结肠良,恶性病变中细胞凋亡及其与bcl—2,bax,PCNA蛋白表达？…

目的：了解结肠良、恶性变中细胞凋亡与增殖,及其与相关基因蛋白的表达及其生物学意义。方法应用免疫组织化学Ｓ－Ｐ法检测１４８例结肠良、恶性病变标本中ｂｃｌ－２、ｂａｘ和ＰＣＮＡ蛋白的表达,并对其中７５例标本进行凋亡指数（ＡＩ）和有丝分裂指数（ＭＩ）测定。结果ＰＣＮＡ与ＡＩ和ＭＩ密切相关（Ｐ〈０．０１）;而ｂｃｌ－２和ｂａｘ仅与ＡＩ有关（Ｐ〈０．０１）;ｂｃｌ－２和ＰＣＮＡ蛋白在结肠腺癌和腺瘤中表达率显     

骨肉瘤细胞凋亡与p53和bcl-2表达的关系

目的：探讨骨肉瘤细胞凋亡的和５３、ｂｃｌ－２表达及细胞增殖的相关性,及其对患者预后的影响。方法：在８０例骨肉瘤标本中,用ＤＮＡ末端标记方法检测细胞凋亡,免疫组化检测Ｐ５３、ｂｃｌ－２和增殖细胞核怕的表达。结果：８０例骨肉瘤中凋亡指数范围为０．６３￣１８．８％,Ｐ５３和ｂｃｌ－２蛋白检出率分别为３７．５％和６０％,ＰＣＮＡ指数范围为１２￣９６％。统计学分析表明,细胞凋亡与Ｐ５３、ＰＣＮＡ表达呈正相关     

肺癌组织中bcl—2和Bax的表达

目的　探讨凋亡相关基因ｂｃｌ－２ 基因和Ｂａｘ 基因在肺癌中的表达。方法　应用原位杂交技术检测了３８ 例肺癌组织及２１例肺部良性组织ｂｃｌ－２ ｍ ＲＮＡ表达情况;应用免疫组织化学法对Ｂａｘ 蛋白进行检测。结果　肺癌组织ｂｃｌ－２基因、Ｂａｘ 蛋白的表达（４２．１％ 、３４．２％ ）明显高于肺部良性组织（４．８％ 、０）Ｐ＜ ０．０１。结论　ｂｃｌ－２、Ｂａｘ蛋白在肺癌中的表达率较高,ｂｃｌ－２、Ｂａｘ 可能会成为肺癌的重要分子标志物。     

肝癌组织中bcl—2和bax蛋白表达及与PCNA表达的关系

目的探讨ｂｃｌ－２和ｂａｘ与肝癌发生的关系。方法用免疫组化方法研究３４例肝癌组织中ｂｃｌ－２和ｂａｘ的表达及与ＰＣＮＡ的关系。结果显示３４例肝细胞癌中５例ｂｃｌ－２阳性,阳性率为１４．７％,８例癌旁组织阳性,阳性率为２３．５％。７例ｂａｘ阳性,阳性率为２０．６％,癌旁组织２２例阳性,阳性率为６４．７％。ｂｃｌ－２和ｂａｘ表达与ＰＣ－ＮＡ增殖指数间无明显关系（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论ｂｃｌ－２和ｂａｘ的变化可能影响肝细胞的凋亡状态,在肝癌发生中可能起一定作用,而并不引起细胞的增殖。     

细胞凋亡及其相关基因与乳腺癌预后关系的研究

目的：分析乳腺癌中凋亡细胞数量、凋亡相关基因－－ｂｃｌ－２、ｐ５３的表达、细胞增殖标志物ＰＣＮＡ（增殖细胞核抗原）的表达,与影响乳腺癌预后的因素（肿瘤大小,ＴＮＭ分期,淋巴结转移情况,雌孕激素受体情况等）之间的关系及其对预后的影响。方法：凋亡细胞的检测采用原位ＤＮＡ缺口末端标记ＴＵＮＥＬ法,ｂｃｌ－２、ｐ５３、ＰＣＮＡ、ＥＲ（雌激素受体）及ＰＲ（孕激素受体）检测采用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法。结果：本组２     

