肛门直肠压力监测对肛瘘术后肛门括约肌功能障碍的诊断分析

目的分析肛门直肠压力监测对肛瘘术后肛门括约肌功能障碍的诊断价值。方法选取108例肛瘘手术患者为研究对象,依据肛瘘位置分为低位肛瘘组52例、高位肛瘘组56例,另选取50例健康体检者为对照组,所有参与者均进行肛门直肠压力监测,比较其各项测压指标。结果 108例患者术前肛门功能均正常,术后12例出现肛门失禁,发生率11.11%;其中低位肛瘘组肛门失禁率7.69%,高位肛瘘组发生率14.29%,二者差异不显著(P0.05)。低位肛瘘、高位肛瘘患者术前及术后肛管静息压、肛管收缩压、直肠静息压测定结果明显低于健康对照组(P0.05),高位肛瘘组术前肛管收缩压与低位肛瘘术前结果差异不显著,此外高位肛瘘术前及术后三项指标测定结果均明显低于低位肛瘘组(P0.05)。结论肛门直肠压力监测对肛瘘术后肛门括约肌功能障碍诊断可提供客观依据,在肛瘘患者手术治疗中具有重要应用意义。     

肛瘘手术对直肠肛门反射影响的动力学研究

目的:研究直肠肛门瘘患者手术前后直肠肛门反射的变化。方法:用直肠肛管测压法检测30例正常人和37例直肠肛门瘘患者手术前后直肠肛门反射曲线的肛门外括约肌收缩压(EASCP),肛门内括约肌舒张压(IASDP),肛门外括约肌收缩压与肛门内括约肌舒张压的压力差(PD),直肠肛门反射时间(RART)包括直肠肛门收缩反射时间(RACRT)和直肠肛门抑制反射时间(RAIRT)。结果:30例正常人均能导引直肠肛门反射,37例直肠肛门瘘患者手术前后的肛门外括约肌收缩压(EASCP),肛门内括约肌舒张压(IASDP),肛门外括约肌收缩压与肛门内括约肌舒张压的压力差(PD),直肠肛门收缩反射时间(RACRT),直肠肛门抑制反射时间(RAIRT),直肠肛门反射时间(RART)除肛门内括约肌舒张压和直肠肛门抑制反射时间外均明显小于正常组,两组间有极显著的差异(P<0.05～0.0001);直肠肛门反射、直肠肛门收缩反射的等级比例正常人与肛瘘患者手术前后对比有显著性差异(P<0.05～0.005)。结论:直肠肛门瘘患者手术前后的直肠肛门反射、直肠肛门收缩反射、直肠肛门抑制反射均比正常人明显减弱,尤其是术后患者。从直肠肛门反射及反射时间和直肠肛门反射定性的等级比例等指标说明肛瘘患者病变时与肛管括约肌功能障碍及术后括约肌损伤高度相关,亦可能是肛瘘患者术后引起排便障碍而致气体或液体,甚至是固体失禁的原因之一。     

主管切开挂线支管对口引流术对高位复杂肛瘘的疗效

探讨主管切开挂线支管对口引流术对高位复杂肛瘘的治疗效果。选取高位复杂肛瘘患者100例,根据入院单双号顺序分为研究组和对照组各50例,研究组采用主管切开挂线支管对口引流术治疗,对照组采用切开挂线术治疗。对比两组住院时间、创面愈合时间,手术前后患者肛门功能指数评分、肛门失禁功能评分、肛管直肠压力变化。研究组住院时间、创面愈合时间均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术前,对两组患者的肛门功能指数、Wexner评分进行对比,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);术后1个月,研究组肛门功能指数、Wexner评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术前,两组肛管直肠收缩压、静息压差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);术后1个月,研究组肛管直收缩压、静息压高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后1年,研究组无患者复发,对照组有5例复发,研究组术后复发率低于对照组(χ2=5.263,P0.05)。主管切开挂线支管对口引流术对高位复杂肛瘘的治疗效果优于切开挂线术,术后对肛门功能的影响更小。     

