Evaluation of a revised Glasgow Coma Score scale in predicting long-term outcome of poor grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients

Although many scales attempt to predict outcome following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), none have achieved universal acceptance, and most scales in common use are not statistically derived. We propose a statistically validated scale for poor grade aSAH patients that combines the Hunt and Hess grades and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores; we refer to this as the Poor Grade GCS (PGS).The GCS scores of 160 poor grade aSAH patients (Hunt and Hess Grades 4 and 5) were recorded throughout their hospital stay. Outcomes were assessed by the modified Rankin scale (mRS). Analysis of variance and the Chi-square test were used to guide an analysis of GCS breakpoints according to outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the ability of the Hunt and Hess, GCS, World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Grading Scale, and the PGS to predict long-term outcome.Outcome analysis revealed significant breakpoints in admission GCS scores: PGS-A (GCS 10–12); PGS-B (GCS 8–9); PGS-C (GCS 5–7); PGS-D (GCS 3–4) (p < 0.001). In surgical patients, 95.2% of PGS-A, 58.1% of PGS-B, 35.4% of PGS-C, and 28.6% of PGS-D had a favorable one-year outcome. When controlling for age, sex, and operation status, PGS was the only scale predictive of long-term outcome. The odds ratios (OR) for unfavorable outcome according to PGS admission scores (with PGS-A as the reference) were: PGS-B, OR = 14.2 (95% CI 1.5–140.5); PGS-C, OR = 38.5 (95% CI 4.2–340.0); and PGS-D, OR = 63.4 (95% CI 5.6–707.1). In addition to PGS admission scores, an age of 70 or greater was a significant predictor of poor outcome with an OR of 7.5 (95% CI 1.8–30.7). No patients with a PGS-C or PGS-D over the age of 70 had a favorable long-term outcome.Therefore, elements of the Hunt and Hess and GCS can be combined into the PGS to predict long-term outcome in poor grade aSAH patients. However, patients with PGS-C and PGS-D over the age of 70 should be assessed carefully prior to definitive treatment.     

Predictors of left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Introduction  Cardiac abnormalities that have been reported after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) include the release of cardiac biomarkers, electrocardiographic changes, and left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. The mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction after SAH remain controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of LV regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) after SAH and to quantify the independent effects of specific demographic and clinical variables in predicting the development of RWMA. Methods  Three hundred patients hospitalized with SAH were prospectively studied with serial echocardiography. The primary outcome measure was the presence of RWMA. The predictor variables included the admission Hunt & Hess grade, age, gender, cardiac risk factors, aneurysm location, plasma catecholamine levels, cardiac troponin I (cTi) level, heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and phenylephrine dose. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed with adjustment for serial measurements, reporting olds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results  In this study, 817 echocardiograms were analysed. RWMA were detected in 18% of those studied. The prevalence of RWMA in patients with Hunt & Hess grades 3–5 was 35%. Among patients with a peak cTi level grater than 1.0 μg/L, 65% had RWMA. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high Hunt & Hess grade (OR 4.22 for grade 3–5 versus grade 1–2, p=0.046), a cTi level greater than 1.0 μg/L (OR 10.47, p=0.001), a history of prior cocaine or amphetamine use (OR 5.50, p=0.037), and higher HR (OR 1.34 per 10 bpm increase, p=0.024) were predictive of RWMA. Conclusions  RWMA were frequent after SAH. High-grade SAH, an elevation in cTi levels, a history of prior stimulant drug use, and tachycardia are independent predictors of RWMA.     

Risk factors for re-bleeding of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Meta-analysis of observational studies

