两种钛种植体与骨结合界面的组织学研究

目的　对两种表面形态不同的钛种植体在不同种植时期骨结合界面情况进行研究。方法　在恒河猴下颌磨牙区分期分别植入CDIC和ITI-TPS钛种植体,采用同体对照的方法,对两种种植体与骨结合界面情况进行组织学观察。结果　口腔检查未见种植体松动及周围组织明显炎症表现。各期种植体骨界面X线影像均未见明显透射暗影,仅种植1个月的CDIC种植体颈部见少量角形吸收。光镜和扫描电镜观察见种植1个月后两种种植体骨界面有少量骨形成;1~3个月ITI-TPS种植体界面骨形成较明显,成骨量统计分析,差异有显著性;种植后1年,两者未见明显差别。结论　无载荷条件下,种植体植入后1~3个月内,ITI-TPS种植体表面骨结合形成优于CDIC种植体。随植入时间的增加,两种种植体均形成良好的骨性结合界面。     

中空多孔钛种植体复合牛骨形成蛋白的实验研究： …

将牛骨形成蛋白（ｂｏｖｉｎｅ ｂｏｎｅ ｍｏｒｐｈｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ，ｂＢＭＰ）与中空多孔柱状钛种植体复合形成以种植体为中心的多载体系统，进行骨内即刻种植，以探讨种植体－骨界面的骨生长代谢过程，并验证即刻种植的可能性。方法：在杂种狗下颌骨建立即刻种植模型，于２、４、８、１６、２４周取材，进行组织学光镜和扫描电镜。结果结论：新生骨逐渐长入种植体表面孔隙中，并与钛表面形成骨性结合；ｂＭＰ     

羟基磷灰石涂层种植体—骨界面的生物力学研究

本项研究选用氧化铝作为种植体基体．在850℃和1050℃下分别在其表面烧结羟基磷灰石(简称HA)．制成HA1和HA2涂层种植体．以纯钛作对照。狗股骨穿皮质种植1、3、6个月后取材，行顶出试验．并对测试后的破坏断面行扫描电镜观察。结果发现：两种HA涂层种植体具有较好的生物力学性能．能在种植早期加速新骨形成、钙化，达到较高的界面结合强度；涂层种植体在顶出试验后．断裂发生在涂层材料内，而纯钛则发生在种植体—骨组织界面；涂层种植体的界面力学性能和烧结温度有关．HA2涂层种植体在各种植程期的界面结合强度均高于HA1涂层种植体。     

复合牛骨形成蛋白微孔钛种植体与骨界面结合机理的初探

本文通过X线衍射、X线能谱分析、扫描电镜、透射电镜、光镜等观察,初步探讨了复合牛骨形成蛋白(bBMP)微孔钛种植体与骨界面的结合机理,实验证明界面结合主要依赖于钛种植体表面氧化膜的作用。     

羟基磷灰石涂层的氧化锆陶瓷骨内种植实验初步研究

将烧结涂层的羟磷灰石-氧化锆复合生物陶瓷种植体及纯钛种植体按低创伤手术原则植入犬股骨。三个月后取标本进行骨一种植体结合强度试验，作含复合陶瓷种植体的不脱钙组织切片光镜观察，扫描电镜观察及Ca、P、Zr元素探针检测分析．结果表明，复合陶瓷—骨给合强度，显著高于钛—骨结合强度；复合陶瓷与骨组织结合紧密，界面无纤维结缔组织间隔，说明该材料具有极好的生物相容性。考虑到氧化锆陶瓷有着优良的机械性能，预计该复合生物陶瓷材料可能具有良好的发展前景。     

组织工程化骨修复兔下颌骨缺损同期种植体植入的实验研究

目的　观察组织工程化骨修复兔下颌骨缺损同期进行HA/SLA Ti或SLA Ti种植体植入后,种植体与骨床发生骨结合的情况。方法　兔BMSCs复合nHAC及PRP用于修复兔下颌骨颊侧范围为15 mm×15 mm的全层骨缺损,同期分别植入HA/SLA Ti种植体（A组）和SLA Ti种植体（B组）。术后1、3、6个月取材,进行大体标本观察、扫描电镜观察、组织学检查及种植体的推入实验和拉出实验。结果　大体标本观察显示,A组术区逐渐由新生骨组织修复,种植体周围形成较完善的骨结合界面,界面骨成熟;B组术区骨愈合状态佳,但种植体周围仍存在少量纤维组织。扫描电镜结果显示：A组种植体较B组种植体与周围新生骨结合的更紧密。组织学检查的结果显示,A组新生骨与种植体表面直接结合,骨形成较B组种植体表面骨形成提前,B组种植体与新生骨之间存在纤维组织。推入实验和拉出实验结果显示,术后1个月时A、B两组种植体的推入应力和拉出负荷无明显差异,术后3个月后A组种植体的推入应力和拉出负荷明显较B组提高,差异具有统计学意义。结论　修复兔下颌骨缺损的组织工程化骨内同期植入的种植体,可与新生的骨组织形成良好的骨结合,其中HA/SLA Ti种植体的骨结合能力较SLA Ti种植体强,且骨愈合时间也较后者提前。     

