急性肺损伤大鼠TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-1ra mRNA的表达及药物干预

目的观察急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-1受体拮抗剂（IL-1ra）mRNA的动态表达及白介素-10(IL-10)、地塞米松(Dex)对TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-1ra的干预作用。方法气道内滴注内毒素(LPS)10mg／k建立大鼠ALI模型。72只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、损伤组、LPS加IL-10组、LPS加Dex组，每组18只(2、6、24h各6只)。采用RTPCR方法检测肺组织TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-1ra mRNA的表达水平，光镜下观察肺组织病理改变。结果损伤组肺组织TN-α mRNA表达2h达高峰，随后迅速下降；IL-βmRNA表达2h显著升高，6h达高峰，随后迅速下降；IL-1ra mRNA表达6h开始升高，且为峰值，24h仍高于对照组。IL-10及Dex可明显抑制肺组织TNF-α及IL-1βmRNA的表达，但对IL-1ra mRNA表达无明显影响。肺组织病理检查见IL-10组、Dex组的肺损伤较损伤组明显减轻。结论急性肺损伤时，TNF-α及IL-1βmRNA表达明显早于IL-1ra mRNA，提示ALI早期存在炎症介质／抗炎介质失衡。IL-10、Dex可明显抑制TNF-α及IL-1βmRNA的表达，但不影响IL-1ra mRNA的表达，这有利于炎症介质／抗炎介质平衡的重建，减轻大鼠ALI。     

油酸-内毒素致伤大鼠肺组织TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-4、IL-10、IL-13的mRNA表达

目的研究油酸加内毒素脂多糖(LPS)序贯性两次致伤大鼠肺组织促炎症细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和抗炎细胞因子IL-4、IL-10、IL-13的mRNA表达时相性,探讨这些细胞因子在全身炎症反应失控和急性肺损伤中可能的作用.方法分别在油酸第1次致伤后1、4、12和24h实施小剂量LPS第2次致伤,采用逆转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测两次序贯性致伤大鼠肺组织TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-4、IL-10、IL-13的mRNA表达.结果 TNF-α和IL-1β的mRNA表达高峰在油酸第1次致伤后1h LPS第2次致伤组,而IL-6和IL-4、IL-10、IL-13的mRNA表达峰值则在油酸致伤后4h第2次致伤组;油酸-内毒素两次序贯性致伤后的促炎症细胞因子和抗炎细胞因子的mRNA表达与单油酸致伤比较均显著增强(P《0.05).结论在急性肺损伤中,TNF-α和IL-1β是早期表达的促炎细胞因子,而IL-6在炎症进一步发展中发挥作用;抗炎细胞因子IL-4、IL-10、IL-13高表达亦可能促进炎症的放大而不是起保护作用.     

油酸一内毒素致伤大鼠肺组织TNF-α、IL-1β、1L-6和IL-4、IL-10、1L-13的mRNA表达

目的研究油酸加内毒素脂多糖(LPS)序贯性两次致伤大鼠肺组织促炎症细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和抗炎细胞因子IL-4、IL-10、IL-13的mRNA表达时相性,探讨这些细胞因子在全身炎症反应失控和急性肺损伤中可能的作用.方法分别在油酸第1次致伤后1、4、12和24h实施小剂量LPS第2次致伤,采用逆转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测两次序贯性致伤大鼠肺组织TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-4、IL-10、IL-13的mRNA表达.结果 TNF-α和IL-1β的mRNA表达高峰在油酸第1次致伤后1h LPS第2次致伤组,而IL-6和IL-4、IL-10、IL-13的mRNA表达峰值则在油酸致伤后4h第2次致伤组;油酸-内毒素两次序贯性致伤后的促炎症细胞因子和抗炎细胞因子的mRNA表达与单油酸致伤比较均显著增强(P《0.05).结论在急性肺损伤中,TNF-α和IL-1β是早期表达的促炎细胞因子,而IL-6在炎症进一步发展中发挥作用;抗炎细胞因子IL-4、IL-10、IL-13高表达亦可能促进炎症的放大而不是起保护作用.     

脂多糖结合蛋白对内毒素急性肺损伤大鼠肺巨噬细胞TLR4信号通路的影响

为研究脂多糖结合蛋白（LBP）对内毒素（LPS）急性肺损伤大鼠TLR4肺巨噬细胞信号通路的影响，探讨LBP对LPS炎症反应增敏作用的部分机制，运用RT-PCR和ELISA方法分别检测LBP对LPS刺激后大鼠肺巨噬细胞IL-1β、IL-18mRNA表达与TNF-α分泌量的作用，同时用RT-PCR与Western blot检测其TLR4mRNA与蛋白的表达水平。结果显示，LBP显著增加LPS刺激后大鼠肺巨噬细胞TNF-α的分泌和IL-1β、IL-18mRNA的表达，同时也增加TLR4的mRNA与蛋白表达水平，而LBP多抗能阻断上述作用。说明LBP可增强由TLR4介导的LPS信号跨膜转导功能，这可能是LBP对LPS起增敏作用的重要分子机制之一。     