ObjectiveThe mortality of re-bleeding following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is high, and surviving patients often have poor clinical condition and worse outcome than patients with a single bleed. In this study, we performed an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the most common risk factors for re-bleeding in this patient population, with the goal of providing neurologists, neurosurgeons, neuro-interventionalists with a simple and fast method to evaluate the re-bleeding risk for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.MethodWe conducted a thorough meta-analysis of the risk factors associated with re-bleeding or re-rupture of intracranial aneurysms in cases published between 2000 and 2013. Pooled mean difference was calculated for the continuous variables (age), and pooled odds ratio (OR) was calculated for categorical factors. If heterogeneity was significant (p < 0.05), a random effect model was applied; otherwise, a fixed model was used. Testing for pooled effects and statistical significance for each potential risk factor were analyzed using Review Manager software.ResultsOur literature search identified 174 articles. Of these, only seven retrospective studies met the inclusion criteria. These seven studies consisted of 2470 patients, 283 of which had aneurysmal re-bleeding, resulting in a weighted average rate of re-bleeding of 11.3% with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.1–12.6. In this population, sex (OR 1.46; 95% CI: 1.11–1.92), high systolic blood pressure [SBP] (OR 2.52; 95% CI: 1.40–4.53), aneurysm size (OR 3.00; 95% CI: 2.06–4.37), clinical condition (Hunt & Hess) (OR 4.94; 95% CI: 2.29,10.68), and Fisher grade (OR 2.29; 95% CI: 1.45, 3.61) were statistically significant risk factors for re-bleeding.ConclusionSex, high SBP, high Fisher grade, aneurysm size larger than 10 mm, and poor clinical condition were independent risk factors for aneurysmal re-bleeding. The importance of early aneurysm intervention and careful consideration of patient risk factors should be emphasized to eliminate the risk of re-bleeding and poor outcome.     

The Burden of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Predicts Vasospasm and Outcome after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Introduction  Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can trigger immune activation sufficient to induce the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). This may promote both extra-cerebral organ dysfunction and delayed cerebral ischemia, contributing to worse outcome. We ascertained the frequency and predictors of SIRS after spontaneous SAH, and determined whether degree of early systemic inflammation predicted the occurrence of vasospasm and clinical outcome. Methods  Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on 276 consecutive patients admitted to a neurosciences intensive care unit with acute, non-traumatic SAH between 2002 and 2005. A daily SIRS score was derived by summing the number of variables meeting standard criteria (HR >90, RR >20, Temperature >38°C, or <36°C, WBC count <4,000 or >12,000). SIRS was considered present if two or more criteria were met, while SIRS burden over the first four days was calculated by averaging daily scores. Regression modeling was used to determine the relationship among SIRS burden (after controlling for confounders including infection, surgery, and corticosteroid use), symptomatic vasospasm, and outcome, determined by hospital disposition. Results  SIRS was present in over half the patients on admission and developed in 85% within the first four days. Factors associated with SIRS included poor clinical grade, thick cisternal blood, larger aneurysm size, higher admission blood pressure, and surgery for aneurysm clipping. Higher SIRS burden was independently associated with death or discharge to nursing home (OR 2.20/point, 95% CI 1.27–3.81). All of those developing clinical vasospasm had evidence of SIRS, with greater SIRS burden predicting increased risk for delayed ischemic neurological deficits (OR 1.77/point, 95% CI 1.12–2.80). Conclusions  Systemic inflammatory activation is common after SAH even in the absence of infection; it is more frequent in those with more severe hemorrhage and in those who undergo surgical clipping. Higher burden of SIRS in the initial four days independently predicts symptomatic vasospasm and is associated with worse outcome. Financial support: Supported by NIH-N535906 (MND).     

Prolonged Elevated Heart Rate is a Risk Factor for Adverse Cardiac Events and Poor Outcome after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Introduction

Sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity is common after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We sought to determine whether uncontrolled prolonged heart rate elevation is a risk factor for adverse cardiopulmonary events and poor outcome after SAH.

Methods

We prospectively studied 447 SAH patients between March 2006 and April 2012. Prior studies define prolonged elevated heart rate (PEHR) as heart rate >95 beats/min for >12 h. Major adverse cardiopulmonary events were documented according to the predefined criteria. Global outcome at 3 months was assessed with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS).

Results

175 (39 %) patients experienced PEHR. Nonwhite race/ethnicity, admission Hunt–Hess grade ≥4, elevated APACHE-2 physiological subscore, and modified Fisher score were significant admission predictors of PEHR, whereas documented pre-hospital beta-blocker use was protective. After controlling for admission Hunt–Hess grade, Cox regression using time-lagged covariates revealed that PEHR onset in the previous 48 h was associated with an increased hazard for delayed cerebral ischemia, myocardial injury, and pulmonary edema. PEHR was associated with 3-month poor outcome (mRS 4–6) after controlling for known predictors.