生物活性陶瓷涂层钛复合种植体—骨界面的形态学研究

本文从肉眼、X线拍片、组织学切片、扫描电镜及X线能谱观察并分析与两种生物活性玻璃陶瓷(BGC)涂层钛种植体—骨界面有关的材料变化及组织反应。结果表明:(1)两种涂层种植体的涂层具有轻微的生物降解性,有利于促进界面骨代谢,引导骨生长,加速形成界面的骨性结合。(2)两种涂层种植体—骨界面区的组织侧的钙化活跃期在种植3个月之内,材料侧的钙磷离子溶出主要发生在种植后3个月之内。     

CDIC和ITI纯钛种植体周围骨组织生物学基础研究

目的：应用MicroCT、光学显微镜评价国产CDIC和ITI纯钛种植系统与周围骨组织整合的差别。方法：拔除狗的第一、第二磨牙,4个月后应用国产CDIC和ITI种植体植入,同体对照,术后4月、12月处死动物,分别取含种植体的组织块,MicroCT成像建立三维模型后,不脱钙切片甲苯胺蓝染色行光学显微镜对比观察。结果：①.两组种植体均被机体耐受,周围的骨组织均未发现炎症细胞和巨大细胞②.MicroCT、光学显微镜观察均显示ITI比CDIC种植体新骨形成早、量多,一年之后两者骨组织形成量没有显著差别。③MicroCT和光学显微镜对种植体周围骨组织微结构的研究结果具有正相关性。结论：使用国产CDIC种植系统与ITI种植系统骨结合基本相同,在临床上能获得较高的成功率。MicroCT分辨率高,能够建立高清晰三维图像,是对种植体周围骨组织研究的一种准确有效的新方法。     

羟基磷灰石涂层种植体─骨界面的生物力学研究

本项研究选用氧化铝作为种植体基体，在８５０℃和１０５０℃下分别在其表面烧结羟基磷灰石（简称ＨＡ），制成ＨＡ１和ＨＡ２涂层种植体，以纯钛作对照。狗股骨穿皮质种植１、３、６个月后取材，行顶出试验，并对测试后的破坏断面行扫描电镜观察。结果发现：两种ＨＡ涂层种植体具有较好的生物力学性能，能在种植早期加速新骨形成、钙化，达到较高的界面结合强度；涂层种植体在顶出试验后，断裂发生在涂层材料内，而纯钛则发生在种植体一骨组织界面；涂层种植体的界面力学性能和烧结温度有关，ＨＡ２涂层种植体在各种植程期的界面结合强度均高于ＨＡ１涂层种植体。     

中空多孔钛种植体复合牛骨形成蛋白的实验研究--即刻植入的组织学观察

将牛骨形成蛋白 (bovinebonemorphogeneticprotein,bBMP)与中空多孔柱状钛种植体复合形成以种植体为中心的多载体系统 ,进行骨内即刻种植 ,以探讨种植体———骨界面的骨生长代谢过程 ,并验证即刻种植的可能性。方法 :在杂种狗下颌肌建立即刻种植模型 ,于2、4、8、16、24周取材 ,进行组织学光镜和扫描电镜观察。结果结论 :新生骨逐渐长入种植体表面孔隙中 ,并与钛表面形成骨性结合 ;bBMP促进界面骨形成提前启动 ,成骨量大 ;即刻种植体周围骨缺损的修复和骨形成类似于拔牙创的愈合 ,经过适当处理 ,可形成良好骨结合而获成功。     

Chronological changes in the ultrastructure of titanium-bone interfaces: analysis by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and micro-computed tomography