右美托咪定对颅脑损伤患者Toll样受体4/核因子-κB通路影响

目的探讨右美托咪定对颅脑损伤患者Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路的影响。方法选取自2017年2月至2018年10月收治的100例颅脑损伤患者为研究对象。采用随机数字表法将其分为A组与B组,每组各50例。A组患者采用常规麻醉,B组患者在麻醉诱导前10 min静脉输注右美托咪定1.00μg/kg,之后以0.40μg/(kg·h)静脉输注2 h。比较两组患者的瑞芬太尼、七氟醚、异丙酚的使用剂量及外周血单核细胞TLR4、NF-κB mRNA与蛋白的表达。记录两组患者的血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的水平。结果两组患者的瑞芬太尼、七氟醚、异丙酚的使用量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在手术结束时、术后1 d,B组患者的外周血单核细胞TLR4、NF-κB mRNA和蛋白的表达及血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平均低于A组,两组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定可降低颅脑损伤患者血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平,其机制可能与抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路相关。     

富马酸氯马斯汀对大鼠高原缺氧肺损伤的影响

 目的 探讨富马酸氯马斯汀(clemastine fumarate, CLE)对大鼠高原缺氧肺损伤的影响。方法 按照随机数字表法,将40只8周龄雄性SD大鼠分为对照组(C组)、高原缺氧肺损伤组(HH组)、地塞米松治疗组(DXM组)、氯马斯汀治疗组(CLE组),每组10只。将HH组、DXM组和 CLE组以低压低氧模式放入动物实验舱,DXM组入舱前1 h开始每6 h肌注2 mg/kg DXM,CLE组入舱前2 h按0.9 mg/kg肌注CLE,入舱10 h后按0.9 mg/kg追加一次用药,完成造模。立即处死大鼠,测肺组织湿/干重比(W/D);HE染色观察肺组织病理学变化;PCR检测肺组织中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、Toll样受体4(TLR4)和核因子κB(NF-κB)的mRNA水平;Western blot法检测IL-1β、TNF-α、TLR4和NF-κB蛋白表达水平。结果 与C组比较,HH组、DXM组、CLE组肺组织W/D比值明显升高(P<0.05),肺组织中IL-1β、TNF-α、TLR4、NF-κB的mRNA转录水平和蛋白表达水平均明显升高(P<0.05)。与HH组比较,DXM组和CLE组肺组织W/D比值明显降低(P<0.05),肺组织中IL-1β、TNF-α、TLR4、NF-κB的mRNA转录水平和蛋白表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05)。结论 富马酸氯马斯汀可以减轻大鼠高原缺氧肺损伤程度。     

脓毒症大鼠肝脏组织Toll样受体4和髓样分化蛋白-2基因表达的变化规律

目的探讨脓毒疗人鼠肝脏组织内毒素复合受体—Toll样受体4（TLR4）／髓样分化蛋白-2（MD-2）mRNA的表达变化，研究其与肝脏组织肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）mRNA表达的父系。方法腹腔注射内毒素（LPS）5mg／kg制作大鼠脓毒症模型。动物分为正常对照组（20只）及内毒素注射后1h、2h、6h组（各20只）．检测肝脏组织TLR4／MD-2以及TNF-α mRNA的表达。结果LPS注射后1h，TLR4／MD-2及TNF-α mRNA表达开始升高并达高峰．伤后2～6h逐渐下降，各时间点的表达量均显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）．TLR4与MD-2 mRNA的表达呈明显正相关（P〈0．05）．且分别与TNF—α mRNA的表达呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。结论LPS可迅速上调肝脏组织TLR4／MD-2的基闪表达并诱导早期炎症细胞因子TNF-α的基因表达。脓毒症时TLR4识别LPS是可能以TLR4／MD-2复合体的形式完成的．且在识别过程中MD-2是TLR4必需的作用分子。     

