无损估计体内温度的超声方法

测量体内组织温度可以为临床诊断提供帮助，在肿瘤热疗中则会直接影响热疗的效果。无损测温技术主要有电阻抗(EIT)测温、微波(MW)测温、核磁共振(MRI)测温和超声测温等，它们能够避免有损测温方法存在的缺点。超声无损测温技术利用超声扫描热疗生物组织，基于超声声速模型、非线性参数、回波时移特性、回波频移特性和散射能量等特性，对超声信号进行分析，有效地提取组织温度信息，较其他方法具有更好的综合性能。本对各种超声无损测温方法的原理和存在的问题进行分析，概述了目前国内外有关的研究现状。     

ET-SPACETM全身热疗系统的治疗温度与测控

ET-SPACE^TM全身热疗系统是利用红外线体表照射对人体进行全身加温的，可以确保人体各部位均匀加热。我科采用的治疗温度是41．8℃，升温时间约需3h，恒温期治疗时间为1h，降温时间约需1h。其测温系统可以同时实时显示各路测温探测器的温度变化曲线；其控温系统对人体的绝对控温精度达到0．1℃，显示分辨率达到0．01℃。     

三种热疗测温仪的性能实验比较

据资料报道，当热疗温度超过42．5℃时，每增加1℃，则对细胞的杀伤致死效应成数倍增加。因此，在热疗中要做到既能杀灭癌细胞又不至损伤正常组织，精确的温度测量是十分必要的。目前临床上普遍使用的测温仪器有热电偶测温计、高阻导线热敏电阻测温计和光纤测温仪等。这三类测温仪器所应用的感温元件不同，性能特点也各有差异。本文利用标准恒温水槽，针对这三种不同感温元件的测温仪进行了性能对比实验，目的是了解它们的特性反应，指导临床热疗测温。材料与方法标准恒温水槽（进口）两个；配标准温度计。热电偶测温计（本院自制）。热电偶…     

体内温度测量技术的发展

人体深部位温度测量是随着肿瘤温热疗法的发展而发展起来的一种新的技术。在近二十年以来，随着温热疗法的发展，这一测温技术不但有了很大的发展，而且已成功地应用于临床，本文从有创伤测温和无创伤测温两个方面介绍了体内测温方法的原理，用途和存在的问题等。这对于我国温热疗法的发展会起一定的借鉴作用。     

微机微波腔内热疗仪的研制

本文介绍了微机微波腔内热疗仪的原理和结构，对辐射器热场分布，测温传感器抗干扰措施以及ＰＩＤ控制算法引入并针对人体组织模型的特点实施整定的方法进行了研究。     

全身热疗及三维加温、测温和控温的新思维探讨

目前全身热疗法临床观察已证实对肿瘤有明显疗效，之所以还不能大力推广就是因为存在加温、测温和控温技术上的难题，本文综合国内外医学工作者的临床经验，结合工作实践，在红外线材料、分部位加温，体内测温胶囊、三维计算机连续监控热温图、热疗仿真体模试验、QA、QC体系及热剂量处方软件等方面，提出了建立满足临床要求的理想化的温控三维体系的新思维。供同行探讨。     

探讨恶性肿瘤内生场深部热疗导致病人皮肤烫伤的原因和预防对策

目的：探讨恶性肿瘤内生场深部热疗导致病人皮肤烫伤的原因和预防对策。方法：选取湖南省中医药研究院附属医院于2009年11月至2011年3月收治的140例恶性肿瘤患者，内生场深部热疗导致皮肤烫伤的患者有3例，找寻原因并且进行分析，旨在找出相对应的预防对策。结果：140例恶性肿瘤内生场深部热疗患者，3例导致皮肤烫伤的患者经过科学性的分析和系统性的研究治疗，3例烫伤患者4天-5天内都痊愈出院。结论：对于恶性肿瘤内生场深部热疗导致皮肤烫伤的患者采取针对性的预防措施，病人进行热疗前提前做好准备，患者进行治疗时，护理人员要多加强巡视，温度设置恰当，操作规范，可以显著降低患者皮肤烫伤的发生情况。     

多元阵肿瘤热疗系统的实时温度测量与控制

介绍了自制的超声肿瘤热疗系统。该系统有九个功率放大器分别给九个超声换能器提供能源。利用九路测温系统实时采集体内九点温度值，依据温度数据的反馈，能及时地对各路功率放大器输出的功率进行调整。以保证热疗达到预期的效果。     

中药内服灌肠配合深部热疗治疗卵巢囊肿65例疗效观察

目的观察中药内服灌肠配合深部热疗治疗卵巢囊肿的临床疗效。方法根据临床症状及B超诊断，通过四诊合参对卵巢囊肿进行辨证论治，口服中药、中药保留灌肠和深部热疗每日1次。结果1疗程（20d左右）治愈率71％，总有效率93.8％。结论中药内服灌肠配合深部热疗治疗卵巢囊肿疗效确切，无创伤，无痛苦。     

红外线快速测温仪的临床应用

红外线测温仪用于大量人群快速测温，采用对入口3465人腋窝及额头测温，探索了环境温度与额头皮肤温度的可比性，掌握了额头温度与腋窝温度的变化规律。日本Raytek公司生产的MX2测温仪，用于额头测温，准确率高。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.