尼卡地平与低剂量艾司洛尔联合控制性降压对血液儿茶酚胺、β2-微球蛋白和血乳酸的影响

目的研究尼卡地平与低剂量艾司洛尔联合控制性降压方法的可行性及对血液儿茶酚胺、＆2-微球蛋白(β2-mG)和组织氧代谢的影响.方法择30例择期手术的骨肿瘤病人,随机分为三组对照组(C组,n=10),不实施控制性降压,仅泵入生理盐水;尼卡地平组(N组,n=10),尼卡地平、艾司洛尔联合15组(N+E组,n=10),N组和N+E组尼卡地平起始药物速率为2.5μg@kg-1@min-1,艾司洛尔速率12.5μg@kg-1@min-1(NE=15).降至目标血压后(MAP 60～70mm Hg),调整药物剂量使MAP维持在此范围.分别于降压前、降至目标血压时、降至目标血压后30min、降压停止时以及术毕,采集动脉血分别测定血液儿茶酚胺水平、血清β2-mG含量、血乳酸含量和血红蛋白,同时记录各时间点的HR、MAP、CVP和降压期间的尿量.结果 C组与N组降压期间血去甲肾上腺素(NE)水平明显增加且呈递增趋势(P＜0.05),N+E组病人NE水平虽有升高但保持在低水平(P＞0.05);而其它两组病人则无明显改变.三组病人降压期间β2-mG含量均无明显升高,但降压期间的血乳酸含量升高显著(P＜0.05).结论尼卡地平控制性降压不会造成组织无氧代谢发生及潜在肾损害,其与低剂量艾司洛尔联合(15)可作为一种控制性降压方法,且具有部分抗应激作用,有助于降压期间内脏血流的维护.     

急性高容量血液稀释联合控制性降压对血液动力学及氧代谢的影响

目的 观察术中急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)联合硝普钠或尼卡地平控制性降压(CH)时血液动力学、氧代谢的变化,评价其可行性。方法 全麻手术病人30例,随机分为两组,每组15例。组Ⅰ AHH联合硝普钠CH;组ⅡAHH联合尼卡地平CH。手术开始后在30 min内输入15 ml·kg-1中分子羟乙基淀粉溶液。同时,以MAP基础值的70％为目标,行CH。分别于麻醉诱导后即AHH联合CH前(基础值,T0)、AHH联合CH后30min(T1)、60min(T2)记录血液动力学指标,同时采集中心静脉血、股动脉血测定血气及动脉血乳酸浓度(LAC),计算氧供(DO2)、氧耗(VO2)和氧摄取率(ERO2)。结果 与T0比较:两组Hb、Hct、MAP、SVR下降,HR增快(P<0.01),VO2、LAC无明显变化(P>0.05);组Ⅰ CO、CI、CVP均无明显变化(P>0.05),组Ⅱ上升(P<0.01);组Ⅰ ScvO2、DO2,显著性降低(P<0.01),组Ⅱ无明显变化(P>0.05);组Ⅰ ERO2增加(P<0.01),组Ⅱ无明显变化(P>0.05)。与组Ⅰ比较,组ⅡT0时各指标差异无显著性(P>0.05),T1、T2时CO、CI、CVP、ScvO2、DO2升高,而HR、SvR、ERO2降低(P<0.01)。结论 急性高容量血液稀释联合硝普钠或尼卡地平CH,能维持机体血液动力学和氧代谢的相对稳定,硝普钠减低容量负荷作用强于尼卡地平,而尼卡地平对机体氧代谢影响更小。     

尼卡地平、艾司洛尔联合诱导期容量填充对静-吸复合全身麻醉七氟醚用量的影响

目的 观察尼卡地平、艾司洛尔联合诱导期容量填充对静吸复合全身麻醉七氟醚用量的影响.方法 60例择期行脊柱手术的患者.随机均分为四组,诱导期以羟乙基淀粉10 ml/kg快速静滴行容量填充,诱导后插管前1 min时分别静注艾司洛尔1 mg/kg(E组)、尼卡地平20μg/kg(N组)、艾司洛尔1 mg/kg复合尼卡地平20μg/kg(EN组)或生理盐水(C组),于切皮前1 min追加1/2首量药物或生理盐水.记录各组七氟醚用量、清醒、拔管时间及HR、MAP的变化.结果 与C组比较,E组、N组及EN组术中所需七氟醚维持浓度均显著降低(P<0.05),清醒及拔管时间明显缩短(P<0.05).与C组比较.E组HR较慢(P<0.05),但不能完全控制MAP的升高;N组MAP较低(P<0.05);EN组能明显抑制诱导插管及切皮引起的HR、MAP升高(P<0.05).结论 艾司洛尔、尼卡地平联合诱导期容量填充不仅有利于维持血流动力学的平稳,而且能够明显减少静吸复合全身麻醉七氟醚用量、缩短拔管时间.     