Conclusions

PEHR is associated with major adverse cardiopulmonary events and poor outcome after SAH. Further study is warranted to determine if early sympatholytic therapy targeted at sustained heart rate control can improve outcome after SAH.     

Decannulation and Functional Outcome After Tracheostomy in Patients with Severe Stroke (DECAST): A Prospective Observational Study

Background

Elevated red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been associated with thrombotic disorders including myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, and ischemic stroke, independent of other inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether elevated RDW is associated with cerebral infarction and poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).

Methods

In this retrospective single-center cohort of aSAH patients (October 2009–September 2014), elevated RDW was defined as a mean RDW >14.5 % during the first 14 days after aSAH. Outcomes included cerebral infarction (CI) by any mechanism and poor functional outcome, defined as discharge modified Rankin Scale (mRS) >4, indicating severe disability or death.

Results

Of 179 patients, 27 % had a high Hunt–Hess grade (IV–V), and 76 % were women. Twenty-four patients (13.4 %) underwent red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and compared to patients with normal RDW, patients with an elevated RDW were at greater odds of RBC transfusion (OR 2.56 [95 % CI, 1.07–6.11], p = 0.035). In univariate analysis, more patients with elevated RDW experienced CI (30.8 vs. 13.7 %, p = 0.017). In the multivariable model, elevated RDW was significantly associated with CI (OR 3.08 [95 % CI, 1.30–7.32], p = 0.011), independent of known confounders including but not limited to age, sex, race, high Hunt–Hess grade, and RBC transfusion. In multivariable analysis, RDW elevation was also associated with poor functional outcome (mRS > 4) at discharge (OR 2.59 [95 % CI, 1.04–629], p = 0.040).

Conclusions

RDW elevation is associated with cerebral infarction and poor outcome after aSAH. Further evaluation of this association is warranted as it may shed light on mechanistic relations between anemia, inflammation, and thrombosis after aSAH.

     

Patients with Supratentorial Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage During the Intermediate Period: Waiting or Actively Treating

Perhaps the most difficult practical decision for neurosurgeons these days is whether to secure aneurysms during the intermediate period (4–10 days) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We reviewed retrospectively a series of 115 patients with a Hunt–Hess grade I–III upon admission who were admitted 4–10 days after initial supratentorial aneurysmal SAH. Patients who underwent active treatment in the intermediate period were assigned to the intermediate group (n = 49), while those who accepted delayed obliteration of a ruptured aneurysm (11–30 days) were assigned to the late group (n = 66). The demographic characteristics, size and site of aneurysms, and clinical conditions were well balanced in the two groups. There was no difference in outcome between the two groups according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge or a 6-month follow-up. Rebleeding before aneurysms obliteration was the leading factor resulting in poor outcome. In conclusion, for patients with supratentorial aneurysmal SAH who were in good clinical condition upon admission, active treatment during the intermediate period offered a good chance for a favorable outcome. An even larger number of patients from randomized clinical trials might be necessary to draw more reliable conclusions.     

Roller coaster-associated subarachnoid hemorrhage--report of 2 cases

The most common neurological injuries associated with roller coaster rides are subdural hematoma and cervical artery dissection. We report two cases of roller-coaster associated subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A 40-year-old healthy man developed a strong, holocephalic headache during a roller coaster ride. SAH Hunt & Hess grade II and Fisher grade 3 was diagnosed. An underlying aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery was successfully treated with coil embolization. A 41-year-old female (smoker, otherwise healthy) experienced a sudden, strong headache and diplopia during a roller coaster ride. A perimesencephalic SAH (Hunt & Hess grade II, Fisher grade 3) was disclosed by a CT scan. No aneurysm was detected on angiography. Both patients were discharged without neurological disability. In conclusion, SAH is a rare but relevant differential diagnosis in cases of acute headache during roller coaster rides. Both aneurysmal and non-aneurysmal perimesencephalic SAH can occur. A combination of mechanical factors and excessive blood pressure rises in vulnerable persons is discussed.     

