腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术安全性和生存状况分析

目的 评估腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术的安全性和长期生存情况.方法 行远端胃癌根治术患者360例,其中160例行腹腔镜手术(腹腔镜组),200例行开腹手术(开腹组),比较两组患者手术安全性、术后并发症和生存率.结果 腹腔镜组手术出血量和术后住院时间分别为(42.5±15.3)ml和(9.5±2.6)天,均少于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组手术时间、淋巴结清扫数目和术后并发症比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组患者随访时间6 ～ 60个月,平均32个月,腹腔镜组与开腹组1、3、5年总体生存率分别为95.3％、82.7％、60.3％和95.4％、79.2％、60.3％,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术安全可行,有创伤小,恢复快,并发症少.腹腔镜组在术后生存率与开腹手术组相当.     

肝脏囊型包虫病腹腔镜与开腹根治性手术治疗的疗效比较

目的 评价和比较经腹腔镜与开腹根治性手术治疗肝脏囊型包虫病的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2006年5月至2013年1月收住并接受根治性手术治疗的肝脏囊型包虫病患者的临床资料,并对手术时间、术中出血量、中转开腹率、平均术后住院时间、术后并发症进行统计学分析.结果 本研究共纳入153例患者,其中41例行经腹腔镜手术(腹腔镜组)、112例行传统开腹手术(开腹组).腹腔镜组平均手术时间较开腹手术短,但差异无统计学意义(t=1.97,P＞0.05).腹腔镜组5例患者行中转开腹手术,中转开腹率为12.2％(5/41).2组术中出血量比较差异无统计学意义(t=2.00,P＞0.05).腹腔镜组平均术后住院时间为3～8 d,而开腹组为4～14d,差异有统计学意义(t=1.99,P＜0.05).腹腔镜组并发症发生率为4.9％(2/41)、开腹组并发症发生率16.0％(18/112),差异有统计学意义(x2=3.92,P＜0.05).结论 腹腔镜肝包虫根治性手术治疗较传统开腹肝脏囊型包虫病手术治疗具有术后住院时间短,并发症少,恢复快,复发率低的特点,在严格选择患者的条件下是安全和可行的.     

腹腔镜与开腹TME保肛术治疗中低位直肠癌的对照研究

目的 评价腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除(TME)保肛术治疗中低位直肠癌的可行性、安全性和治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析2008年2月-2010年6月由同一组手术医师完成的37例腹腔镜TME与45例开腹手术保肛治疗中低位直肠癌患者的临床资料,比较两组的手术情况、并发症及近期疗效.结果 腹腔镜组术中失血量(60.6±20.9) mL、术后肠功能恢复时间(3.3±0.6)d、住院时间(9.2±2.8)d、吻合口瘘等并发症发病率(8.1％)均小于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).腹腔镜组和开腹组肿瘤下切缘长度(5.1±2.3vs4.3±2.0)cm、淋巴结清扫数(14.5±7.1vs15.1±5.6)枚,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),腹腔镜组和开腹组保肛率分别为(91.9％ vs 73.3％),差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后随访6 ～ 36个月,腹腔镜组和开腹组患者复发率和总生存率分别是10.8％和11.1％、94.6％和91.1％,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 腹腔镜TME保肛手术治疗中低位直肠癌是一种安全的术式,肿瘤根治效果与开腹手术相当,且提高了保肛率,并发症的发病率低,术后恢复情况优于开腹手术,值得临床推广应用.     