直肠肛门瘘手术前后直肠肛门反射变化的分析

对比分析直肠肛门瘘患者手术治疗前后的直肠肛门反射的变化情况。选取97例直肠肛门瘘患者,根据部位分为高位瘘组(41例)和低位瘘组(56例),采用低位切开高位挂线法或肛瘘瘘管切除术治疗。另选取50例无直肠肛门疾病者为对照组。比较直肠肛门瘘患者手术前后直肠肛肠相关反射指标的变化。高位瘘组术后直肠肛门静息压(RRP)、肛管最大收缩压(AMCP)、肛管静息压(ARP)测定值较术前显著降低(P0.05);低位瘘组术后RRP、AMCP、肛管最大收缩时间(ALCT)测定值较术前显著降低(P0.05),ARP显著增高(P0.05)。术前低位瘘组和高位瘘组RRP、AMCP、ALCT、ARP值差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);术后低位瘘组RRP、ALCT显著低于高位瘘组(P0.05),AMCP、ARP均显著高于高位瘘组(P0.05)。直肠肛门瘘患者手术治疗后直肠肛门反射受到一定程度的影响,对高位瘘手术患者尤为严重,是造成患者术后失禁与排便困难的主要原因。     

肛瘘切开悬浮挂线术对肛管直肠压力和肛门功能影响的临床观察

为了探讨肛瘘切开悬浮挂线术治疗复杂性肛瘘的临床疗效,对采用肛瘘切开悬浮挂线术（47例,治疗组）与肛瘘切开引流术（21例,对照组）治疗的68例患者手术前后直肠肛门反射（RAR）、肛管最大收缩压（AMCP）、肛管最长收缩时间（AL—CT）、肛管静息压（ARP）、直肠静息压（RRP）进行测定,并进行对比分析。结果显示,68例肛瘘患者术后RRP和ARP较术前明显降低;治疗组ARP和AMCP较对照组明显增高,ALCT较对照组明显延长。结果表明,肛瘘手术对肛管功能有不同程度的影响,肛瘘切开悬浮挂线术优于肛瘘切开引流术,对肛管直肠功能影响较小,能更好地保护肛门功能。     

经括约肌间瘘管结扎术联合直肠推移瓣术治疗高位复杂性肛瘘的可行性研究

目的 评价经括约肌间瘘管结扎术(ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract, LIFT)联合直肠推移瓣术(endorectal advancement flap, ERAF)治疗高位复杂性肛瘘的临床疗效。方法 2016年8月～2021年12月我院收治的高位复杂性肛瘘病人40例，根据抽签法随机分成试验组和对照组，每组各20例。试验组采用LITF+ERAF,对照组采用LIFT,随访6～12个月，比较其临床疗效，比较创面愈合时间、治愈率、术后第1天疼痛程度、肛门功能和复发率。结果 两组术后第1天疼痛程度、创面愈合时间、治愈率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组术前、创面愈合后、术后6个月的Wexner肛门失禁评分、肛管静息压和肛管最大收缩压比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组创面愈合后、术后6个月的肛管静息压和肛管最大收缩压分别与其自身术前比较，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访6～12个月，试验组无复发，对照组复发3例，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 LITF联合ERAF疗效好、痛苦小、病程短...     

经肛门结肠拖出加内括约肌部分切除治疗先天性巨结肠

目的探讨经肛门结肠拖出同时肛门内括约肌部分切除治疗先天性巨结肠的临床效果。方法自2001年7月-2003年8月采用该手术方法共治疗先天性巨结肠72例。对27例患者手术前、后行肛门直肠测压,按Reding评分法评估术后肛门功能。结果术前静息压(38±8) mm Hg,术后静息压(22±6)mm Hg,对照组静息压(23±4)mm Hg,手术后较手术前静息压明显降低,两者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0．01)。但手术前、后均无肛门直肠反射。随访48例,肛门功能优31例,良15例,差2例。结论经肛门结肠拖出同时内括约肌部分切除治疗先天性巨结肠创伤小,可解除直肠肛管高压,近期排便效果良好,生活质量提高。     