尼卡地平、乌拉地尔和艾司洛尔对全麻诱导期间压力反射敏感性的影响

目的 观察尼卡地平、乌拉地尔和艾司洛尔对原发性高血压(EH)患者全麻诱导期间压力反射敏感性(BRS)的影响.方法 全身麻醉F行择期手术EH患者62例,随机分为四组,分别于诱导前2min静注尼卡地平0.5μg/kg(N组,15例)、乌拉地尔0.5 mg/kg(U组,16例)、艾司洛尔0.25 mg/kg(E组,16例)和牛理盐水(c组,15例).用相同药物进行全麻诱导.于诱导前、插管前即刻,以及插管后5、10、15、20、30 min不同时点静注硝普钠50～100μg.使SBP下降15～25mm Hg,记录SBP下降期间RR间期的变化,计算BRS.结果 N组、U组和C组插管前后各时间点BRS与基础值比较明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),N组中各时点BRS又明显低于C组(P<0.05),而E组明显高于C组(P<0.05).结论 伞麻诱导可降低EH患者的BRS;尼卡地平可使BRS进一步降低,乌拉地尔则无显著影响,而艾司洛尔则使伞麻诱导期的BRS升高.     

艾司洛尔或尼卡地平联合容量填充对全凭静脉麻醉丙泊酚用量的影响

目的 探讨艾司洛尔或尼卡地平联合诱导期容量填充对全凭静脉麻醉丙泊酚用量的影响.方法 择期行脊柱手术的患者36例,随机均分为三组:艾司洛尔组(E组)于诱导前2 min静注艾司洛尔1 mg/kg,继之以100 μg·kg-1 ·min-1微量泵输注至术毕;尼卡地平组(N组)于诱导前2min静注尼卡地平10 μg/kg,继之以1 μg·kg-1 ·min-1微量泵输注至术毕;生理盐水组(C组)于相同时间点给予等量生理盐水.三组患者均于给予血管活性药物开始20 min内快速静滴羟乙基淀粉130/0.4 10ml/kg行容量填充.麻醉诱导和维持均采用TCI丙泊酚和舒芬太尼,调节丙泊酚效应室浓度使术中BIS值维持在40～60.记录丙泊酚用量,清醒和拔管时间.结果 与C组比较,E组和N组丙泊酚用量显著减少(P＜0.05),清醒和拔管时间明显缩短(P＜0.05).结论 艾司洛尔或尼卡地平联合诱导期容量填充不仅有利于维持血流动力学的平稳,而且能够明显减少全凭静脉麻醉丙泊酚用量,缩短清醒和拔管时间.     

尼卡地平对体外循环心脏手术患者胃肠灌注及细胞因子的影响

目的探讨尼卡地平对体外循环心脏手术患者胃黏膜血流灌注、全身血流动力学指标、氧合指数及细胞炎症因子水平的影响。方法将48例行体外循环下瓣膜置换手术的类风湿性心脏病患者分为2组,各24例。常规诱导后行右颈静脉穿刺,并插入Swan-Ganz导管。胃镜引导下置入胃张力计,24 h连续监测患者胃部二氧化碳分压(Pg CO2)。对照组术中行常规静脉麻醉及体外循环。观察组麻醉诱导后以0.5μg/(kg·min)的速度持续泵入尼卡地平,术中维持平均动脉压(MAP)≥70mm Hg。持续监测患者术中血流动力学指标。分别于患者体外循环前(T1)、开始转机后30 min(T2)、停机后30 min(T3)以及手术结束时(T4)分别测定患者静脉血氧饱和度(Sv O2),抽取动脉血测定血气分析计算氧供(DO2),氧耗(VO2),计算胃黏膜内动脉血CO2分压差(Pg-a CO2)。分别于上述各时间点抽取静脉血采用酶联免疫法测定2组血清白细胞介素-6,18(IL-6,18)以及肿瘤坏死因子-a(TNF-a)。结果 2组患者T3、T4时点心脏指数(CI)均高于T1。观察组患者T3、T4时点CI高于对照组。对照组在T2、T3时点全身血管阻力指数(SVRI)与T1相比显著下降。观察组在T2、T3、T4时点SVRI低于T1且观察组T4时点SVRI低于对照组。上述差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组Sv O2在T2时较T1升高,观察组在T3、T4时较T1显著下降。在T4时点则高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组在T2时点氧供(DO2),氧耗(VO2)均下降(P0.05),对照组在T3、T4时点氧供(DO2),氧耗(VO2)与基础值相比变化不明显,而观察组在T3、T4时点氧供(DO2)高于基础值,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组患者在T2时点Pg CO2与Pg-a CO2较T1显著下降,而p H值则较T1显著升高,对照组在T3、T4时点Pg CO2与Pg-a CO2较T1显著升高,并高于观察组。差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组p H值在T3、T4时点7.35,而观察组7.35。对照组在T3、T4时点血清IL-6、IL-18以及TNF-a显著高于T1,且对照组高于观察组同一时间点,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论体外循环下行心脏瓣膜置换手术期间应用尼卡地平,能有效改善患者体外循环中氧合障碍、胃肠组织低灌注及炎症因子水平,减少对胃肠黏膜低血流灌注损伤。     

