两种抗凝血灭鼠剂实验室及现场灭鼠效果比较

目的比较溴鼠灵毒饵和杀特宁B型饵剂实验室及现场灭鼠效果,为今后灭鼠工作提供科学依据。方法用有选择给饵法测定毒饵的适口性及实验室毒杀效果;用粉迹法测定现场鼠密度,计算校正灭鼠率。结果溴鼠灵毒饵的摄食系数为1.10,杀特宁B型饵剂为1.35;2种毒饵实验室灭鼠率均为100%;现场校正灭鼠率,溴鼠灵毒饵为86.67%,杀特宁B型饵剂为42.99%。结论2种抗凝血灭鼠剂均具有很好的适口性及室内毒杀效果,但现场条件下溴鼠灵毒饵灭鼠更好,可以用于社区的大面积灭鼠。     

大仓鼠对5种灭鼠剂的实验室选择性试验

目的实验室比较急性灭鼠剂磷化锌与4种抗凝血灭鼠剂毒饵敌鼠钠盐、杀鼠灵、杀鼠迷和溴敌隆对大仓鼠的毒效。方法将1％磷化锌、0．005％溴敌隆和0．025％敌鼠钠盐、杀鼠灵、杀鼠迷配成毒饵，对靶鼠单笼饲养进行有选择摄食试验：抗凝血鼠药摄食4d，磷化锌摄食12h；以毒杀率和摄食系数评价各种药物的毒效和适口性。结果5种鼠药对试鼠的毒杀率：敌鼠钠盐和溴敌隆均为100％，磷化锌为88．89％，杀鼠迷和杀鼠灵分别为50％和10％；摄食系数：磷化锌、敌鼠钠盐、杀鼠灵、杀鼠迷及溴敌隆分别为0．73、0．38、0．64、0．56和0．81。结论除杀鼠灵和杀鼠迷外，其他3种鼠药都适于防治大仓鼠；但从灭鼠成本和易用性考虑，敌鼠钠盐为首选。     

杀鼠灵对黄毛鼠、板齿鼠的单剂量毒力测定

杀鼠灵是第一代抗凝血杀鼠剂的代表,世界卫生组织规定为检测鼠类对抗凝血杀鼠剂抗药性的标准药物。关于杀鼠灵单剂量对南方野鼠——黄毛鼠(Rattus losea)、板齿鼠(Bandicota indica)的毒力,国内未见报道。为完善基本数据资料,供今后测定抗药性提供参考数据,我们进     

抗凝血灭鼠剂对贵阳市褐家鼠的毒效实验室效果

目的了解贵阳市褐家鼠对杀鼠灵、杀鼠迷、敌鼠钠盐和溴敌隆等抗凝血灭鼠剂的适口性和各种药剂的灭鼠效果，为制定有效的灭鼠措施提供依据。方法从现场捕获的褐家鼠中筛选出80只健康鼠（雌雄各半），随机分为4组，采用有选择性摄食和无选择性摄食试验进行评估。结果4种抗凝血灭鼠剂对贵阳市褐家鼠的毒杀率在90％以上，摄食系数依次为杀鼠迷1．49，溴敌隆0．67，敌鼠钠盐0．62，杀鼠灵0．37。结论4种抗凝血灭鼠剂对贵阳市褐家鼠均有较好的毒杀效果，其中杀鼠迷适口性最好，溴敌隆适口性有所下降。     

抗凝血灭鼠剂对家栖鼠的抗药性和药效比较

目的：探讨家栖鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性及毒效。方法：有选择性和无选择性摄食试验。结果：10年来圻春3种家栖鼠抗性发生率无大变化,反而试鼠的纯药平均致死剂量明显下降,但平均致死天数有所延长。4种抗凝血灭鼠剂对褐家鼠的毒杀率均在91%以上,单个笼养和围栏群养摄食系数依次为杀鼠迷0.85和1.58、溴敌降0.76和0.69、杀鼠灵0.38和0.31、敌鼠钠盐0.35和0.25。结论：两次抗性测定均表明圻春3种家栖鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂具有高度敏感性,无抗药性种群发生,4种灭鼠剂对褐家鼠均有较高的毒杀效果,其中以杀鼠迷的适口性最好。     