颅内动脉瘤术中破裂危险因素分析

目的 分析颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析106例开颅显微手术治疗的颅内动脉瘤病人,对可能影响其破裂的因素,如性别、年龄、高血压病史、Hunt-Hess分级、CT-Fisher分级、动脉瘤部位、大小、瘤颈宽窄、手术时机、临时阻断夹应用与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤等,进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,寻找影响术中破裂的危险因素.结果 术中破裂动脉瘤的发生率是26.13%;Hunt-Hess分级、动脉瘤瘤颈宽窄、临时阻断与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤是术中动脉瘤破裂的危险因素;宽颈动脉瘤(OR=10.791,P=0.000),存在假性动脉瘤(OR=32.752,P=0.002),Hunt-Hess分级(OR=0.073,P=0.002)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立危险因素;术中临时阻断技术的应用(OR=0.055,P=0.001)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立保护因素.结论 颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂主要与宽颈动脉瘤、存在假性动脉瘤、Hunt-Hess分级有关.临时阻断技术的应用为保护因素.     

颅内动脉瘤术中破裂危险因素分析

目的 分析颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析106例开颅显微手术治疗的颅内动脉瘤病人,对可能影响其破裂的因素,如性别、年龄、高血压病史、Hunt-Hess分级、CT-Fisher分级、动脉瘤部位、大小、瘤颈宽窄、手术时机、临时阻断夹应用与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤等,进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,寻找影响术中破裂的危险因素.结果 术中破裂动脉瘤的发生率是26.13%;Hunt-Hess分级、动脉瘤瘤颈宽窄、临时阻断与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤是术中动脉瘤破裂的危险因素;宽颈动脉瘤(OR=10.791,P=0.000),存在假性动脉瘤(OR=32.752,P=0.002),Hunt-Hess分级(OR=0.073,P=0.002)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立危险因素;术中临时阻断技术的应用(OR=0.055,P=0.001)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立保护因素.结论 颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂主要与宽颈动脉瘤、存在假性动脉瘤、Hunt-Hess分级有关.临时阻断技术的应用为保护因素.     

颅内动脉瘤术中破裂危险因素分析

目的 分析颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析106例开颅显微手术治疗的颅内动脉瘤病人,对可能影响其破裂的因素,如性别、年龄、高血压病史、Hunt-Hess分级、CT-Fisher分级、动脉瘤部位、大小、瘤颈宽窄、手术时机、临时阻断夹应用与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤等,进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,寻找影响术中破裂的危险因素.结果 术中破裂动脉瘤的发生率是26.13%;Hunt-Hess分级、动脉瘤瘤颈宽窄、临时阻断与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤是术中动脉瘤破裂的危险因素;宽颈动脉瘤(OR=10.791,P=0.000),存在假性动脉瘤(OR=32.752,P=0.002),Hunt-Hess分级(OR=0.073,P=0.002)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立危险因素;术中临时阻断技术的应用(OR=0.055,P=0.001)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立保护因素.结论 颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂主要与宽颈动脉瘤、存在假性动脉瘤、Hunt-Hess分级有关.临时阻断技术的应用为保护因素.     

颅内动脉瘤术中破裂危险因素分析

目的 分析颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析106例开颅显微手术治疗的颅内动脉瘤病人,对可能影响其破裂的因素,如性别、年龄、高血压病史、Hunt-Hess分级、CT-Fisher分级、动脉瘤部位、大小、瘤颈宽窄、手术时机、临时阻断夹应用与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤等,进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,寻找影响术中破裂的危险因素.结果 术中破裂动脉瘤的发生率是26.13%;Hunt-Hess分级、动脉瘤瘤颈宽窄、临时阻断与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤是术中动脉瘤破裂的危险因素;宽颈动脉瘤(OR=10.791,P=0.000),存在假性动脉瘤(OR=32.752,P=0.002),Hunt-Hess分级(OR=0.073,P=0.002)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立危险因素;术中临时阻断技术的应用(OR=0.055,P=0.001)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立保护因素.结论 颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂主要与宽颈动脉瘤、存在假性动脉瘤、Hunt-Hess分级有关.临时阻断技术的应用为保护因素.     

