胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉位置不良原因探讨及预防

目的探讨临床应用胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉位置不良的原因，并提出预防措施，提高手术疗效，以减少并发症的发生。方法1998-2005年行后路切开短节段椎弓根螺钉系统内固定加植骨术治疗胸腰椎疾患180例，通过X线片及CT检查，并结合临床检查和回顾术中情况，对置钉位置进行分析。结果本组椎弓根螺钉位置不良共21例，进钉过深3例，其中1例损伤血管至死亡；螺钉置入椎体外2例；进入椎间隙3例；置入椎管内6例，其中2例出现一过性肢体麻木；进钉过浅3例；角度欠佳4例。结论手术医生术前仔细阅片，熟悉椎弓根的局部解剖及损伤情况，术中规范操作，选择合适的进钉点，掌握正确的进钉技术，结合术中X线片，才能提高置钉的准确性，减少并发症的发生。     

胸腰椎前路内固定技术临床应用及技术要点

目的 探讨胸腰椎前路内固定技术在胸腰椎病变的临床应用及其技术要点.方法 分析从2000年5月-2005年7月采用胸腰椎前路内固定技术治疗胸腰椎病变41例(21例采用Z-PLATE-Ⅱ钢板、17例采用TSRH单棒、3例采用施泰保前路K钢板)其中胸腰椎骨折29例,结核6例,脊柱原发肿瘤及转移癌各2例,椎间盘损伤椎体脱位2例.其适应证包括:椎体肿瘤、椎体爆裂骨折骨块突入椎管超过1/2者、高位椎间盘病变、后纵韧带骨化、椎体其它病变如结核、炎症病灶清除需植骨内固定者.技术要点:缩短手术时间,采用有效椎管减压,应用合适引流,可减少出血,解除脊髓压迫,防止脊髓损伤,减少感染及窦道形成.结果 41例植骨均融合、内固定牢固,脊椎后凸畸形大部份得到矫正.32例有不全性脊髓损伤,神经功能均得到改善.结论 胸腰椎前路内固定手术暴露清楚,病灶清除彻底,有效解除脊髓前方压迫,内固定节段短,植骨成活率高,采用钛质内固定物,不影响术后MRI检查,采用合适技术可减少出血,防止脊髓损伤,降低感染率,大部分病例免第二次手术取内固定物.     

Z-PLATE前路内固定系统在胸腰椎损伤中的应用

目的：探讨Z-PLATE前路内固定系统在胸腰椎损伤的应用及胸腰椎损伤前路手术适应证。方法：对23例行前路减压融合Z-PLATE内固定的胸腰椎损伤患者进行回顾性分析。结果：23例患者随访5-27个月，按Frankel分组20例患者神经功能改善，3例患者无改善，无1例神经功能加重，22例患者骨融合，1例假关节形成，内固定松动。结论：Z-PLATE可提供可靠的脊柱前路固定，正确掌握前路手术适应证具有重要意义。     

腰椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄症手术失误及再手术治疗

目的：通过分析腰椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄症病人的初次手术失误原因，以预防手术失误的发生，并提出再手术的注意事项。方法：对西安西京医院１９５５年１月～１９９３年１２月所有手术治疗的腰椎间盘突出及椎管狭窄症２２４２例进行复查、整理，其中再手术者９８例，４３例（其中外院转入２４例）因第一次手术失误，导致症状无明显好转，或进一步加重，或合并其它症状而需再手术治疗，对４３例进行回顾分析。结果：从４３例再手术的腰椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄病人分析中，发现初次手术失误原因主要为腰椎管狭窄未解除，多间隙间盘突出遗漏，术中未找到突出间盘，仅行减压术和髓核未取尽。４３例再手术病人取得良好效果，优良率达９５．３％。结论：（１）初次手术时要加强术前检查明确诊断，确立正确手术方案。术中应注意解决椎间盘突出及椎管狭窄问题，既不能遗漏椎间盘突出或未解除椎管狭窄，也不能扩大减压损伤。在处理椎间盘突出的同时又要注意解决脊柱稳定性，对并发症要及时处理。（２）二次手术时应从正常部位进入椎管后细心分离粘连，摘除突出的髓核和解除椎管狭窄，防止损伤硬膜、马尾神经和神经根。     