Purposes: The objectives of this study were to chronologically examine the titanium-bone interfaces and to clarify the process of osseointegration using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and micro-computed tomography (CT).
Materials and Methods: Experimental implants (Ti-coating plastic implants) were placed into tibiae of 8-week-old rats. Animals were sacrificed at 1 to 28 days after implant placement and prepared tissue specimens for a light microscope, a TEM, and micro-CT.
Results: New bone formation began 5 days after implant placement, and osseointegration was obtained by 14 days after implant placement. Osseointegration was well developed by 28 days after implant placement.
Discussion: TEM and quantitative computer tomography (QCT) results indicated that bone formation in osseointegration of titanium implants did not occur from the surfaces of the implant or preexisting bone, but it was likely that bone formation progressed at a site a small distance away from the surface. The bone formation took place in a scattered manner. Small bone fragments adhered to each other and transformed into reticular-shaped bone, and finally these bones became lamellar bone.
Conclusion: Comparative analysis of the titanium-bone interfaces using light microscopy, TEM, and QCT by micro-CT revealed the precise process of osseointegration.     

牙种植体即刻种植骨愈合过程的组织学观察

目的：了解即刻种植体的骨愈合过程，验证即刻种植的可行性。方法：在１２只犬下颌前磨牙新鲜拔牙创内立即植入纯钛牙种植体，通过组织学光镜和扫描电镜观察术后２、４、６、８、１２周种植体周围骨缺损修复过程和种植体骨结合形成情况。结果：骨缺损区内血块首先机化，而后沿牙槽窝骨壁向中心方向逐渐骨化形成新骨。小于１ｍｍ骨缺损１２周内可完全修复，种植体骨结合形成；１ｍｍ以上骨缺损则不能完全修复。结论：即刻种植体周围骨缺损的修复和骨结合形成类似于拔牙创的愈合，大于１ｍｍ的骨缺损应争取植骨。     

Two-dimensional and 3-dimensional analysis of bone/dental implant interfaces with the use of focused ion beam and electron microscopy.

PURPOSE: To assess the usefulness of a dual-beam focused ion beam (FIB) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) instrument and FIB-based transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimen preparation techniques to characterize bone/dental implant interfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The FIB was used to site specifically polished cross-sections for direct FIB, SEM, and TEM imaging of bone osseointegration into a Nobel Biocare TiUnite failed dental implant (Nobel Biocare, Yorba Linda, CA). RESULTS: Bone was observed to grow into the porous structure of the coating, yielding direct evidence of a mechanical locking mechanism of the bone/implant interface. Multiple SEM images obtained from sequential FIB cross-sections were reconstructed into 3-dimensional tomograms that showed partial and full bone growth into the porous structure of the TiUnite coating. Sections thinned by FIB techniques were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and related methods. Conventional bright field TEM showed that the coating, which was more than 2 microm thick, consisted of a nanocrystalline and porous structure. High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) showed the presence within the bone of hydroxyapatite crystallites that measured approximately 7 nm. TEM images showed that the bone does not form an intimate and homogenous interface with the implant coating in all regions. X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (XEDS) line scans that used scanning TEM (STEM) methods showed interdiffusion of Ti, P, and Ca between the bone and the coating where intimate bone/coating contact was observed, suggesting that chemical bonding also exists within this interface. CONCLUSIONS: FIB methods for SEM and TEM were used to characterize bone/implant surfaces.     

He—Ne激光影响纯钛种植体骨性愈合的实验研究

目的：探讨He-Ne激光对种植体骨性愈合影响。方法：将24只白兔手术暴露双侧胫骨内侧,每侧胫骨内植入直径2mm,高5mm纯钛种植体4棵。术后随机选一侧每天用15J/cm^2He-Ne激光照射术野15分钟为实验组, 另一侧为对照组,于照射后第1、2、3、4周各处死6只动物。行种植体界面光镜、电镜观察及成骨量定量分析。结果：光镜及电镜观察显示实验组中骨胶原纤维、骨小梁、成骨细胞、破骨细胞、钙盐沉积均比对照组较早出现。数量也明显增多。定量组织学分析除术后2周外,成骨量实验组均比对照组显著性增加。结论：He-Ne激光可作为促进种植体骨性愈合的一种治疗方法。     

Ultrastructure of the interface between titanium and surrounding tissue in rat tibiae--a comparison study on titanium-coated and -uncoated plastic implants

