人GPC3基因真核表达载体的构建及重组蛋白表达纯化

目的:人磷脂酰肌醇蛋白3是肝癌的诊断标志物和潜在治疗靶点。本研究目的在于获得足量的GPC3蛋白用于结构、功能及应用研究。方法:通过RT-PCR从人胎肝中克隆GPC3编码cDNA,利用Xho I和Xba I酶切位点,将GPC3ORF编码基因插入毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZ A中,构建真核表达质粒pPICZ A-GPC3。以该表达质粒转染毕赤酵母菌株GS115,在含有Zeocin的YPD平板上进行筛选。然后使用HRP标记的山羊抗人IgG在醋酸-硝酸纤维素双层膜上进行Dot blot筛选。对筛选获得的菌株进行诱导表达,表达上清经SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测。结果:筛选获得的阳性菌株诱导表达上清SDS-PAGE结果表明在预期位置观察到GPC3重组蛋白条带,且该蛋白条带与抗GPC3单克隆抗体(mAb)孵育后呈现特异性反应。工程菌株经高密度培养后,发酵上清中重组GPC3表达量约5 mg/L,进而通过阳离子交换层析从发酵上清中纯化了重组蛋白。结论:利用毕赤酵母表达并纯化了重组人GPC3蛋白,为进一步研究GPC3的结构和功能奠定了基础。     

中国株HIV-1结构蛋白基因gag与gp120在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的融合表达

目的：将中国流行株B亚型HIV－1结构蛋白基因gag和gp120的巴斯德毕赤酵母中进行融合表达。方法：以酵母分泌型表达质粒pPIC9为载体，构建含HIV－1 gag和gp120嵌合基因的重组酵母表达质粒pPICGP。用Sac I将pPICGP线性化后，电转化巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115，用PCR的方法鉴定阳性酵母转化子。阳性转化子在巴斯德毕赤酵母中用甲醇进行诱导表达，表达产物以SDS－PAGE和Western blot进行分析，并对阳性菌株的遗传稳定性进行研究。结果：12个酵母转化子中共筛选到了8个阳性酵母转化子，其整合率为66．7％。SDS－PAGE和Western blot分析显示，在相对分子质量（Mr）为57000处有1条特异蛋白带，且能与抗p24单抗（mAb)和抗gp120mAb发生反应。酵母转化子在YPD培养基上传代10次后，其外源基因未丢失。结论：在巴斯德毕赤酵母中成功地表达了HIV－1 gag-gp120嵌合基因，且表达蛋白具有特异性，但其Mr较预计计算的值要小，说明嵌合基因中的gp120基因只有部分进行了表达。     

重组人sCR1在巴斯德毕赤酵母细胞中的表达、纯化及鉴定

目的:酵母细胞SMD1168表达人sCR1,并对重组蛋白进行纯化。方法:从人外周血中提取总RNA,应用RT-PCR获得人sCR1全长cDNA,将其克隆入真核表达载体pPIC9K,构建含人sCR1的重组质粒(pPIC9K-sCR1);经测序鉴定正确后,将重组质粒转化入毕赤酵母菌细胞SMD1168中,经甲醇诱导,表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析及Western blot鉴定,并通过Ni2 -NTA agarose亲和层析纯化。结果:经甲醇诱导的含pPIC9K-sCR1的酵母细胞表达出重组人sCR1的融合蛋白,48～72hsCR1融合蛋白表达量最高。此蛋白在凝胶上表现为Mr约31000的蛋白区带,在Western blot分析中可被sCR1的CD35单克隆抗体(mAb)识别。经Ni2 -NTA agarose亲和层析纯化后得到较纯的sCR1融合蛋白。结论:人sCR1融合蛋白在酵母细胞表达系统中的高水平表达,并且有与人体天然蛋白相同的抗原活性。     

鹌鹑血管内皮生长因子受体Quek1胞外段第2～4 区cDNA在毕赤酵母中的表达和鉴定

以PCR法从携带有鹌鹑血管内皮生长因子受体quek1(qVEGFR)的质粒中扩增获得qVEFR胞外段第2～4区cDNA片段,并将其定向克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA中,获得重组表达质粒pPICZαA-qVEGFR2.然后将用SacI酶线性化的pPICZαA-qVEGFR2质粒电转化到毕赤酵母菌GS115中,经Zeocin抗性和PCR筛选得到阳性重组菌株.重组菌株用甲醇进行诱导表达后,通过SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析鉴定蛋白表达产物,结果证实qVEGFR2胞外段第2～4区cDNA在毕赤酵母中获得了分泌性表达,为进一步研究和制备肿瘤蛋白疫苗打下了基础.     

BPIm23重组抗菌蛋白在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

目的：采用巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统表达分泌型功能性rBPIm23抗菌蛋白。方法：利用构建的pUC18-synBPI414质粒和PBV220-BPIm120质粒，按分子克隆方法构建pPICZa-synBPIm600重组表达载体；用线性化pVICZa-synBPIm600质粒电转化Pichia pastoris GS115，筛选抗性转化子，进行PCR和Mut表型鉴定；用甲醇诱导目的蛋白rBPIm23的表达；用离子交换层析纯化rBPIm23，并进行SDS-PAGE分析、Western blot鉴定和用BCA法定量。结果：①成功构建了pPICZa-synBPIm600重组表达载体；②获得稳定整合目的基因的GS115菌株；③表达产物相对分子量约为23kD，可与抗BPI抗体特异性结合；④培养上清液中目的蛋白表达量约为2.9mg／L。结论：BPIm23重组抗菌蛋白在毕赤酵母GS115中得到分泌表达。     