手术治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折

本文报告手术治疗４１例严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折，其中侧前方减压１１例，全椎板减压３０例；不全截瘫好转率为７３％，完全截瘫好转率１５．４％。作者认为：１．爆裂骨折主要是脊柱中柱损伤，对于椎体骨碎块压迫椎管占１／３以上，椎管矢径小于１０ｍｍ应行椎管减压内固定。２．内固定方式应根据椎体损伤情况及范围，尽量选择损伤节段少，复住固定好的固定物。３．不全截瘫组手术治疗好转率明显高于完全截瘫组。     

胸腰段骨折并截瘫脊柱前后路手术及内固定疗效探讨(附136例报告)

目的：探讨胸腰段骨折并截瘫后行脊柱前后路手术及内固定的疗效。方法：报告近１０年间收治的胸腰段骨折并截瘫１３６例。前路椎管羊减压２７例,Ｋaneda内固定１５例。后路椎管减压同时行Ｄick钉内固定７４例、Luque内固定３５例。结果：不同的术式。在直视压充分椎管减压,疗效确定,应用不同的内固定既重建了脊柱,又保证了脊柱早期康复,减少了截瘫病人的并发症发生。结论;按Ｆrankel神经功能评定标准。我们认为不全瘫疗效优于完全瘫,各类术式内固定应取决于伤椎及脊神经损伤情况。     

严重胸腰椎三柱损伤后路270°减压重建内固定的生物力学研究

对于伴有三柱损伤的严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折,目前常用的术式有经前路减压Z-plate钢板内固定[1],单纯后路短节段椎弓根螺钉固定和前后路联合手术等;术式的选择取决于损伤的范围和程度.我们采用经后路270°减压重建内固定术,进行彻底的椎管减压、前中柱重建与保持脊柱三柱稳定,已经应用于临床并取得满意效果.本研究就该术式与前路减压Z-plate钢板内固定和单纯后路短节段椎弓根螺钉固定2种术式进行生物力学比较.     

胸腰椎骨折并脊髓损伤的再手术原因分析

目的总结分析各种原因手术失败而再手术的胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤的病例,以减少失误,提高疗效.方法对20例患者分析其再手术原因.初次手术单纯椎板减压4例,Luque手术8例,棘突钢板固定3例,斯氏针钢丝固定1例,Dick手术2例,Steffee手术2例.同时行椎板减压19例.3例行后路融合.针对不同失败原因采用不同再手术方式.结果初次手术失败原因为椎管前方压迫未解除,后凸畸形未纠正,骨折脱位未复位,内固定松动,椎管内残留骨块;17例患者初次手术未行植骨融合.再手术15例获得平均3年7个月随访.9例再手术后神经功能有一定程度恢复.4例轻度腰背痛,5例中重度腰背痛.5例后凸Cobb角大于20°.结论正确选用内固定器械及手术方式,熟练掌握手术技巧,是确保手术成功的关键.对有明确影像证据椎管受压者,减压对不全瘫神经功能恢复有积极作用.纠正后凸畸形对减少腰背痛发生及促进神经功能恢复可能有意义.     

前路减压Kaneda内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折并不完全性截瘫

作者报告１６例胸腰椎爆裂骨折并不完全性截瘫，术前均经ＣＴ检查显示椎管内有骨块挤入，本组全部采用前路手术减压，植骨Ｋａｎｅｄａ内固定，术后经５个月～５年的随访，神经功能按Ｆｒｎａｋｅｌ分级评定，１６例分别有１～３级恢复，本文同时讨论了手术方法中有关的并发症，并认为：胸腰椎爆裂骨折并不完全性截瘫脊髓压迫主要来自前方，前路减压同地植有Ｋａｎｅｄａ内固定比后路手术更合理有效。     

AF系统治疗胸腰椎骨折疗效与失误分析

目的探讨AF钉治疗胸腰椎骨折常见失误及其预防。方法采用后路AF内固定系统治疗胸腰椎骨折。结果34例手术中，5例出现失误。结论术前手术时机选择不当、定位失误、进钉失误、复位方法不当、未做融合、早期负重活动及内固定物置留过久是引起失误的主要原因。     

