超声波去脂塑形术并发症的防治

报告超声波去脂塑开明 术１４７例次，效果满意。术后有瘀斑、皮肤水泡及水清肿、皮下积液、暂时性皮肤感觉障碍、皮下硬结、皮肤伤等并发症，对其发生，预防和治疗进行了探讨。     

微创法重睑成形术

传统的切开法重睑术中多将重睑设计线下的皮肤、皮下及眼轮匝肌等组织一并切开,切口下垂直切口方向的皮下静脉血管不可避免的将被损伤,术中出血多,组织损伤大,是术后上睑肿胀的主要原因。术者在行切开法重睑术中,用显微外科手术器械及显微外科手术操作技术,术中保留垂直切口方向的皮下较粗的静脉血管,保护切口下缘皮肤真皮下血管网的完整,较好地弥补了传统切开法重睑术的上述缺点。     

微创法重睑成形术

传统的切开法重睑术中多将重睑设计线下的皮肤、皮下及眼轮匝肌等组织一并切开，切口下垂直切口方向的皮下静脉血管不可避免的将被损伤，术中出血多，组织损伤大，是术后上睑肿胀的主要原因。术者在行切开法重睑术中，用显微外科手术器械及湿微外科手术操作技术，术中保留垂直切口方向的皮下较粗的静脉血管，保护切口下缘皮肤真皮下血管网的完整，较好地弥补了传统切开法重睑术的上述缺点。     

广泛的全层吸脂术

皮下浅层吸脂术正在发生演变,广泛的全层吸脂术是指手术时首先吸除皮下浅层脂肪,再用传统的吸脂方法,吸除皮肤深层的脂肪。许多松垂型肥胖症的病人,皮肤都有扩张和松垂。治疗时,不但需要减少大量堆积的脂肪而且要矫正松垂的皮肤。用广泛的全层吸脂术,不仅能使和皮肤连结紧密的脂肪层变     

掌、指背真皮下血管网皮筋膜穿支血管岛状皮瓣修复指皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨一种新的术式-掌、指背真皮下血管网皮筋膜穿支血管岛状皮瓣修复指皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法根据指皮肤软组织缺损的部位、范围及修复要求,采用掌、指背真皮下血管网皮筋膜穿支血管岛状皮瓣修复指皮肤软组织缺损40例。结果40例皮瓣全部成活,术后随访6个月-1年,皮瓣质地、外观及功能、感觉恢复良好。结论应用掌、指背真皮下血管网皮筋膜穿支血管岛状皮瓣修复指皮肤软纽织缺损,手术操作简单、安全、经济,是临床上修复指皮肤软组织缺损首选方法,特别适合在基层医院开展。     

三种方法治疗腋臭的疗效比较

目的比较三种常用的腋臭治疗方法的疗效和并发症。方法自2003年3月至2011年6月,采用腋部皮肤梭型切除Z整形、小切口皮下修剪术和肿胀法抽吸,共治疗169例腋臭患者,术后随访5个月到6年,比较三种方法的疗效和并发症。结果腋部皮肤梭形切除Z整形术和小切口皮下修剪术疗效较好,小切口皮下修剪术的并发症少,而肿胀抽吸术疗效相对较差。结论对于腋臭轻重程度及要求不同的患者,可选择不同的治疗方法。小切口皮下修剪术对多数患者适用,手术细节对提高手术疗效和减少并发症有帮助。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术三种切口缝合方法的临床疗效观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中三种切口闭合方法的应用价值,总结LC术后戳孔疝的预防措施。方法:回顾分析2008年1月至2013年10月为421例患者行LC的临床资料,术中分别采用皮肤全层缝合法、皮肤皮下缝合法、腹壁全层缝合法闭合切口。结果:皮肤全层缝合法术后7例(7.1%)发生戳孔疝,皮肤皮下缝合法术后发生4例(1.5%),腹壁全层缝合法无一例发生切口疝。结论:LC术后戳孔疝的发生多见于皮肤全层缝合法,皮肤皮下缝合法次之,腹壁全层缝合法可预防戳孔疝的发生。封闭腹壁各层切口缺损是避免戳孔疝发生的关键。     

闭合性皮肤脱套伤的诊治

目的:探讨闭合性皮肤脱套伤的诊断与治疗方法。方法:1997-2005年收治的31例闭合性皮肤脱套伤,对其临床表现、确诊方法进行分析,研究漏诊原因。7例采用穿刺抽液;11例采用开窗,脱套处皮下放置多孔负压引流管;13例于术中,在脱套处皮下放置多孔负压引流管治疗。结果:31例患者中,11例漏诊。17例表现为均匀肿胀的患者中,9例漏诊。14例伴有骨折的患者中,10例漏诊。所有患者的脱套皮肤均与皮下愈合,1例治疗前有小部分皮肤坏死的患者,坏死面积无扩大,2例手术皮下置管患者出现切口缘少许坏死。结论:闭合性皮肤脱套伤伴骨折或表现为均匀肿胀时较易漏诊。穿刺抽液、开窗,脱套处皮下放置多孔负压引流管及术中在脱套处皮下放置多孔负压引流管均是很好的治疗方式。     

保留浅静脉系统的微创包皮环切术

目的 探讨保留阴茎皮下浅静脉网络包皮环切术的方法及其临床效果.方法 设计包皮近端和远端切口线均位于外板皮肤,在放大4倍的显微镜下操作,按显微外科操作原则,剪开皮肤至浅筋膜,修剪去除外板皮肤,尽可能完整保留皮下浅静脉血管网和皮下筋膜组织.结果 本组28例患者,术后随访2～6个月,阴茎消肿,无臃肿状态,外形满意,尤其是保留了完整的浅静脉网络,在性生活中无阴茎感觉异常及勃起障碍等并发症.结论 保留阴茎皮下浅静脉网络的包皮环切术是治疗包皮过长的理想方法,值得临床推广应用.     

静脉曲张激光闭合术近期并发症分析

目的探讨静脉曲张激光闭合术术后并发症的原因、预防和处理方法。方法回顾性分析2003年9月至2004年12月间采用激光仪治疗静脉曲张52例(共65条下肢)的临床资料。结果术后发生皮下淤血12例,皮肤灼伤14例,隐神经损伤7例,血栓性静脉炎3例,皮下脂肪液化感染2例。其中,皮下淤血、皮肤灼伤、血栓性静脉炎,经对症治疗大多在2~3周治愈。结论静脉曲张激光闭合术仍然有一些并发症需认真处理。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.