溴特隆杀灭达乌尔黄鼠的试验研究

溴特隆(Bromadiolone)又称马其(Maki),是一种新型抗凝血杀鼠剂,与鼠得克、杀鼠隆同属于羟基香豆素类化合物。青海省化工研究所于1983年在国内首次合成溴特隆样品。为了解溴特隆对消灭吉林     

东方田鼠对杀鼠灵的敏感性测定

目的测定东方田鼠对杀鼠灵的敏感性基数，以便进行更有效的鼠害防治。方法捕捉试鼠，配制毒饵进行不同天数的攻毒试验，观察分析食毒期与对应死亡率的关系，并比较性别间的差异。结果雌雄东方田鼠对杀鼠灵的敏感性差异无统计学意义，合并后计算LFP50、LFP98和LFP99的估计值（95％置信限）分别为2．51（2．24—2．81）d、25．08（21．7628．91）d和29．37（25．25-34．17）d。结论东方田鼠对杀鼠灵的敏感性本底及抗性检验标准为0．002％浓度杀鼠灵食毒29d或30d存活。     

褐家鼠对杀鼠灵的抗药性调查

广州市从1986年起使用0.05～0.1%敌鼠钠盐毒饵开展大面积灭鼠,每年投放毒饵二次,每月坚持巩固,至今已连续4～5年。局部地区还使用过杀鼠迷等抗凝血杀鼠剂。为了解该地区褐家鼠对抗凝血杀鼠剂的抗药性,我们于1990年9～11月,采用军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所提供的1%杀鼠灵母粉,配     

血浆中溴鼠灵的高效液相色谱法测定

溴鼠灵（Brodifacoum）又名大隆,为香豆素类抗凝血杀鼠剂,由于毒鼠强、氟乙酰胺等杀鼠剂已被国家明令禁止生产、销售和使用,作为其替代产品的抗凝血类杀鼠剂溴鼠灵的生产和使用正在得到普及和推广.溴鼠灵属于剧毒物质,中毒者多以误食为主,生物材料（血浆）中溴鼠灵的检测方法未见报道.     

急性杀鼠剂中毒检材的液相色谱串联质谱法快速确证

目的针对不同样品类别优化前处理方法和仪器方法,建立食糜和生物体液等基质复杂中毒检材中14种杀鼠剂(毒鼠强、氟乙酰胺、氟乙酸、溴敌隆、溴鼠灵、杀鼠灵、杀鼠迷、杀鼠酮、灭鼠优、氯敌鼠、鼠得克、氟鼠灵、敌鼠、噻鼠酮)的液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)快速确证方法。方法样品中氟乙酸经丙酮水萃取,其余13种杀鼠剂经乙酸乙酯或乙腈萃取,氮吹浓缩后用初始流动相复溶,直接上LC-MS/MS,以杀鼠灵-D5为内标,在不同色谱及质谱条件下进行定性确证与定量检测。结果 14种杀鼠剂的定量下限为0.1μg/L~50μg/L,对方便面、果汁、全血、尿液4类样品进行加标回收试验,回收率为71.9%~103.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.76%~10.30%。结论该方法简单、快速、准确、灵敏,在实际中毒样品检测中,能达到定性及定量的要求,适用于毒鼠强、氟乙酸、溴敌隆等14种急性杀鼠剂中毒检测的快速质谱确证。     

黄胸鼠对大隆的实验室抗药性测定

目的停止使用溴敌隆3年后，观察黄胸鼠对大隆的抗药性变化，为鼠害防制工作提供依据。方法应用无选择性试验方法，检测黄胸鼠对大隆的抗药性。结果20只黄胸鼠摄食0．005％大隆颗粒毒饵4～11d，lld内全部死亡，20只黄胸鼠摄食0．01％大隆颗粒毒饵3～6d，6d内全部死亡。经出血情况观察，证实均为抗凝血灭鼠剂所致。结论黄胸鼠对大隆未产生抗药性，可以用大隆防制害鼠。     

Accidental discharge of brodifacoum baits into a freshwater lake: a case study

Approximately 700 kg of cereal bait containing 20 ppm of the anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum was spilled into a southern New Zealand lake in 2010 from a helicopter being used to transport containers of brodifacoum bait for an aerial baiting operation. In the month after the spill no residual brodifacoum was detected in samples of lake water, sediment, benthic invertebrates, eels, and two birds.     