钉棒及钩棒系统治疗胸腰椎多节段脊柱骨折

目的评价钉棒及钩棒系统治疗胸腰椎多节段脊柱骨折的临床疗效。方法23例多节段胸腰椎骨折患者，后路切开复位，选择性椎管减压．钉棒或钩棒系统内固定及后外侧植骨融合进行手术治疗。其中相邻多节段型13例，非相邻多节段型8例，混合型2例。结果全组病例平均随访14个月，未发现内固定物松动、断离，无继发性脊柱后凸畸形加重。椎体高度由术前平均48．4％恢复至术后平均92．4%。2例完全性及11例不完全性脊髓损伤者．脊髓神经功能获改善。结论在椎管进行充分减压的基础上．钉棒及钩棒系统能有效复位椎体骨折，重建脊柱稳定性，是多节段胸腰椎不稳定性骨折合并脊髓神经损伤后路手术的理想选择。     

Management of thoracolumbar fractures with accompanying neurological injury.

The optimal surgical approach for spinal canal reconstruction of thoracolumbar fractures is controversial, and the relationship between spinal canal reconstruction and neurological recovery remains unclear. To address these issues, 22 consecutive cases of thoracolumbar fracture with accompanying neurological deficit were reviewed. Neurological status was graded at the time of admission, postoperatively, and at a mean of 15 months postinjury. By using preoperative and postoperative radiographs and computed tomographic scans, the degree of spinal canal compromise was quantified in the sagittal, coronal, and axial planes. All fractures were stabilized by posterior instrumentation and fusion, and in 10 injuries, retropulsed vertebral body fragments were further reduced by posterolateral decompression. Spinal canal dimensions, neurological function, and operative approach were compared by using nonparametric statistical analysis. The greater the initial spinal canal compromise, the more severe the neurological deficit (P = 0.04). With injuries involving L1 and above, this relationship increased (P = 0.003). The extent of spinal canal reconstruction failed to correlate with neurological recovery. Compared with spinal instrumentation alone, transpedicular decompression showed no benefit in terms of postoperative canal dimensions or neurological outcome. On the basis of this experience, transpedicular decompression offers no advantage over spinal instrumentation alone. The relationship between initial spinal canal encroachment and neurological deficit demonstrates that the degrees of bony and neurological injury directly reflect the kinetic energy transferred at the time of impact. The lack of correlation between the extent of spinal canal reconstruction and neurological recovery suggests that ongoing neural compression/distortion contributes little to the overall neurological injury.     

Z-plate instrumentation in thoracolumbar spinal fractures.

Anterior decompression enables direct access and good canal clearance of the injury level in thoracolumbar spinal fractures, and decompressing the neural elements is shown to be an important factor for neurologic improvement and pain relief in many cases. In this study, results with anterior decompression and Z-plate instrumentation in thoracolumbar spinal fractures are reviewed. Nineteen patients with old spinal fracture (average: 3 years) and neural compression, and 15 patients with fresh thoracolumbar fractures with neurologic deficit and/or major anterior spinal canal obstruction had anterior decompression and Z-plate instrumentation with anterior fusion. Stabilization was protected with thoracolumbar thermoplastic braces for six months. Preoperative kyphotic deformity averaged 20.9 degrees (range: 7 degrees to 64 degrees), while it was an average of 8.0 degrees (range: -12 degrees to 35 degrees) postoperatively. Medullary canal compromise was 41% an average (range: 13% to 67%) and postoperatively it had an average value of 6% (range: 0% to 18%). Patients were followed up an average of 30 months (range: 25 to 36 months). The unchanged positions of bone grafts and statistically insignificant loss of correction in the sagittal plane are accepted as evidence for bony fusion in all patients. Z-plate instrumentation provides stable fixation. Additionally, the technique can be performed easily and has the added benefit of being MRI-compatible.     