Purposes The purposes of this study were to prepare experimental titanium‐coated plastic implants suitable for electron microscopy examination of the titanium‐bone interface and the response of tissue surrounding titanium, and to histologically compare surrounding tissue responses in coated and uncoated implants. Materials and Methods Experimental plastic implants were prepared from a plastic rod coated with a thin film of titanium. Plastic implants without coatings were used as controls. The implants were placed into tibiae of 10‐week‐old male rats. The specimens with implants were harvested 4 weeks after placement and observed under a light microscope, a transmission electron microscope, and a scanning electron microscope. Results In the transmission electron microscopy, the titanium layer of the experimental implant was a uniform layer that was approximately 150‐ to 250‐nm wide. The new bone formation was observed around both titanium‐coated implants and plastic implants. However, there was no direct bone contact with the plastic implant. Discussion The responses of tissue surrounding the experimental implants varied. Under an electron microscope, the following areas were observed: (1) an area with a direct contact between the titanium and bone, (2) an area at the interface where an amorphous layer was observed, (3) an area with progressing calcification in the surrounding tissue where the cells were adjacent to the titanium surface, and (4) an area in which bone resorption and apposition were observed and remodeling was thought to be occurring. Conclusion The experimental titanium was homogenous and was considered to be highly useful in observing the responses of the surrounding tissue to the titanium surface.     

非血管化骨-人重组骨形成蛋白-2复合种植体同期移植的超微结构观察

目的对于非血管化自体骨移植同期植入种植体,目前仍有争议.近年的研究表明非血管化自体骨植入后,早期即可有新骨形成.本研究旨在探讨非血管化自体骨-种植体同期植入后种植体的愈合过程,并观察骨形成蛋白对与非血管化骨同期植入的种植体愈合过程的促进作用.方法健康犬12只,随机分为2组.在犬双侧下颌角区各截取3cm×4cm骨段,实验组骨段内植入含有重组人骨形成蛋白-2的种植体,对照组植入普通纯钛种植体.植入种植体后,将骨块及种植体植回对侧下颌角,并以不锈钢丝固定.术后2、4、6、8及12周各处死2只动物,标本行扫描电子显微镜观察.结果实验组种植体-骨界面在术后2周即可见明显的新骨形成,术后6～8周,已基本形成骨性结合;术后12周时,可见较为成熟的骨融合.而对照组骨融合在术后6～8周方开始形成,术后12周时仍未完成.实验结果显示,实验组骨融合的时间较对照组至少可提前4周.结论骨形成蛋白的骨诱导活性可以促使种植体在植入后早期与非血管化骨形成骨融合,从而为提高同期植入种植体的成功率提供了新的途径.     

不同表面形貌掺锶羟基磷灰石涂层钛种植体的体内实验研究

目的:观察不同微弧氧化时间处理对纯钛表面形成的掺锶羟基磷灰石涂层表面形貌的影响,以及不同表面形貌特征对其表面成骨特性的影响。方法:经5、10、15 min 3种微弧氧化时间在钛表形成3组掺锶羟基磷灰石涂层,分别采用扫描电镜观察表面形貌;采用表面粗糙度仪测量涂层表面粗糙度数值。然后再将3种钛种植体植入新西兰兔体内,术后4、12周取材,采用组织染色法观察植入体表面骨形成情况和骨接触率(Bone Implant Contact,BIC)。结果:随着微弧氧化时间的延长,涂层表面形貌成多孔状且越加不规则,粗糙度增加;丽春红染色显示4周时植入体表面有新骨形成,12周时转化为成熟的骨组织并与涂层形成紧密的骨结合。随植入时间的延长种植体表面骨接触率逐渐增加,而且15 min组和10 min组的骨接触率在第4周和12周均高于5 min组。结论:不同微弧氧化时间可以改变掺锶羟基磷灰石涂层的表面特性,而粗化的的涂层表面结构有利于骨组织的形成。     

釉质基质蛋白促进纯钛种植体表面骨形成的研究

目的　采用背反射电子(BSE)显微镜图像分析,定量研究釉质基质蛋白对纯钛种植体表面新骨形成的诱导作用。方法　实验用的纯钛种植体采用放电加工法特制而成,直径为1.6mm ,长度为3.5mm。种植体植入的部位为Wistar大鼠的两侧股骨,一侧作为实验组,种植窝内使用釉质基质蛋白Emdogain ;另一侧作为对照组,种植窝内仅使用釉质基质蛋白的载体丙二醇藻酸酯(PGA)。观察种植体植入后第14天和第30天种植体周围的新骨形成。结果　种植体植入后第14天,实验组和对照组种植体表面以及骨髓腔内均可见少量的新生小梁骨形成。种植体植入后的第30天,种植体周围新生小梁骨的量实验组高于对照组。结论　釉质基质蛋白可以促进种植体周围新骨的形成。