Pen and field trials of a new anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.).

The efficacy of flocoumafen, a novel anticoagulant rodenticide, was evaluated in feeding tests on confined and free-living populations of house mice (Mus musculus L.). In four pen trials, family groups of laboratory-reared wild mice were conditioned to feeding on plain foods and then offered flocoumafen at 0.005% in pinhead oatmeal bait. All 68 mice, comprising juvenile and adult animals, died within 10 days. Ten field trials were carried out, using the same formulated poison bait, against mice infesting farm buildings. Mean treatment success, estimated from live-capture and mortality data, ranged between 87.1 and 100%. The performance of flocoumafen is compared with that of difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum used at the same concentration in oatmeal bait. Flocoumafen gave an equally effective but quicker kill of mice. It is concluded that flocoumafen is a promising new rodenticide for the control of M. musculus.     

Pen and field trials of a new anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.)

The efficacy of flocoumafen, a novel anticoagulant rodenticide, was evaluated in feeding tests on confined and free-living populations of house mice (Mus musculus L.). In four pen trials, family groups of laboratory-reared wild mice were conditioned to feeding on plain foods and then offered flocoumafen at 0.005% in pinhead oatmeal bait. All 68 mice, comprising juvenile and adult animals, died within 10 days. Ten field trials were carried out, using the same formulated poison bait, against mice infesting farm buildings. Mean treatment success, estimated from live-capture and mortality data, ranged between 87.1 and 100%. The performance of flocoumafen is compared with that of difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum used at the same concentration in oatmeal bait. Flocoumafen gave an equally effective but quicker kill of mice. It is concluded that flocoumafen is a promising new rodenticide for the control of M. musculus.     

Pen and field trials of flupropadine against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.)

Laboratory and field trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of the candidate rodenticide flupropadine against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). In laboratory feeding tests, family groups of wild mice maintained in pens and conditioned to feeding on plain foods were offered flupropadine at either 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.18% or 0.20% in pinhead oatmeal bait. Overall mortalities in replicated 21-day treatments were 66/71 (93.0%), 71/79 (89.9%), 72/76 (94.7%) and 69/75 (92.0%) respectively. In 17 field trials carried out against mice infesting farm buildings, flupropadine was used at 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.18% in oatmeal bait. Mean treatment success, estimated from live-capture and mortality data, was 88.6%, 96.2% and 96.6% respectively. Flupropadine was found to be as near effective against mice as calciferol/warfarin and the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum. In further comparison with the anticoagulants, treatment with flupropadine bait achieved markedly quicker control.     

家鼠鼠疫宿主黄胸鼠的毒杀试验研究

目的筛选毒杀黄胸鼠的高效毒饵。方法孙瑞元氏简化概率单位口灌法测定灭鼠药的毒力;有选择性摄食试验法比较灭鼠药的适口性,筛选配制毒饵用基饵及引诱剂;投放毒饵前后鼠密度的变化程度计算现场毒杀效果。结果大隆和溴敌隆对黄胸鼠的急性口服致死中量(LD50)分别为1.334 mg/kg和1.563mg/kg。第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂的适口性和毒效均优于第一代。黄胸鼠对所试食物的适口性大致为小米最好,谷物、水果类次之,豆类最差。单种添加剂试验以8%的W-1最优,次为2%的W-2和0.5%的W-3;混配试验以8%的W-1 0.5%的W-3效果最好,将其加入2种正常毒饵中,能显著提高毒饵的适口性。现场毒杀试验敌鼠钠盐、杀鼠迷、双甲敌鼠胺盐、溴敌隆及杀它仗对黄胸鼠的灭效基本在80%以上。结论按灭鼠药毒力分级标准,两种抗凝血灭鼠剂对黄胸鼠均属剧毒,可推广使用。在已证实鼠类产生抗药性种群的地区灭鼠,要立即更换使用第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂。药物控制黄胸鼠可选用小米、大米、稻谷、碎玉米粒及小麦作基饵较好。8%的W-1、2%的W-2及0.5%的W-3能显著提高黄胸鼠的适口性,均可作为引诱剂选用。敌鼠钠盐、溴敌隆及杀它仗毒杀黄胸鼠效果较为理想。     