全麻期间连续输注艾司洛尔对高血压患者内脏氧合的影响

目的 研究全麻期间连续输注艾司洛尔对高血压患者血流动力学及内脏氧合的影响.方法 20例择期行乳腺癌手术的原发性高血压患者,随机均分为两组:艾司洛尔30 μg·kg-1·min-1输注组(E组)和生理盐水对照组(C组).记录全麻诱导前(T1)、插管后即刻(T2)、切皮时(T3)、手术30min(T4)、拔管后即刻(T5)、回病房后(T6)的HR及MAP、胃黏膜pH值(i-pH)、胃黏膜CO2分压(PgCO2)和胃黏膜-动脉C02分压差(Pg-aCO2).结果 T2、T3时C组HR、MAP均高于E组(P<0.05或P<0.01).两组患者术中各时点i-pH值均有显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),PgCO2和Pg-aCO2均上升(P<0.05或P<0.01);T2、T3及T5时C组i-pH显著低于E组(P<0·05).结论 艾司洛尔具有稳定全麻期间高危患者术中血流动力学的作用.全麻期间连续输注30μg·kg-1·min-1艾司洛尔能有效改善胃肠道组织氧合.     

尼卡地平、硝普钠用于控制性降压对鼻内镜手术脑氧代谢的影响

目的比较鼻内镜手术中应用尼卡地平、硝普钠行控制性降压对脑氧代谢的影响。方法选择鼻息肉行内镜手术者30例,随机分为两组,分别采用尼卡地平(A组,n=15)和硝普钠(B组,n=15)行控制性降压。于不同时段降压前(T0)、降压后10 min(T1)、降压后30 min(T2)及停止降压后10 min(T3)行动静脉血气分析。结果①T1、T2时,B组HR明显快于T0时,且在此两时点HR明显快于A组(P<0.05)。②A组D(a-jv)O2、CERO2在T1、T2时较T0时明显下降,且在此两时点上明显低于B组(P<0.05)。结论尼卡地平、硝普钠均可安全用于鼻内镜手术中的控制性降压,都能降低脑氧代谢,但在降低脑氧代谢、改善脑氧合方面,尼卡地平优于硝普钠,有较好的脑保护作用。     

尼卡地平对非心肺转流冠状动脉旁路移植术患者术中血流动力学和氧代谢的影响

目的 探讨尼卡地平对非心肺转流冠状动脉搭桥术(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG)患者术中血流动力学和氧代谢的影响.方法 选择拟行OPCABG患者79例,年龄51～68岁,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级,随机分为两组,近端血管吻合前分别持续泵注尼卡地平0.5 μg·kg-1·h-1组(N组,n=41)或硝酸甘油0.5 μg·kg-1·h-1组(G组,n=38).记录麻醉前(T0)和用药后10min(T1)、30min(T2)、60 min(T3)、90 min(T4)时的氧代谢、血流动力学等指标变化情况,包括SvO2、MAP、PaO2、CO、HR和肺血管阻力(PVR)、体循环血管阻力(SVR)、CI、氧摄取率(ERO2)、乳酸(Lac)等.结果 与T0时比较,T3,T4时两组患者氧耗明显降低,Lac浓度明显升高,且N组均明显低于G组(P＜0.05);T3,T4时G组PaO2、氧供明显降低,ERO2明显升高,N组PaO2、氧供明显高于,ERO2明显低于G组(P＜0.05).与T0时比较,两组T1～T3时PAP、T1～T4时PVR和SVR均明显降低,T3,T4时CI明显升高(P＜0.05),且T1～T4时N组PVR和SVR明显低于G组,T4时CI明显高于G组(P＜0.05).两组患者均顺利完成手术,术后均无严重并发症发生.结论 尼卡地平可有效改善OPCABG患者术中氧代谢并维持血流动力学稳定.     

艾司洛尔、拉贝洛尔和尼卡地平对气管插管期间心血管反应、脑电双频指数和熵指数的影响

目的探讨艾司洛尔、拉贝洛尔和尼卡地平对气管插管期间心血管反应、腑电双频指数(BIS)和熵指数的影响。方法 60例择期腹部手术的患者,随机均分为四组:艾司洛尔组、拉贝洛尔组和尼卡地平组、生理盐水组。四组均采用丙泊酚分步靶控输注诱导,BIS≤80时各组分别静注艾司洛尔0.3 mg/kg、拉贝洛尔0.04 mg/kg、尼卡地平0.03 mg/kg 和生理盐水。当 BIS≤50后1 min行气管插管。观察反应熵(RE)、状态熵(SE)、BIS、HR 和 MAP 的变化。结果艾司洛尔组、拉贝洛尔组和尼卡地平组 MAP、HR 在插管后1 min 显著高于插管前1 min(P<0.05或 P<0.01)。各组RE、SE、BIS 插管前后差异无统计学意义。结论艾司洛尔、拉贝洛尔或尼卡地平均可减轻患者气管插管时的心血管反应,但对 BIS、RE、SE 无显著影响。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.