pPICZα-LL37-Fcγ1重组质粒的构建及其在毕赤酵母GS115中的表达

目的:构建pPICZα-LL37-Fcγ1重组表达载体,实现LL37-Fcγ1重组融合蛋白在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的高效分泌表达,获得功能性抗菌蛋白。方法:通过合成LL37全基因,将其与人IgG1Fc(Fcγ1)基因相连后,插入到毕赤酵母菌表达载体pPICZα中。电转化毕赤酵母菌GS115后,经Zeocin抗性筛选阳性菌株。用RT-PCR和斑点杂交鉴定目的基因的表达。通过亲和层析法纯化目的蛋白,并以SDS-PAGE和Western blot进行鉴定。用BCA法测定目的蛋白的浓度,鲎试剂鉴定其中和内毒素的能力。结果:成功地构建了pPICZα-LL37-Fcγ1重组质粒,并证明目的基因已整合于毕赤酵母菌的基因组中。通过亲和层析获得具有结合蛋白A及中和内毒素能力的重组融合蛋白LL37-Fcγ1。结论:在毕赤酵母菌GS115中高效表达功能性的LL37-Fcγ1融合蛋白,为进一步研究奠定了基础。     

人免疫缺陷病毒Ⅱ型(HIV-2)gag蛋白基因在毕赤酵母中的克隆表达

目的：实现HIV-2HCOgag重组蛋白的分泌表达，为研究HIV—2HCO gag蛋白结构与功能及亚单位蛋白疫苗研究打下基础。方法：将HIV-2HCOgag蛋白基因片段，与分泌型毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9重组，构建了相应的重组表达质粒pPIC9-gag，转化GS115酵母菌，经MD／MM表型筛选、PCR扩增筛选阳性克隆，以甲醇诱导表达后进行SDS-PAGE分析及Wgtem blot证实。结果：获得了HIV—2HCOgag重组蛋白在巴斯德毕赤酵母系统中的分泌表达，表达产物可被HIV—2抗血清识别，分子量约为57kD。结论：pPIC9—gag重组质粒在甲醇营养型酵母菌中可经甲醇诱导产生HIV—2HCOgag蛋白，该蛋白具有强免疫学活性。     

人Delta-like1ext-Fc融合蛋白毕赤酵母表达载体的构建及表达

目的:构建人Delta-like1ext-Fc融合蛋白毕赤酵母表达载体PIC-hDll1ext -Fc,并在毕赤酵母GS115中表达.方法:以pEF-BOSneo-hdll1ext-Fc为模板PCR扩增人Delta-like1胞外段.通过DNA重组构建毕赤酵母表达载体PIC-hDll1ext.-Fc.用MD平板筛选重组子,G418筛选高拷贝转化子,经甲醇诱导表达后,SDS-PAGE、Western blot分析表达蛋白.结果:hDll1基因的胞外段被有效地扩增.序列分析表明,所构建的含hDll1ext-Fc融合基因的质粒与设计相同,融合蛋白hDll1extFc得到正确表达.结论:成功地扩增了人Delta-likel胞外段,构建了hDll1ext-Fc融合基因的毕赤酵母表达载体PIC-hDll1extFc,并在毕赤酵母中正确表达,为进一步研究奠定了实验基础.     

抗HIV-1外膜蛋白单链抗体基因的酵母表达和生物活性分析

目的：构建含抗HIV-1外膜蛋白gp120单链抗体（scFv）基因的酵母表达载体，实现目的蛋白的分泌性表达，并检测其生物活性。方法：采用基因工程和重组DNA技术，从质粒pET28．scFv中切下目的基因片段，定向克隆入毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9的相应位点，构建重组酵母表达质粒pPIC9-scFv。Bgl Ⅱ线性化后，电转化入受体酵母菌GS115中，筛选阳性重组子，进行甲醇诱导表达，并用RT-PCR、SDS—PAGE、双抗体夹心Dot—ELISA法分析目的蛋白表达情况。结果：通过表型筛选、PCR鉴定获得阳性重组酵母工程菌，RT—PCR、SDS—PAGE分析表明目的蛋白得到很好表达，表达量可占培养液上清总蛋白量的18％，双抗体夹心Dot-ELISA法检测，表达产物能够特异识别重组HIV-1 gp120抗原蛋白并与之发生特异性免疫反应。证明表达的重组scFv具有良好的抗体活性。结论：成功地实现了scFv基因的分泌性表达，为抗AIDS靶向治疗及进一步研究其抗HIV活性提供了依据。     

两种HBsAg/GM-CSF融合蛋白在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达、纯化及其免疫原性比较

目的:利用毕赤酵母表达系统表达两种融合形式的乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg-s和s-HBsAg),并对融合蛋白的免疫原性进行研究。方法:用毕赤酵母分泌型表达质粒pPIC9k为载体,通过PCR方法引入(Gly4Ser)3连接肽的编码基因将GM-CSF融合到HBsAg基因的3′端或5′端进行分泌表达,表达产物以SDS-PAGE及Western blot进行分析并通过DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换柱进行蛋白纯化。将纯化的两种融合蛋白与单纯的HBsAg蛋白分别免疫小鼠,ELISA方法检测HBsAg特异的抗体反应水平。结果:两种HBsAg/GM-CSF融合蛋白均可在毕赤酵母菌株GS115中获得了分泌表达,Western blot分析表明表达产物能够与抗GM-CSF抗体及抗HBsAg抗体发生特异性结合。免疫后的血清ELISA结果显示,相比单纯的HBsAg蛋白,两种融合蛋白可以诱导出更高的抗体水平(P<0.05),其中将GM-CSF蛋白融合在HBsAg蛋白的C端效果要好于融合在N端。结论:通过与GM-CSF蛋白的融合可以显著增强HBsAg的免疫原性,这为提高乙肝疫苗的免疫效果提供了新的思路与方法。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.