颅内动脉瘤术中破裂危险因素分析

目的 分析颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析106例开颅显微手术治疗的颅内动脉瘤病人,对可能影响其破裂的因素,如性别、年龄、高血压病史、Hunt-Hess分级、CT-Fisher分级、动脉瘤部位、大小、瘤颈宽窄、手术时机、临时阻断夹应用与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤等,进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,寻找影响术中破裂的危险因素.结果 术中破裂动脉瘤的发生率是26.13%;Hunt-Hess分级、动脉瘤瘤颈宽窄、临时阻断与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤是术中动脉瘤破裂的危险因素;宽颈动脉瘤(OR=10.791,P=0.000),存在假性动脉瘤(OR=32.752,P=0.002),Hunt-Hess分级(OR=0.073,P=0.002)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立危险因素;术中临时阻断技术的应用(OR=0.055,P=0.001)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立保护因素.结论 颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂主要与宽颈动脉瘤、存在假性动脉瘤、Hunt-Hess分级有关.临时阻断技术的应用为保护因素.     

颅内动脉瘤术中破裂危险因素分析

目的 分析颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析106例开颅显微手术治疗的颅内动脉瘤病人,对可能影响其破裂的因素,如性别、年龄、高血压病史、Hunt-Hess分级、CT-Fisher分级、动脉瘤部位、大小、瘤颈宽窄、手术时机、临时阻断夹应用与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤等,进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,寻找影响术中破裂的危险因素.结果 术中破裂动脉瘤的发生率是26.13%;Hunt-Hess分级、动脉瘤瘤颈宽窄、临时阻断与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤是术中动脉瘤破裂的危险因素;宽颈动脉瘤(OR=10.791,P=0.000),存在假性动脉瘤(OR=32.752,P=0.002),Hunt-Hess分级(OR=0.073,P=0.002)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立危险因素;术中临时阻断技术的应用(OR=0.055,P=0.001)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立保护因素.结论 颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂主要与宽颈动脉瘤、存在假性动脉瘤、Hunt-Hess分级有关.临时阻断技术的应用为保护因素.     

颅内动脉瘤术中破裂危险因素分析

目的 分析颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析106例开颅显微手术治疗的颅内动脉瘤病人,对可能影响其破裂的因素,如性别、年龄、高血压病史、Hunt-Hess分级、CT-Fisher分级、动脉瘤部位、大小、瘤颈宽窄、手术时机、临时阻断夹应用与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤等,进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,寻找影响术中破裂的危险因素.结果 术中破裂动脉瘤的发生率是26.13%;Hunt-Hess分级、动脉瘤瘤颈宽窄、临时阻断与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤是术中动脉瘤破裂的危险因素;宽颈动脉瘤(OR=10.791,P=0.000),存在假性动脉瘤(OR=32.752,P=0.002),Hunt-Hess分级(OR=0.073,P=0.002)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立危险因素;术中临时阻断技术的应用(OR=0.055,P=0.001)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立保护因素.结论 颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂主要与宽颈动脉瘤、存在假性动脉瘤、Hunt-Hess分级有关.临时阻断技术的应用为保护因素.     

颅内动脉瘤术中破裂危险因素分析

目的 分析颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析106例开颅显微手术治疗的颅内动脉瘤病人,对可能影响其破裂的因素,如性别、年龄、高血压病史、Hunt-Hess分级、CT-Fisher分级、动脉瘤部位、大小、瘤颈宽窄、手术时机、临时阻断夹应用与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤等,进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,寻找影响术中破裂的危险因素.结果 术中破裂动脉瘤的发生率是26.13%;Hunt-Hess分级、动脉瘤瘤颈宽窄、临时阻断与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤是术中动脉瘤破裂的危险因素;宽颈动脉瘤(OR=10.791,P=0.000),存在假性动脉瘤(OR=32.752,P=0.002),Hunt-Hess分级(OR=0.073,P=0.002)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立危险因素;术中临时阻断技术的应用(OR=0.055,P=0.001)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立保护因素.结论 颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂主要与宽颈动脉瘤、存在假性动脉瘤、Hunt-Hess分级有关.临时阻断技术的应用为保护因素.     

