜蒂皮瓣移植修复小腿皮肤软组织缺损的患者16例，在解剖学基础上，设计胫后动脉穿支筋膜蒂皮瓣，轴线在胫骨内侧髁后与内踝、跟腱间中点的连线，旋转点在最邻近创面、其蒂部在有胫后动脉穿支的轴线上。根据术前超声多普勒血流仪穿支探测，要求皮瓣、蒂部及穿支表面有良好的皮肤。顺行设计皮瓣修复小腿上段，逆行设计修复小腿中下段，其中小腿下段9例，小腿中段3例，小腿上段4例。皮肤软组织缺损范围为2.0 cm×1.5 cm~12.5 cm×7.5 cm，胫后动脉穿支筋膜蒂皮瓣最大面积为15.0 cm×10.0 cm，最小为4.0 cm×2.5 cm。观察其修复效果。术后皮瓣均成活。有2例远端部分皮肤坏死，但其皮下有肉芽生长，其中1例经换药愈合，1例用中厚皮植皮愈合。所有病例均随访半年以上，患肢正常步态行走，有痛觉。应用胫后动脉穿支筋膜蒂皮瓣移植修复小腿皮肤软组织缺损，供区在小腿内后侧，损伤后蒂部保存良好，切取便利，不损伤主要血管，血供可靠，成活率高，是修复小腿皮肤软组织缺损的首选术式之一。     

大脑后动脉第2段动脉瘤

目的对本院1990年以来治疗的11例大脑后动脉第2段(P2段)动脉瘤的临床和手术处理进行回顾性分析.方法 11例患者中,10例行手术治疗,其中6例经颞下入路、4例经翼点入路.5例行动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭或塑形夹闭并保留载瘤动脉通畅,5例巨大动脉瘤行动脉瘤孤立切除术;另l例行血管内弹簧栓栓塞术.结果手术治疗的10例患者8例术后恢复良好;其中包括5例动脉瘤夹闭者以及3例动脉瘤孤立者,另外2例动脉瘤孤立术后发生大脑后动脉供血区脑组织缺血性梗死,出现暂时性轻偏瘫和同向性偏盲.l例动脉瘤血管内栓塞术后动脉瘤消失,载瘤动脉通畅,恢复良好.结论 P2段动脉瘤多见于年轻人,有形成巨大动脉瘤的倾向.手术以经翼点入路和颞下入路显露为主,对必需行动脉瘤孤立者可行载瘤动脉重建以避免出现缺血性脑损害.     

The posterior cerebral artery syndrome

Embolic and thrombotic infarction in the territory of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is described with emphasis on the stroke and cerebrovascular features rather than special neurological syndromes. Of 47 cases of obstruction at the distal bifurcation of the basilar artery, 43 (95%) were consistent with embolism. The clinical categories and pathological findings are presented. Local embolism, vertebral distal-stump embolism, the dynamics of hemorrhagic infarction and embolus-in-transit are briefly described. The prodromal manifestations of PCA thrombotic occlusion include photopsias, hemianopic blackouts, headache, transient episodes of numbness, episodic lightheadedness, spells of bewilderment and rarely tinnitus. Recognition of these may allow prevention of a stroke. Prodromal photopsias did not closely resemble the scintillating displays of migraineurs. When the stroke occurred, visual complaints usually predominated. A sensory deficit occurred in one-third of cases. In 25 cases of memory impairment the dominant hemisphere was involved in 24. The kinds of visual hallucinations, simple and formed, are described.     

The CT pattern of a ruptured P3 posterior cerebral artery aneurysm

A 48-year-old male smoker with a history of significant alcohol use developed thunderclap headache during sexual intercourse. On neurological exam, he was confused and agitated with a Glasgow Coma Score of 11 (E3, M6, V2). Computed tomography (CT) of the brain revealed diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with blood notably present in the quadrigeminal and supracerebellar cisterns (Figure 1). Cerebral angiogram demonstrated a distal P3 posterior cerebral artery (PCA) aneurysm (Figure 2). The PCA aneurysm was successfully treated with endovascular coil occlusion.     

Distribution of the occipital branches of the posterior cerebral artery. Correlation with occipital lobe infarcts

The occipital branches of the posterior cerebral artery were examined in 31 human brains. The authors determined the origin, course, and region of supply of each occipital branch: the parieto-occipital, calcarine, posterior temporal, and common temporal arteries, as well as the lingual gyrus artery. These vessels were found in all the brains examined except the lingual gyrus artery, which was present in only 8.3%. The occipital branches were noted to supply variable cortical regions. In addition, they sometimes took part in irrigation of deep forebrain structures. It was concluded that occlusion of a certain occipital artery may cause varying clinical signs and symptoms in different patients. The neurologic deficits that may occur following the isolated occlusion of individual occipital branches of the posterior cerebral artery are discussed.     

Relationship between the posterior cerebral artery and the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve and the posterior cerebral artery and its branches. The oculomotor nerve and the posterior cerebral artery of 15 cadaver brains (30 hemispheres) were examined using a surgical microscope. The dorsal portion of the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve had a close relationship with the P(1) and P(2) segments of the posterior cerebral artery in 100% of cases, the thalamoperforating arteries in 97%, the collicular arteries in 97%, the short circumferential arteries in 33% and the posterior medial choroidal arteries in 20%. The proximal portion of the nerve had a close relationship with the P(1) segment of the posterior cerebral artery, the thalamoperforating arteries, the collicular arteries and the short circumferential arteries, whereas the distal portion had a close relationship with the P(2) segment of the posterior cerebral artery and the posterior medial choroidal arteries. The oculomotor nerve was perforated by various arteries in different portions. These arteries were the thalamoperforating arteries in 10% of the hemispheres, the collicular arteries in 16% and the short circumferential arteries in 11%. It can be concluded that the dorsal portion of the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve has a close relationship with the branches arising from the P(1) and P(2) segments of the posterior cerebral artery. These arteries supply the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve.     

大脑中动脉M1段动脉瘤手术治疗体会

目的探讨大脑中动脉M1段动脉瘤特点及显微手术夹闭的技巧和预后。方法总结我科20例不同级别大脑中动脉M1段动脉瘤,在不同时期均采用经翼点入路显微镜下行动脉瘤夹闭。结果动脉瘤均行夹闭,手术后死亡2例,病人发生颞叶大面积脑梗死;出院时格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)优良10例,中度残4例,重度残3例,植物状态1例。结论大脑中动脉M1段动脉瘤预后差,致残率高,容易发生大面积脑梗死,早期手术及灵活的手术技巧以及术后高灌注和预防脑血管痉挛是改善预后的有效手段。     

Proximal posterior cerebral artery occlusion simulating middle cerebral artery occlusion

We describe 12 cases of acute stroke in which clinical features of proximal posterior cerebral artery occlusion simulated the clinical syndrome of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The majority of patients developed contralateral hemiparesis, homonymous hemianopia, hemispatial neglect, and sensory loss or sensory inattention. All 8 patients with dominant hemisphere lesions were aphasic. Accurate diagnosis in each case was achieved only after a head CT, showing occipital lobe, thalamic, and inferomesial temporal lobe infarction. "Cortical" signs are probably explained by thalamic involvement. Recognition of this syndrome has implications for management and prognosis.