高压氧对大鼠急性脊髓损伤炎症因子表达的影响

目的 观察大鼠脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)后早期高压氧(HBO)治疗对肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)mRNA表达的影响.方法 将36只SD大鼠随机分为2组:SCI组(18只)和HBO组(18只).2组均采用改良的Allen打击法建造大鼠脊髓损伤模型.模型建造成功后,HBO组于损伤2 h后开始行HBO治疗,1次/d.2组分别于损伤后6、12、24、72、120、168 h各取3只大鼠,取损伤部位脊髓组织采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法测定其中TNF-α、IL-10 mRNA表达的变化.结果 SCI组大鼠脊髓组织中TNF-α mRNA表达逐渐升高,在伤后12h表达明显上调,至24h达高峰,高表达持续至损伤后72 h;HBO组大鼠脊髓组织中TNF-α mRNA表达变化趋势与SCI组一致,但升高幅度降低(P＜0.05);SCI组大鼠IL-10 mRNA表达在损伤后12 h开始升高,并随时间的推移逐渐升高,至168 h达高峰;HBO组表达变化趋势较一致,IL-10 mRNA升高幅度更明显(P＜0.05).结论 HBO能够减少前炎性细胞因子的释放,增加抗炎性细胞因子的表达,从而减少脊髓组织的继发损伤,保护受损的神经细胞,达到促进恢复的作用.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of early HBO therapy on the expressions of pro inflammatory cytokine mRNA including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) following spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Methods Forty SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:the sham operation group (n=4) , the SCI group (n = 18) , and the hyperbaric oxygen group (n = 18). Spinal cord injury model was developed by using the modified Allen impact. Then, the SCI group and the HBO group received HBO therapy 2 hours after injury, once a day. And 3 rats were randomly selected at 6, 12, 24, 72, 120 and 168 h following injury to take samples of injured spinal cord tissue and measure dynamic changes in the expressions of TNF-α, IL-10 mRNA by semi-quantitative RT-PCR method. Results Faint expression of the cytokine mRNA could be noticed in the sham group. The expression of TNF-α mRNA in the injured spinal cord tissue in the SCI group elevated gradually, increased obviously at 12 h after injury and reached peak at 24 h, and its high expression maintained till 72 h after injury. The tendency in the expression of TNF-α mRNA in the HBO group was identical to that of the SCI group, however, the amplitude in the increase of TNF-α mRNA decreased (P＜0. 05). The expression of IL-10 mRNA in the SCI group began to increase at 12 h after injury and increased gradually over time and reached peak at 168 h. The expressions of both TNF-α and IL-10 mRNA were more consistent in the HBO group, with more obvious increase in the expressions of IL-10 mRNA. Conclusions HBO could reduce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines,resulting in reduction of secondary spinal cord injury,protection of the damaged nerve cells and promotion of recovery.     

白藜芦醇对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响

目的:探讨腹腔巨噬细胞(PM)在大鼠重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)中的作用,并观察白藜芦醇(Res)对SAP大鼠PM功能的影响.方法:36只大鼠随机分为假手术(SO)组、SAP组和Res组3组.制模后4、12 h剖杀大鼠.分离PM并培养24 h.RT-PCR法检测PM中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)mRNA和白介素-1β(IL-1β)mRNA的表达;酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测细胞培养液及血清中TNF-α和IL-1β的水平.取胰腺组织行HE染色及病理学评分.结果:与SAP组比较,Res组胰腺损伤程度明显减轻;SAP组PM中TNF-αmRNA和IL-1βmRNA的表达、细胞培养液及血清中TNF-α和IL-1β水平均高于SO组(P<0.001);与SAP组比较,Res组PM中TNF-αmRNA和IL-1βmRNA的表达、细胞培养液及血清中TNF-α和IL-1β水平明显下降(P<0.001),但仍高于SO组(P<0.05).结论:PM在SAP发病机制中起非常重要的作用;Res能显著减轻SAP时胰腺组织损伤,其机制与抑制PM功能,从而抑制TNF-α和IL-1β的分泌有关.     

骨髓间充质干细胞对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞Toll样受体mRNA和蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)对肺泡巨噬细胞Toll 样受体(toll-like receptor,TLR2/4)基因和蛋白的影响,为探讨骨髓MSCs移植对早期炎症介质的影响及炎症级联反应的调控机制做铺垫。 方法 巨噬细胞分为PBS对照组、骨髓MSCs对照组、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)对照组和LPS+骨髓MSCs处理组,各组均取1,3,6,12 h时相点。流式细胞仪检测骨髓MSCs表面标记阳性细胞率和巨噬细胞TLR2/4蛋白的表达;RT-PCR方法检测各组不同时相点巨噬细胞TLR2/4 mRNA表达变化;ELISA法检测各组不同时相点上清液中TNF-α浓度变化。 结果 与PBS对照组、骨髓MSCs对照组比较,LPS对照组巨噬细胞TLR2/4mRNA和蛋白表达明显升高(P＜0.01),1h时开始增高,12h时达到峰值;同时TNF-α浓度也明显增高(P＜0.01),6h时TNF-α浓度达到峰值。与LPS对照组比较,LPS+ MSCs组巨噬细胞TLR2/4 mRNA和蛋白表达降低(P＜0.01),TNF-α浓度也降低(P＜0.01)。 结论 LPS刺激后巨噬细胞TLR2/4 mRNA和蛋白表达升高,TNF-α浓度也升高,后者峰值时间出现略早,说明TLR2/4表达与TNF-α之间存在一个正反馈环;骨髓MSCs可以明显降低LPS刺激后巨噬细胞TLR2/4 mRNA和蛋白表达及TNF-α浓度,说明骨髓MSCs打破了上述正反馈环。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.