AF内固定系统治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的探讨AF椎弓根钉内固定系统治疗胸腰椎骨折的效果。方法对36例胸腰椎骨折患者行AF椎弓根钉内固定系统固定。8例有脊髓损伤症状者同时行椎管减压及横突间植骨;无脊髓损伤症状的28例中,9例继发性椎管狭窄者行椎管减压及横突间植骨,19例仅行椎板间植骨而未行椎管减压。结果36例均得到随访,时间10～36个月。神经功能恢复情况：A级5例恢复至B级1例、C级2例、D级1例、1例无恢复;B级7例恢复至C级2例、D级3例、E级2例;C级10例恢复至D级2例、E级5例、3例无恢复;D级6例恢复至E级5例、1例无恢复;E级8例仍为E级。恢复椎体高度达90%,椎管内移位骨块复位率达90%,脊髓损伤改善率达100%。结论AF椎弓根钉内固定系统治疗胸腰椎骨折能有效恢复椎体高度及解除脊髓压迫症状,具有结构简单,调节方便等优点,疗效满意。     

Comparison of two Types of Surgery for Thoraco-Lumbar Burst Fractures: Combined Anterior and Posterior Stabilisation vs. Posterior Instrumentation Only

Summary  This retrospective study compares clinical outcome following two different types of surgery for thoracolumbar burst fractures. Forty-six patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures causing encroachment of the spinal canal greater than 50% were operated on within 30 days performing either: combined anterior decompression and stabilisation and posterior stabilisation (Group 1) or posterior distraction and stabilisation using pedicle instrumentation (AO internal fixator) (Group 2). We evaluated: neurological status (Frankel Grade), spinal deformities, residual pain, and complications. The average follow-up was 6 years. There were no significant differences between the patients in both groups concerning age, sex, cause of injury and the presence of other severe injuries. Neurological dysfunction was present in 39% of all cases. Bony union occurred in all patients. Loss of reduction greater than 5 degrees and instrumentation failure occurred significantly more often in Group 2 compared to Group 1, but the kyphosis angle at late follow-up did not differ between groups, due to some degree of overcorrection initially after surgery in Group 2. The clinical outcome was similar in both groups, and all but one patient with neurological deficits improved by at least one Frankel grade.  Indirect decompression of the spinal canal by posterior distraction and short-segment stabilisation with AO internal fixator is considered appropriate treatment for the majority of unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures. This is a less extensive surgical procedure than a combined anterior and posterior approach.     

强直性脊柱炎脊柱骨折的治疗

目的 了解强且性脊柱炎(AS)脊柱骨折治疗的特点及注意事项。方法对19例AS脊柱骨折病例进行回顾性分析硬随访,19例中颈椎骨折11例,9例发生在C5-7间;胸腰椎骨折8例,7例为应力骨折,均发生存T10-L2间。二柱骨折16例。9例并发脊髓损伤,其中8例为颈椎骨折。所有19例患者均接受了手术治疗。颈椎骨折或脱位采用了4种手术方式,其中9例做了前路间盘切除或椎体次全切除、椎间值骨加钢板内固定术。胸腰椎骨折也做了4种术式,其中5例的术式为后路长节段固定加前、后联合融合,结果术岳18例患者获得了平均46．4个月的随访。并发脊髓损伤的9例患者,术后8例的神经功能有恢复。18例患者的骨折部位均已骨性愈合一术中并发脊髓损伤2例,因脑血管意外死亡1例,并发肺炎2例。结论 AS脊柱骨折好发于下颈椎及胸腰段,大多为三柱骨折,颈椎骨折并发脊髓损伤的发生率较高。胸腰椎多为应力骨折一手术治疗可使大多数患者的骨折愈合良好,神经功能有不同程度的恢复。对颈椎骨折患者,可采用前路椎体问植骨、钢板内固定的术式;而对于胸腰椎骨折,主张后路长节段固定,前、后联合植骨融合,术中及术后均可能出现并发症,应注意预防或避免。     