Pen and field trials of flupropadine against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.).

Laboratory and field trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of the candidate rodenticide flupropadine against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). In laboratory feeding tests, family groups of wild mice maintained in pens and conditioned to feeding on plain foods were offered flupropadine at either 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.18% or 0.20% in pinhead oatmeal bait. Overall mortalities in replicated 21-day treatments were 66/71 (93.0%), 71/79 (89.9%), 72/76 (94.7%) and 69/75 (92.0%) respectively. In 17 field trials carried out against mice infesting farm buildings, flupropadine was used at 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.18% in oatmeal bait. Mean treatment success, estimated from live-capture and mortality data, was 88.6%, 96.2% and 96.6% respectively. Flupropadine was found to be as near effective against mice as calciferol/warfarin and the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum. In further comparison with the anticoagulants, treatment with flupropadine bait achieved markedly quicker control.     

胆钙化醇灭鼠剂的研究

长期高强度的施用抗凝血灭鼠剂,家栖鼠已经出现较大范围的拒食和耐药现象,需要研发一种可以有效克服抗凝血灭鼠剂耐药性或抗药性的新型灭鼠剂。胆钙化醇灭鼠剂(cholecalciferol)是一种安全性好、可以防治对抗凝血灭鼠剂产生抗药性鼠的新型灭鼠剂,在美国、新西兰等发达国家得到广泛应用。本文综述了胆钙化醇灭鼠剂的毒力、现场灭效、适口性及对抗药鼠灭效等国内外研究进展,以此展望胆钙化醇灭鼠剂在我国的应用潜力。     

Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Three Owl Species from Western Canada, 1988–2003

Anticoagulant rodenticides are widely used to control rodent infestations. Previous studies have shown that nontarget organisms, such as birds, are at risk for both primary and secondary poisoning. This paper presents rodenticide residue information on the livers from 164 strigiformes which included barn owls (Tyto alba), barred owls (Strix varia), and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), collected from 1988 to 2003 in the province of British Columbia and the Yukon Territory, Canada. Livers were analyzed for brodifacoum, bromadiolone, chlorophacinone, diphacinone, difethialone, and warfarin. Our results show that, of the 164 owl livers analyzed, 70% had residues of at least one rodenticide, and of these 41% had more than one rodenticide detected. Of the three species of owls examined, barred owls were most frequently exposed (92%, n = 23); brodifacoum and bromadiolone were most often detected, with liver concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.927 mg/kg brodifacoum, and 0.002 to 1.012 mg/kg bromadiolone. Six of the owls (three barred owls, two barn owls, and one great horned owl) were diagnosed as having died from anticoagulant poisoning; all six owls had brodifacoum residues in the liver.     

Field trials of brodifacoum (WBA 8119) against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.).

The anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum was tested against house mice (Mus musculus L.) infesting farm buildings. In six trials, treatment success was assessed from the results of census baitings conducted before and after treatment. With 0.005% brodifacoum in canary seed/corn oil bait, the control achieved ranged between 92.7% and 100%, mean 98.8%. Two mouse populations were eradicated in 3 to 4 weeks but a few individuals survived each of the other four treatments which lasted 6 weeks. The effectiveness of brodifacoum against mice is compared with that of 0.1% calciferol and 0.025% warfarin in combination. It is concluded that brodifacoum and calciferol warfarin are equally effective in controlling M. musculus but that brodifacoum treatments need to be conducted for a relatively longer period.