全方位冷冻治疗中晚期肝癌术后并发症的观察与护理

采用全方位冷冻术治疗中，晚期肝癌病人５１例，经随访术后１、３、５、９年的生存率分别为７４．５％、４７．０％、１５．６％及１１．７％，对术后主要并发症如出血、等针对性护理措施，有效地防止和减少了上述并发症的发生，提防了病人生存率及生存质量。     

原发性中叶肺癌的诊断与治疗

中叶病变多因肺部感染所致，中叶肺癌发生率低而易误诊。为探讨中叶肺癌早期诊断和以手术为主综合治疗效果，总结１１年间手术治疗３９例中叶肺癌（占同期肺癌手术总例数的５．１％）。手术切除３４例（８７．１８％），开胸探查５例。手术方式以中叶切除和双肺叶切除为多。２３例术后辅以化疗或加免疫治疗。随访率为９２．３％。２３例术后化疗和免疫治疗者其１、３、５年生存率分别为８６．９５％、４３．４８％、３０．４３％。术后未作辅助治疗的１３例其１、３、５年生存率分别为６９．２３％、３０．７７％、１５．３８％。二组生存率相比有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。本组中晚期肺癌占多数，病理类型以腺癌居多。影响生存率的因素为病理分期、组织学和纵隔淋巴结转移。     

Ras基因突变在临床肿瘤诊断中的应用（文献综述）

Ｒａｓ基因突变发生于胰腺癌、大肠癌和多种恶性肿瘤，其中胰腺癌的突变率可高达９０％以上。胰腺和胰周其它肿瘤的Ｋ－ｒａｓ突变率很低，其突变方式与胰腺癌也不一致。胰腺炎症组织不发生Ｋ－ｒａｓ突变。故细针经皮胰腺组织穿刺的基因诊断为胰腺手术提供了更多信息。大肠癌的Ｋ－кфы基因突变率约为５０％。采用多聚酶链式反应扩增病人粪便的ＤＮＡ后发现Ｋ－ｒａｓ基因有助于发现早期大肠癌肿。     

巢式PCR—RFLP检测直肠癌K—ras癌基因第12位密码子点突变及意义

采用巢式ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ技术，对２６例直肠癌患者标本进行了Ｋ－ｒａｓ第１２位密码子点突变进行检测，结果显示，２６例直肠癌患者中有１３例有Ｋ－ｒａｓ点突变，突变发生与年龄相关，与性别、Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期及有无转移无关，发化程度越差突变率越高，发生Ｋ－ｒａｓ点突变者预后较差。     

III期肺癌外科治疗生存率及手术适应证探讨

１９７０年－１９８７年外科治疗２４８例ＩＩＩ期肺癌，术后５年生存率为２０．６％。影响生存率的主要因素如下：（１）Ｐ－ＴＮＭ分期：ＩＩＩａ和ＩＩＩｂ期预后差别明显，５年生存率分别为２４．６％和９．２％。ＩＩＩａ期中Ｔ３Ｎ０Ｍ０预后最佳，ＩＩＩｂ期中仅Ｔ４Ｎ０Ｍ０预后较好，Ｔ４Ｎ２Ｍ０，Ｔ３－４Ｎ３Ｍ０无术后存在３年者。（２）Ｎ２转移的水平，有１组Ｎ２转移的预后明显优于２组以上Ｎ２转移者。（３）病理类     

应用ras基因突变检测诊断胰腺癌

为提高胰腺癌的早期诊断率，作者采用多聚酶链反应－限制性酶切片段长度多态性技术，对６８例怀疑胰腺及其邻近器官有占位性病变的患者行细针穿刺活检，标本进行ｃ－Ｋｉ－ｒａｓ第１２密码子突变检测，应用于胰腺癌的临床诊断。结果显示：４４例胰腺癌中４２例有ｃ－Ｋｉ－ｒａｓ第１２密码子突变，阳性率达９５．４％，而２４例慢性胰腺炎、壶腹癌、胰岛素瘤等均无ｃ－Ｋｉ－ｒａｓ第１２密码子突变。本研究结果提示胰腺ｃ－Ｋｉ－ｒａｓ第１２密码子突变检测是诊断和鉴别诊断胰腺癌的有效方法。     

进展期右上叶肺癌的外科治疗

１９７９－１９９２年采用不同术式的气管支气管成形术治疗进展期左上叶肺癌１９例。统计资料显示本组病人术后１、３、５、１０年生存率分别 ８２．２％、４０％、３３．３％，高于本院同期原发性肺癌术后生存率。可见采不同术式气管支气管成形术治疗进展克勤克俭期左上叶肺癌有其临床实用性，值得推广。文中还探讨了手术适应证、手术及麻醉经验。并发防治等。     

Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌的综合治疗

４１０例Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌，３００例综合治疗，其中手术前后结合化疗或放疗５７例，术后化疗２０２例、术后放疗１９例，术后放疗及化疗２２例；与单纯手术组１１０例比较。术后１、３、５年生存率分别为６３．００％、２２．８２％、２１．５２％和４０．００％、８．２５％、８．６２％，前者明显高于后者，其中以术后结合化疗、放疗组最佳，５年生存率分别为２２．７２％和３０．００％。Ｎ０组最优，Ｎ２、３组最差。术中主动清除肺门及纵隔淋巴结者明显优于未清除者。作者指出对Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌病人不应失掉综合治疗机会，强调术中应主动清扫肺门及纵隔淋巴结。     

CsA顺序用药对移植肾早期功能的影响

１９９２年１月～１９９５年５月，分别对７８例及３２例肾移植患者术后立即应用ＡＬＧ和ＯＫＴ_３，随机选择８０例术后立即应用ＣｓＡ的患者为对照组，以了解ＣｓＡ顺序用药对移植肾早期功能的影响。结果显示：ＡＬＧ组和ＯＫＴ_３组急性排斥反应（ＡＲ）发生率分别为１１．５％和１２．５％，ＣｓＡ组为２３．８％（Ｐ＜０．０５），急性肾小管坏死（ＡＴＮ）ＡＬＧ组和ＯＫＴ_３组分别为５．１％和６．３％，ＣｓＡ组为１５．１％（Ｐ＜０．０５），移植肾功能３天正常率ＡＬＧ组和ＯＫＴ_３组分别为８３．３％和６８．８％，ＣｓＡ组为５７．５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。证实ＣｓＡ顺序用药可有效地预防ＡＲ和ＡＴＮ的发生，促进移植肾功能的早期恢复。     

III期非小细胞肺癌的综合治疗

４１０例ＩＩＩ期非小细胞肺癌，３００例综合治疗，其中手术前后结合化疗或放疗５７例，术后化疗２０２例、术后放疗１９例，术后放疗及化疗２２例；与单纯手术组１１０例比较。术后１、３、５年生存率分别为６３．００％、２２．８２％、２１．５２％和４０．００％、８．２５％、８．６２％，前者明显高于后者，其中以术后结合化疗、放疗组最佳，５年生存率分别为２２．７２％和３０．００％。Ｎ０组最优，Ｎ２、３组最差。术中主     

贲门癌的生物学行为及其在外科治疗中的意义

目的 研究贲门癌的生物学行为及其在外科治疗中的意义。方法 回顾性调查施行根治性手术并具有完整临床病理资料的46例贲门癌病例,采用全胃切除根治术或全胃切除根治联合胰脾切除,腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫术者27例。近端胃切除根治术(D2以上)者19例。分析贲门癌的Borrmarm分型,癌肿浸润深度(pT)、生长方式,各组、站淋巴结转移的频度和术后5年生存的关系。结果 46例患者中BorrmannⅢ型占76％(35例),5年生存率40％(14／35);Ⅳ型占18％(8例),5年生存率为0;Ⅱ型占6％(3例),5年全部生存。pT2占31％(14例),5年生存率64％(9／14),其中淋巴转移10例,占71％(10／14);pT3占15％(7例),5年生存4例,淋巴结转移6例;pT4占54％(25例),5年生存率12％(3／25),其中淋巴转移率92％(23／25)。癌肿呈浸润性生长者占87％(40／46),5年生存率28％(11／40);呈膨胀性生长者占13％(6／46),5年全部生存。结论进展期贲门癌应行全胃切除的D2以上根治术,必要时行联合脾、胰体尾切除的扩大根治术为宜。     

Surgery for synchronous primary lung cancers and intrapulmonary metastases]

Between 1988 and 2000, 1,040 patients with primary lung cancer underwent pulmonary resection at Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital. Thirty-one (2.9%) patients had synchronous primary lung cancer (group A) and 78 patients (7.5%) had intrapulmonary metastases (group B). The 5-year and 10-year survival rate for group A was 64% and 56% respectively and for group B 37% and 32% respectively. The patients in group A showed a better survival rate in the different lobes (80% at 5 years) than in the same lobe (55%), while those in group B gave reverse results (31% and 42%). In group A, the patients had a better survival rate in the different histology (73% at 5 years) than in the same histology (45%). The 5-year survival was 65% for 20 patients with stage I disease, 75% for 4 patients with stage II disease, 43% for 75 patients with stage III and 25% for 10 patients with stage IV. These data suggest that synchronous primary lung cancer had a better prognosis than primary lung cancer with satellite nodules, but the histological discrimination between multiple lung cancers and intrapulmonary metastases was uncertain.     