潜行刨削术治疗复杂性肛瘘的临床效果观察

目的探讨潜行刨削术治疗复杂性肛瘘的临床效果。方法选择本院2015年5月至2017年4月收治的110例复杂性肛瘘患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组各55例。观察组采用潜行刨削术治疗,对照组采用切开挂线术治疗。比较两组患者术后疼痛程度、住院时间、创面愈合时间、肛门功能指数评分、肛门失禁功能评分、肛肠动力学指标情况。结果术后第1 d、 7 d,观察组VAS评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P 0.05)。观察组住院时间、创面愈合时间均短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P 0.05)。术前两组肛门功能指数评分、Wexner肛门功能评分比较差异均无统计学意义(均P 0.05);术后观察组上述指标均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P 0.05)。两组术前肛管最大收缩压、肛管静息压、直肠静息压比较均差异无统计学意义(均P 0.05);术后观察组上述指标均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P 0.05)。术后随访观察12个月,观察组有4例(7.27%)患者复发,对照组有9例(16.36%)患者复发,两组复发率比较差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论潜行刨削术治疗复杂性肛瘘具有创面愈合快及对患者肛门括约肌功能、肛门直肠功能影响小的优势,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

神经性肛肠对肛门直肠功能的影响

目的:探讨脊髓发育不良引起的神经性肛肠对肛门直肠功能的影响。方法:采用肛门直肠测压检查评估25例脊髓发育不良患者的肛门直肠功能;以肛门静息压力、最大收缩压力、高压区长度评价肛门内外括约肌的功能;以直肠感知阈值、直肠最大容量阈值评价直肠的感觉;以直肠肛管抑制反射评价排便神经反射的完整性,并与正常对照组进行比较。结果:脊髓发育不良患儿神经性肛肠肛管静息压〔(25.8±3.4)mm〕低于正常组〔(66.7±24.0)mm〕;肛门最大收缩压力患儿组〔(86.6±20.1)mm〕低于正常组〔(129.0±18.8)mm〕;高压带长度患儿组〔(17.5±4.5)mm〕低于正常儿组〔(23.6±4.6)mm〕;直肠感知阈值患儿组〔(62.1±8.5)ml〕高于正常儿组〔(36.0±12.6)ml〕;直肠最大容量阈值患儿组〔(141.4±22.6)ml〕高于正常儿组〔(109.5±12.2)ml〕。直肠肛管抑制反射患儿组与正常儿组都存在。结论:脊髓发育不良所致的神经性肛肠,在肛门的内外括约肌有不同程度的损害,直肠的感觉功能低下,储粪功能差。直肠肛管抑制反射未见明显变化。治疗上主要应以增加内外括约肌的能力,提高直肠的感觉敏感性为主。     

直肠肛门瘘手术前后肛肠的动力学改变

目的 研究直肠肛门瘘手术前后肛肠动力学的变化。方法 对37例肛瘘患手术前后用直肠肛管测压法检测直肠肛门反射(RAR)、肛管最大收缩压(AMCP)、肛管最长收缩时间(ALCT)、直肠静息压(RRP)、肛管静息压(ARP)5项技术指标。对肛瘘手术前后及其低位、高位手术前后、低位与高位术后进行比较,并与30名正常人进行对比。结果 术后RAR完全恢复并敏感率提高(P<0.01),与正常人无差异(P>0．05)AMCP与术前无差异(P>0．05),比正常人明显降低(P<0．01);ALCT与术前无差异(P>0．05),比正常人延长(P<0．05);RRP术后降低(P<0.01),与正常人无差异(P>0.05);ARP术后降低(P<0．01),比正常人亦显降低(P<0．01)。结论 肛瘘疾病及肛管内外括约肌损伤的严重程度对肛门的闭紧功能产生直接影响,尤其是高位肛瘘可能引起部分患的气体或液体失禁。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.