颅内动脉瘤术中破裂危险因素分析

目的 分析颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析106例开颅显微手术治疗的颅内动脉瘤病人,对可能影响其破裂的因素,如性别、年龄、高血压病史、Hunt-Hess分级、CT-Fisher分级、动脉瘤部位、大小、瘤颈宽窄、手术时机、临时阻断夹应用与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤等,进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,寻找影响术中破裂的危险因素.结果 术中破裂动脉瘤的发生率是26.13%;Hunt-Hess分级、动脉瘤瘤颈宽窄、临时阻断与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤是术中动脉瘤破裂的危险因素;宽颈动脉瘤(OR=10.791,P=0.000),存在假性动脉瘤(OR=32.752,P=0.002),Hunt-Hess分级(OR=0.073,P=0.002)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立危险因素;术中临时阻断技术的应用(OR=0.055,P=0.001)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立保护因素.结论 颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂主要与宽颈动脉瘤、存在假性动脉瘤、Hunt-Hess分级有关.临时阻断技术的应用为保护因素.     

颅内动脉瘤术中破裂危险因素分析

目的 分析颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析106例开颅显微手术治疗的颅内动脉瘤病人,对可能影响其破裂的因素,如性别、年龄、高血压病史、Hunt-Hess分级、CT-Fisher分级、动脉瘤部位、大小、瘤颈宽窄、手术时机、临时阻断夹应用与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤等,进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,寻找影响术中破裂的危险因素.结果 术中破裂动脉瘤的发生率是26.13%;Hunt-Hess分级、动脉瘤瘤颈宽窄、临时阻断与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤是术中动脉瘤破裂的危险因素;宽颈动脉瘤(OR=10.791,P=0.000),存在假性动脉瘤(OR=32.752,P=0.002),Hunt-Hess分级(OR=0.073,P=0.002)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立危险因素;术中临时阻断技术的应用(OR=0.055,P=0.001)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立保护因素.结论 颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂主要与宽颈动脉瘤、存在假性动脉瘤、Hunt-Hess分级有关.临时阻断技术的应用为保护因素.     

颅内动脉瘤术中破裂危险因素分析

目的 分析颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析106例开颅显微手术治疗的颅内动脉瘤病人,对可能影响其破裂的因素,如性别、年龄、高血压病史、Hunt-Hess分级、CT-Fisher分级、动脉瘤部位、大小、瘤颈宽窄、手术时机、临时阻断夹应用与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤等,进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,寻找影响术中破裂的危险因素.结果 术中破裂动脉瘤的发生率是26.13%;Hunt-Hess分级、动脉瘤瘤颈宽窄、临时阻断与否、是否存在假性动脉瘤是术中动脉瘤破裂的危险因素;宽颈动脉瘤(OR=10.791,P=0.000),存在假性动脉瘤(OR=32.752,P=0.002),Hunt-Hess分级(OR=0.073,P=0.002)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立危险因素;术中临时阻断技术的应用(OR=0.055,P=0.001)是术中动脉瘤破裂独立保护因素.结论 颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术术中破裂主要与宽颈动脉瘤、存在假性动脉瘤、Hunt-Hess分级有关.临时阻断技术的应用为保护因素.     

Acute Ischemic Injury on Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging after Poor Grade Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background

Poor clinical condition is the most important predictor of neurological outcome and mortality after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm was shown to be associated with acute ischemic brain injury in poor grade patients in autopsy studies and small magnetic resonance imaging series.

Methods

We performed diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) within 96 h of onset in 21 SAH patients with Hunt–Hess grade 4 or 5 enrolled in the Columbia University SAH Outcomes Project between July 2004 and February 2007. We analyzed demographic, radiological, clinical data, and 3 months outcome.

Results

Of the 21 patients 13 were Hunt–Hess grade 5, and eight were grade 4. Eighteen patients (86%) displayed bilateral and symmetric abnormalities on DWI, but not on computed tomography (CT). Involved regions included both anterior cerebral artery territories (16 patients), and less often the thalamus and basal ganglia (4 patients), middle (6 patients) or posterior cerebral artery territories (2 patients), or cerebellum (2 patients). At 1-year, 15 patients were dead (life support had been withdrawn in 6), 2 were moderately to severely disabled (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] = 4–5), and 4 had moderate-to-no disability (mRS = 1–3).

Conclusions

Admission DWI demonstrates multifocal areas of acute ischemic injury in poor grade SAH patients. These ischemic lesions may be related to transient intracranial circulatory arrest, acute vasoconstriction, microcirculatory disturbances, or decreased cerebral perfusion from neurogenic cardiac dysfunction. Ischemic brain injury in poor grade SAH may be a feasible target for acute resuscitation strategies.