Prognostic implication of Ki-67 immunostaining in treating subclinical pleural cancer found at thoracotomy in lung cancer patients

Background. Therapeutic principles for managing subclinical pleural cancer found unexpectedly during intraoperative examination are unclear. We analyzed prognostic factors including the tumor proliferative marker Ki-67 in these circumstances.

Methods. The cases of 65 surgically treated patients with lung cancer and subclinical T4 pleural cancer, microscopic in 25 and macroscopic in 40, were reviewed.

Results. The overall 5-year survival rate of patients undergoing lobectomy was 14.3%. For patients with T4 N0 disease, the 5-year survival rate was 46.7%. In patients with a low Ki-67 labeling index, the 5-year survival rate was 28.6%. The Ki-67 labeling index was a significant (p < 0.05) indicator of survival. Multivariate analysis demonstrated Ki-67 labeling index, lymph node involvement, and tumor differentiation to be the most influential prognostic factors for postoperative survival (p < 0.01).

Conclusions. In the treatment of lung cancer patients with subclinical pleural cancer found at thoracotomy, tumor resection is not necessarily contraindicated. Resection appears to be beneficial in patients with no nodal involvement or a low tumor Ki-67 labeling index. This index is a good therapeutic indicator for lung cancer patients.     

Primary lung cancer; assessment of the disclosed 5-year survival rate by the Internet website

The disclosed 5-year survival rate for lung cancer in the Internet website represents a various difference by each institution. The better inferiority of the survival has been listed in a table to compare with other institutions and has been reported in magazines and media with a lack of an enough inspection, i.e., with a sufficient considering of a risk adjustment such as patient's background, operative policy, postoperative adjuvant therapy, and statistical background. We report our outcome of the surgical treatment for primary lung cancer. Of 875 patients treated for lung cancer in our department for 23 years between January 1980 and December 2002, 115 patients containing of 42 cases in 1997 and of 48 ones in 1992 and of 25 ones in 1987 were selected and the accumulated survival analysis was treated by Kaplan-Meier method. Eighty males and 35 females were between 15 and 80-year-old (average 63.2 +/- 11.4). The pathological classification was adenocarcinoma (n=69), squamous cell carcinoma (n=32), and others (n=14). The operative procedures were pneumonectomy (n=14), bilobectomy (n=12), lobectomy (n=85), and wedge resection (n=4). The survival time was from 29 days to 182 months (median survival time was 1471+/- 1180 days, the averaged time was 49 months). The 5-year survival rate was 41.4 +/- 9.1% (n=25) in 1987, 35.6 +/- 6.2% (n=48) in 1992, and 56.0 +/- 7.0% (n=42) in 1987, respectively (log-rank test, p = 0.2555). The 10-year survival rate was 24.1 +/- 7.9% in 1987 and 8.5 +/- 3.6% in 1992, respectively. The 5-year survival rate was as follows: IA 81.0 +/- 8.6% (n=20), IB 73.7 +/- 10.1% (n=19), IIA 57.1 +/- 18.7% (n=7), IIB 55.6 +/- 16.6% (n=9), IIIA 28.6 +/- 7.6% (n=35), IIIB 15.4 +/- 10.0% (n=13), IV 16.7 +/- 10.8% (n=12), respectively. The 5-year survival rate was as follows: male 42.8 +/- 5.3% (n=80), female 63.2 +/- 7.3% (n=35), respectively (p = 0.0147). In regard to the histological classification, the 5-year survival rate was as follows: adenocarcinoma 47.2 +/- 5.9% (n=69), squamous cell carcinoma 50.8 +/- 8.9% (n=32), respectively (p = 0.9012). As a rule of the disclosure on the internet website, we report our survival data by accompanying with minimum parameters such as, patient's background, pathological types, gender, pathological stages, and mean survival rate with standard error. When we compare the 5-year survival rate with other institutes, in considering of a risk adjustment, we would carefully have to estimate the determined survival rate with a standard error.     

Evaluation of surgical indication for the small lesion of advanced lung cancer

This report analyzes the operative indication for the small lesion of advanced lung cancer. The subjects consisted of 25 patients with T1N2 lung cancer, one T1N3, four T1M1 and five small lung cancer lesion with dissemination, which was regarded as the small lesion of advanced lung cancer. The cumulative 5-year survival rate after operation for 25 patients with T1N2 lesion was 30.6%. Of 25 patients, 18 were selected patients who underwent a curative operation with a 5-year survival of 37.0%. In the remaining 7 patients, who underwent a non-curative operation, 5-year survival was 0%. As to mediastinal lymph node involvement, it is possible that metastasis to more than two levels of mediastinal lymph nodes or to the upper mediastinal lymph nodes (#1-3) are poor prognostic factors in T1N2 lesion. Another group except T1N2 could not be the comparative materials because they were much fewer in number. But T4 cases associated with small lung cancer lesion with dissemination and T1M1 cases associated with intrapulmonary metastasis encountered at thoracotomy could be expected to have a long-term survival. We conclude that T1N2 patients with metastasis to within one level of mediastinal lymph node, which will possibly have a curative operation, is a proper operative indication for the small lesion of advanced lung cancer.     