后路短节段器械复位内固定治疗胸腰椎脊柱脊髓损伤86例报告

目的：本报告后路短节段器械复位内固定治疗胸腰椎脊柱脊髓损伤。方法：对86例胸腰椎脊柱脊髓损伤患行脊柱后路椎管减压，根据不同的损伤节段选用不同的短节段内固定器。结果：随访10－24个月，所有伤椎的高度在术后都有不同程度的恢复，神经功能恢复好转率为78．9％。结论：后路短节段器械复位内固定治疗胸腰椎脊柱脊髓损伤是有效的，并且操作简便，创伤小，并发症少。     

Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) in thoracolumbar fractures

The thoracolumbar levels are the second most common region for spinal trauma. A major surgical effort often entails removal of retropulsed bone fragments with decompression of the spinal contents or realignment of vertebral subluxations. The ability to determine intraoperatively the completeness of such a procedure could impact on the surgical approach and, ultimately, the operative result. The intraoperative use of ultrasonography has gained popularity and applicability. This comparison study of intraoperative ultrasonography versus postoperative computed tomography (CT) assessed the accuracy of intraoperative ultrasonography in determining the status of the spinal canal following surgical intervention in a group of 21 patients with thoracolumbar fractures. In all cases a patent ventral subarachnoid space or complete spinal canal decompression was deduced following intraoperative ultrasonography. The postoperative assessment by CT concurred in 20 of 21 (95%) situations. Intraoperative ultrasonography proved useful during the operative management of these fractures and gave good supportive evidence that the neural elements were decompressed by surgical procedure.     

Biomechanical comparison of three fixation techniques for unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures. Laboratory investigation

OBJECT: Increased structural stability is considered sufficient justification for higher-risk surgical procedures, such as circumferential fixation after severe spinal destabilization. However, there is little biomechanical evidence to support such claims, particularly after traumatic lumbar burst fracture. The authors sought out to compare the biomechanical performance of the following 3 fixation strategies for spinal reconstruction after decompression for an unstable thoracolumbar burst fracture: 1) short-segment anterolateral fixation; 2) circumferential fixation; and 3) extended anterolateral fixation. METHODS: Thoracolumbar spines (T10-L4) from 7 donors (mean age at death 64+/-6 years; 1 female and 6 males) were tested in pure moment loading in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Thoracolumbar burst fractures were surgically induced at L-1, and testing was repeated sequentially for each of the following fixation techniques: short-segment anterolateral, circumferential, and extended anterolateral. Primary and coupled 3D motions were measured across the instrumented site (T12-L2) and compared across treatment groups. RESULTS: Circumferential and extended anterolateral fixations were statistically equivalent for primary and off-axis range-of-motions in all loading directions, and short-segment anterolateral fixation offered significantly less rigidity than the other 2 methods. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study strongly suggest that extended anterolateral fixation is biomechanically comparable to circumferential fusion in the treatment of unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures with posterior column and posterior ligamentous injury. In cases in which an anterior procedure may be favored for load sharing or canal decompression, extension of the anterior instrumentation and fusion one level above and below the unstable segment can result in near equivalent stability to a 2-stage circumferential procedure.     

胸腔镜辅助下经膈肌手术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的探讨胸腔镜辅助下经膈肌切开手术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的可行性及临床应用效果。方法2002年9月至2004年9月应用胸腔镜辅助下经膈肌手术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折22例,男15例,女7例;年龄28～71岁,平均39岁。骨折节段位于T112例、T1210例、L110例。完全性截瘫7例,不完全性截瘫15例。所有病例均行前路减压、植骨及钢板内固定。结果手术时间180～320min,平均230min;出血量500～2000ml,平均900ml。全部病例随访9￣35个月,平均19.5个月。CT显示骨折碎块清除彻底,椎管减压充分。椎间植骨均融合,融合时间平均3.8个月。1例螺钉固定时穿入椎间隙,经术中透视后及时纠正;1例术后出现脑脊液漏,经改变体位1周后愈合。术后未出现胸腔积液、气胸、膈肌疝等并发症。4例全瘫未恢复,14例神经功能明显恢复。结论胸腔镜辅助下经膈肌手术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折可做到良好的椎管减压、植骨及内固定。胸腔镜下切开及修复膈肌无须特殊的内镜设备,能避免经胸腹膜后及胸腹联合切口的并发症。