鼻咽癌组织中bcl—2蛋白和增殖细胞核抗原的表达及意义

应用免疫组化ＳＰ法研究４１例鼻咽癌组织中ｂｃｌ－２蛋白和增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）的表达及意义。结果显示ｂｃｌ－２蛋白在鼻咽癌中出现异常高表达（阳性率为８２．９％），ｂｃｌ－２表达与组织学分级及颈淋巴结转移无显著性关系（Ｐ＞０．０５）；ＰＣＮＡ表达随肿瘤分级升高而增高，且与淋巴结转移有关。结果表明ｂｃｌ－２基因对鼻咽上皮的良恶性诊断具有重要的参考价值，ＰＣＮＡ可作为鼻咽癌恶性程度及预后判定的指标之一，同时发现ｂｃｌ－２蛋白与ＰＣＮＡ表达间无相关。     

鼻咽癌组织中bcl—2及EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白表达与放射诱发细胞？…

目的：探讨鼻咽癌（ＮＰＣ）组织ｂｃｌ－２及ＥＢ病毒潜伏膜蛋白（ＬＭＰ）表达与放射诱发细胞凋亡的关系。方法采用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法及ＴｄＴ酶介导的生物素化ｄＵＴＰ缺口要端标记技术（ＴＵＮＥＬ法）,分别检测３５例ＮＰＣ组中ｂｃｌ－２及ＥＢ病毒ＬＭＰ的表达,以及放疗总量为１０Ｇｙ时ＮＰＣ组织的细胞凋亡率（ＡＲ）。结果ＮＰＣ组织ｂｃｌ－２及ＬＭＰ的表达率分别为７１．４％（２５／３５）、４５．７％（１６／３５）     

绿茶儿素对于人肝癌细胞的凋亡诱导作用

目的：探讨绿茶儿茶素（ＣＴＣ）对ＢＥＬ－７４０２人肝癌细胞的凋亡诱导作用。方法：应用透射电镜、流式细胞术、ＴＵＮＥＬ和免疫组化等方法检测受１００或２００ｕｇ／ｍｌＧＴＣ作用４天后的ＢＥＬ－７４０２细胞的凋亡情况及其ＰＣＮＡ、ｂｃｌ－２、ｃ－ｍｙｃ、ｐ５３蛋白表达情况。结果：受ＧＴＣ作用４天后的ＢＥＬ－７４０２细胞的凋亡显著性增加,其ＰＣＮＡ表达显著性下降,而与凋亡相关的癌基因ｂｃｌ－２、ｃ－ｍｙｃ     

P-糖蛋白、bcl-2蛋白和增殖细胞核抗原在肺癌组织中的表达及意义

目的：研究Ｐ－糖蛋白（Ｐ－ｇｌｙｃｏｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,Ｐ－ｇｐ）的表达与ｂｃｌ－２蛋白和增殖细胞核抗原（ｐｒｏｌｏｆｅｒａｔｉｎｇ－ｃｅｌｌｎｕｃｌｅａｒ ａｎｔｉｇｅｎ,ＰＣＮＡ）表达的关系及意义。方法：用特异性鼠抗人单克隆抗体,用ＳＰ免疫组织化学方法检测石蜡包埋的肺癌标本中Ｐ－ｇｐ,ｂｃｌ－２蛋白和ＰＣＮＡ的表达,结果：在小细胞肺癌（ｓａｍｌｌ ｃｅｌｌ ｌｕｎｇ ｃａｎｃｅｒ,ＳＣＬＣ）中,Ｐ     

甲状腺癌bcl—2蛋白及bcl—2 mRNA表达的研究

采用免疫组化和逆转录ＰＣＲ技术,分别检测甲状腺癌ｂｃｌ－２蛋白及ｂｃｌ－２ｍＲＮＡ的表达,结果显示,２０例甲状腺癌中ｂｃｌ－２蛋白阳性１４例;８例良性甲状腺肿瘤及８例Ｇｒａｖｅｓ病均阴性,１２例甲状腺癌新鲜手术标本中８例ｂｃｌ－２ｍＲＮＡ表达阳性,而其癌旁组织ｂｃｌ－２ｍＲＮＡ表达阴性,结果表明,ｂｃｌ－２蛋白及ｂｃｌ－２ｍＲＮＡ异常表达与甲状腺细胞凋亡减少有关,在甲状腺癌发生中起一定作用。     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

肾上腺素能β受体与肿瘤生长及转移

大量研究表明肿瘤细胞可表达β受体，而一些神经递质、药物和社会心理因素可能通过β受体影响肿瘤的生长和转移，β受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂以及抑郁等社会心理因素可加强或削弱这种作用。这为表达β受体肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的道路，提供了新的治疗靶点。     

Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between occupational and environmental radiation and cancer is reviewed. Studies of pioneering radiation workers, underground miners, and radium dial painters revealed excess cancer deaths and contributed to the setting of radiation protection standards and to theories of carcinogenesis. Occupational exposures today are generally much lower than in the past, thus any associated increases in cancer will be difficult to detect. Pooling investigations of these more recently exposed workers, however, has the potential to validate current estimates of risk used in radiation protection. New information on the effects of chronic radiation exposure also may come from studies in the former Soviet Union of Chernobyl clean-up workers and of workers at the Mayak nuclear facilities. Studies of environmental radiation exposures, other than radon, are largely inconclusive, due mainly to the difficulties in detecting the low risks associated with low dose exposures. Thyroid cancer, however, has been linked to environmental radiation from the Chernobyl accident and from nuclear weapons tests. Low-level radiation released during normal operations at nuclear plants has not been found to increase cancer rates in surrounding populations. Radon, a human carcinogen, is the most ubiquitous exposure to human populations; remediating high residential-radon levels is recommended, recognizing that the exposure can never be removed completely because it occurs naturally.     

Cell and tissue interactions in carcinogenesis and metastasis and their clinical significance

This review describes a new vision for future directions in the study of metastatic cancer biology and pathology. It is based upon clinical and experimental observations on the constituent cell lineages within a neoplasm and on tumour-host interactions. The vision incorporates information from studies in population biology, developmental biology and experimental pathology as well as investigations upon human malignant disease. The assembled information reveals that invasion and metastasis are supra-cellular manifestations of "emergent behavior" among combinations of normal and malignant cell lineages in vivo. Emergent behavior is a combinatorial interactive process in which a population displays new traits which cannot be achieved by individuals acting separately and which subside when the specific population mix disaggregates. Disruption of such pathological interactions in the field of a developing primary or secondary tumour is, therefore, required to disable the malignant population and arrest progression without tissue destruction. These conclusions originate, in part, from principles which govern the sociobiology and group behavior of bees, ants, fish, birds and human societies. In all these social organisms, external factors can disrupt signaling mechanisms and induce expanding self-perpetuating rogue behavior, leading to social disintegration. These principles also apply to cellular societies composing higher animals, which likewise need intrinsic rules to maintain social order and avoid anarchy, and recognition of this is essential for advancing future research on the mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Summarised evidence is presented here to support the conclusion that miscommunications between cells and tissues in the region of the developing tumour and its metastases are the main direct perpetrators of malignant disease. Genetic lesions (mutations, deletions, translocations, reduplications, etc.), commonly seen in cancers, can significantly disrupt important molecular pathways in the networks of communications needed to sustain orderly tissue/organ structure and function. However, genetic lesions can also, themselves, be induced by abnormal cell interactions initiated by extrinsic carcinogenic agents such as chemicals, viruses, hormones and radiation. The evidence shows that, irrespective of the initiating cause, it is this miscommunication in the region of a developing tumour and its metastases that is ultimately responsible for the emergence and progression of the disease. The article describes how this information collectively, provides a framework for designing specific novel therapeutic approaches targeting the cell and tissue interactions driving tumour metastasis and its manifold effects on the whole body.     

Vitamin D and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer risk and prognosis: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis

Vitamin D is formed mainly in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can as well be taken orally with food or through supplements. While sun exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer development, vitamin D exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on melanocytes and keratinocytes in vitro. To clarify the role of vitamin D in skin carcinogenesis, we performed a review of the literature and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of vitamin D serum levels and dietary intake with cutaneous melanoma (CM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk and melanoma prognostic factors. Twenty papers were included for an overall 1420 CM and 2317 NMSC. The summary relative risks (SRRs) from random effects models for the association of highest versus lowest vitamin D serum levels was 1.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–3.53) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.02–2.65) for CM and NMSC, respectively. The SRR for the highest versus lowest quintile of vitamin D intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.63–1.13) for CM and 1.03 (95% CI 0.95–1.13) for NMSC. Data were suggestive of an inverse association between vitamin D blood levels and CM thickness at diagnosis. Further research is needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D on skin cancer risk in populations with different exposure to sunlight and dietary habits, and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in improving CM survival.