The effect of the histoculture drug response assay (HDRA) based perioperative chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer

In this study we analyze the usefulness of the histoculture drug response assay (HDRA) based perioperative chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. From 2001 to 2006, we examined the chemosensitivity of 70 lung cancer tissues to cisplatin (CDDP), carboplatin (CBDCA), paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine and irinotecan. In 16 patients with stage III lung cancer who treated induction therapy, the response rate was 100% of 5 patients treated chemotherapy using 2 HDRA-positive drugs, 50% of 8 patient treeated using 1 positive drugs and 0% of 3 patients treated using negative drugs, respectively. The 3-year survival rate of the 5 patients treated using 2 positive drugs was better than that of 11 patient treated using 1 or non positive drugs (p = 0.07). In 39 patients with stage III lung cancer who treated adjuvant chemotherapy, the survival rate of the 14 patients treated chemotherapy using 2 positive drugs was significantly better than that of 25 patients treated using 1 or non positive drugs (p = 0.03). Therefore, HDRA may useful to the improvement of the response to chemotherapy and survival.     

Surgical treatment for recurrent pulmonary carcinoma including same and different cell types

There are many problems regarding diagnosis of the next lung cancer as local recurrence, metastasis or 2nd primary and there is a limit to only morphologic findings. It may be necessary to examine oncogene abnormalities for example p53 mutation. From the above-mentioned facts, this study distinguished the recurrent resected lung tumors between same (As: n = 19) and different (Ah: n = 8) cell types from the 1st lung cancer. These 2 groups were compared each other and with group B, which was treated to recurrent lung cancer only with chemotherapy and/or radiation, and group C, which was not treated. On 5-year survival after the 1st operation, group As was 78.9%, group Ah was 75.0%, group B was 15.0%, group C was 0%. On 5-year survival after the 2nd operation, group As was 21.1%, group Ah was 42.9%. There were long intervals between the 1st and the 2nd operations (overall mean 56.1+/- 45.6 month, max 190 month), therefore we must follow up on patients undergone resection of lung cancer at the long-term periods. Recent amelioration of chemotherapy and radiotherapy can keep patients with recurrent lung cancer survive by over 5 years. It is important not only to perform an aggressive 2nd operation for recurrent lung cancer but also to estimate post-2nd-operative lung function for selection of operative procedure and to prefer multidisciplinary treatment.     

Activated Ki-ras oncogene in human prostatic adenocarcinoma

The role of cellular oncogenes in the development of human prostate cancer has not been extensively studied. A search for activated oncogenes was undertaken by testing DNA isolated from prostatic adenocarcinoma tissues for transforming activity in a 3T3 transfection assay. A transforming sequence homologous to Ki-ras was detected in one of the samples. DNA from the other cancers was negative in the transformation assay, suggesting that the activation of oncogenes, at least those detectable by the 3T3 transfection assay, is not a frequent event in prostate cancer. Amplification of genomic oncogene sequences in prostatic tissues was also examined, but amplification of Ki-ras, Ha-ras, c-myc, N-myc, c-sis, or c-fos was not detectable in any of the samples.     

Advanced non-small cell lung cancer: induction chemotherapy and chemoradiation before operation

BACKGROUND: Induction chemotherapy before operation is beneficial for patients with advanced locoregional non-small cell lung cancer. However, no optimal regimen has been established. This study assesses feasibility, response, resectability, and survival of chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation before operation in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: Fifty-seven stage IIIA and selected IIIB patients with non-small cell lung cancer received 2/3 cycles of cisplatin and oral etoposide, followed in 3/4 weeks by chemoradiation with daily cisplatin before each radiation fraction. Patients achieving a resectable status underwent operation. RESULTS: Response to induction treatment was documented in 73%; 69% achieved a resectable status and 53% underwent operation. Median survival was 16 months. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates were 65%, 35% and 22%, respectively. There was no difference in survival between stage IIIA and IIIB disease. Myelotoxicity was moderate to severe (grade III/IV in 61% of patients). Three patients died of late complications of pneumonectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Our presurgery chemotherapy and chemoradiation protocol yields high response and resectability rates, with moderate to severe myelotoxicity. Pneumonectomy is associated with a relatively high rate of late complications.