腹腔镜辅助与开腹远端胃癌D2根治术近期康复的对比研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术患者术后早期的康复情况.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年12月56例腹腔镜辅助下远端胃癌根治术(腹腔镜组)与同期62例开腹远端胃癌根治术(开腹组)患者的临床资料.结果 两组手术时间、淋巴结清扫数目、pTNM分期、切除长度及术后并发症发生率等比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).腹腔镜组术中出血量明显少于开腹组(120±25 ml VS 165±42 ml,P＜ 0.05),腹腔镜组术后胃肠功能恢复时间、平均住院时间均短于开腹组,分别为(75±9hVS 101±12h,P＜ 0.05)和(8.2±2.5 d VS 10.5±2.9 d,P＜ 0.05).结论 腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术技术可行,同时具备手术视野清晰、创伤小、出血少等优点,患者近期康复效果优于开腹手术.     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术

目的 评价腹腔镜胃癌根治术(D2)的可行性、安全性以及术后近期疗效. 方法回顾性分析2005年5月至2006年8月间15例行腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者的临床资料,包括手术时间、术中出血量、术后胃肠道功能恢复时间、术后并发症、术后病理及随访结果.结果 本组15例患者手术全部成功,术中无1例中转开腹.其中5例行完全腹腔镜远端胃切除术,5例行腹腔镜辅助远端胃切除术,4例行腹腔镜全胃切除术,1例行腹腔镜近端胃切除术.手术时间平均为(280±42)min,术中出血量平均为(274±136)ml,术后胃肠道功能恢复时间平均为(2.9±0.8)d,淋巴结清扫数平均为(28±6)枚,无并发症发生.术后随访15例患者9～36个月,无复发转移.结论 腹腔镜胃癌根治术安全可行,且具有创伤轻、恢复快等优点.     

梗阻性结直肠癌导管减压后3D腹腔镜与开腹手术的疗效比较

目的:比较梗阻性结直肠癌导管减压后行3D腹腔镜与开腹根治术的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2011年5月—2013年6月96例行手术治疗的梗阻性结直肠癌患者资料,所有患者术前均行肠梗阻导管置入减压,然后50例行3D腹腔镜下行结直肠癌根治术3D(腹腔镜手术组),46例行传统开腹结直肠癌根治手术(开腹手术组),比较两组患者的相关临床指标。结果:两组患者术前资料具有可比性;腹腔镜手术组平均手术时间长于开腹手术组(5.9 h vs.5.2 h,P0.05),平均总住院费用高于开腹手术组(3.3万元vs.2.7万元,P0.05),但平均术后排气时间(2.4 d vs.3.0 d,P0.05)、留置尿管时间(2.7 d vs.3.9 d,P0.05)、住院时间(15.2 d vs.23.8 d,P0.05)均明显短于开腹手术组;两组患者术后吻合口瘘、切口感染、腹腔脓肿和肠梗阻发生率差异均无统计学差异(均P0.05);两组患者3年无瘤生存率无统计学差异(80.0%vs.82.6%,P=0.744)。结论:3D腹腔镜手术治疗导管减压后梗阻性结直肠癌术后恢复快,且围手术期并发症与预后方面与开腹手术相似,可作为梗阻性结直肠癌治疗的手术方式。     

腹腔镜与开腹胃癌根治术临床疗效比较及术后随访

目的 对比研究腹腔镜辅助与开腹胃癌全胃切除术的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析42例行腹腔镜胃癌全胃切除术患者的临床资料及术后生存情况,同期62例行开腹全胃切除治疗的患者作对照.结果 腹腔镜组切口长度（6.5±1.7）cm、平均失血量（228±29） ml、术后肛门排气时间（2.4±0.7）d、首次进流食时间（4.9±0.6）d.对照组切口长度（15.4±2.5）cm、平均失血量（260±34）ml、术后肛门排气时间（3.2±1.0）d、术后首次进流流食时间（5.4±0.5）d,两组相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;腹腔镜组手术时间[（248±47）min]显著高于开腹组（205±40）min,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;腹腔镜组术后住院时间[（9.4±3.7）d]、淋巴结清扫数目[（25.1±2.7）个]与开腹组[（11.2±5.3）d、（26.0±3.4）个]相比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;腹腔镜组与开腹组术后并发症发生率分别为14.3%与19.4%;术后随访3年内生存率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 在不影响远期效果的情况下,腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术具有术中出血量小、手术切口小、术后肛门排气时间短、术后进流食时间短等优点.     

腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术218例疗效评价

目的 探讨腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术的可行性及其疗效.方法 2007年1月至2009年3月,对529例胃癌患者施行胃癌D2根治术,其中腹腔镜手术患者(腹腔镜组)218例,开腹手术患者(开腹组)311例.对两组患者的术中及术后情况、淋巴结清扫数目、并发症及病死率等进行比较分析.结果 腹腔镜组手术时间为(237±42)min长于开腹组的(229±42)min,而两组术中出血量[(81±100)ml比(171±211)ml]、术中输血例数(7例比44例)、术后胃肠功能恢复时间[(4.1 ±2.3)d比(5.0±1.4)d]、首次进流质时间[(4.5±2.2)d比(5.5 ±1.4)d]和术后住院时间[(12±4)d比(14±4)d]等差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),腹腔镜组均优于开腹组.在腹腔镜组中,全胃切除术的手术时间为(250±46)min,显著长于远端胃大部切除术的(228±37)min(P<0.05),而两种术式在其他方面均无显著差异.腹腔镜组和开腹组术后并发症发生率分别为11.9%和19.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).腹腔镜胃癌手术的中转开腹率为6.0%.全组患者平均淋巴结清扫数目为(29±10)枚,中位数为28枚.腹腔镜组和开腹组患者平均淋巴结清扫数目分别为(28±10)枚和(29±9)枚,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术具有安全、术后恢复快和并发症少等优点,同时在淋巴结清扫方面能达到与开腹手术相同的效果.     

腹腔镜与开腹胃癌根治术的疗效及对患者免疫功能的影响

目的:比较腹腔镜与开腹胃癌根治术的疗效及对患者免疫功能的影响.方法:回顾性分析3年内收治的1 14例胃癌患者临床资料,其中55例行腹腔镜胃癌根治术(腹腔镜组)和59例行开腹胃癌根治术(开腹组),比较两组术后免疫功能的变化,以及术中、术后情况.结果:术后24,72 h免疫指标检测显示,两组患者IL-2和IL-6浓度均较术前明显升高(均P＜0.05),但开腹组两者升高程度大于腹腔镜组(均P＜0.05);开腹组外周血CD3+,CD4+,CD8+细胞水平均较术前明显下降(均P＜0.05),但以上T细胞亚群在腹腔镜组未见明显变化(均P＞0.05).与开腹组比较,腹腔镜组术中出血量、止痛药物使用次数、并发症均明显减少,首次排气时间、进食时间和下床活动时间,以及术后住院时间均明显缩短(均P＜0.05).结论:腹腔镜胃癌根治术对患者术后免疫功能影响少,机体损伤小,临床效果优于开腹手术.     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术并发症的防治

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术并发症的防治及其临床价值.方法 同顾性分析我院2010年1月至2011年12月分别接受腹腔镜全胃切除胃癌D2根治术(腹腔镜组165例)及开腹全胃切除胃癌D2根治术(开腹组193例)共358例胃癌患者的临床资料.将手术情况、术后恢复情况和并发症进行比较. 结果 腹腔镜组中位手术时间为225( 195～340) min,开腹组为230(195～300) min,两组之间相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);腹腔镜组淋巴结清扫数目为(26±4)枚,开腹组为(27±4)枚,两组之间相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);腹腔镜组中位术中失血量为160(80～600) ml,显著低于开腹组的270(150～600)ml,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);腹腔镜组术后平均住院(11.4±2.6)d,显著低于开腹组的(13.7±2.4)d,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).腹腔镜组的术后并发症共18例,开腹组共30例,两组之间相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组均无围手术期死亡病例.结论 腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术是安全可行的,并能有效地防治手术的并发症,更能体现创伤小、并发症少、恢复快的特点.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.